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442 results for “Clematis”
Clematis versicolor (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Image of Clematis versicolor (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Clematis versicolor (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Image of Clematis versicolor (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Clematis versicolor (Ranunculaceae) - fruit - as borne on the plant
Image of Clematis versicolor (Ranunculaceae) - fruit - as borne on the plant
Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified
Image of Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - whole - unspecified
Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Image of Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - margin of upper + lower surface
Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - whole upper surface
Image of Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - whole upper surface
Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - whole tree (or vine) - general
Image of Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - whole tree (or vine) - general
Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Image of Clematis virginiana (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - frontal view of flower
Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - lateral view of flower
Image of Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - inflorescence - lateral view of flower
Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - basal or on lower stem
Image of Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - leaf - basal or on lower stem
Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - stem - showing leaf bases
Image of Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - stem - showing leaf bases
Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - stem - showing leaf bases
Image of Clematis viorna (Ranunculaceae) - stem - showing leaf bases
Natural hybrid origin of a controversial "species", Clematis pinnata (Ranunculaceae), based on multidisciplinary evidence
<p>Hybridization is common and has often been viewed as a driving force of plant diversity. However, it may raise problems in taxonomy, biodiversity estimation, and biological conservation. Although previous molecular phylogenetic studies suggested that hybridization may be rather common in <em>Clematis</em>, and artificial hybridization has been widely applied to produce new <em>Clematis</em> cultivars for nearly two centuries, the issue of natural hybridization of <em>Clematis</em> has never been addressed in detail. In this study, we tested the hybrid origin of <em>Clematis</em> <em>pinnata</em>, a rare and taxonomically controversial species distributed in northern China. Using field observations, morphological statistics, flow cytometry, niche modelling, and phylogenomic analysis, we tested the hypothesis of the possible hybrid origin of <em>C. pinnata</em>. The results show morphologically intermediacy of <em>C. pinnata</em> between the putative progenitors. Homoploidy among all the tested species is confirmed by flow cytometric analysis. Niche modelling results demonstrate that <em>C. pinnata</em> had not been adapted to a novel ecological niche independent of its putative parents. The plastome phylogeny indicates that <em>C. pinnata</em> plants in different sampling sites originated by different hybridization events. Phylonet and HyDe analyses based on transcriptome data corroborate the hybrid origins of<em> C. pinnata</em> from <em>C. brevicaudata</em>×<em>C. heracleifolia</em>/<em>C. tubulosa</em>. Rare introgression event between <em>C. brevicaudata</em> and <em>C. heracleifolia</em>/<em>C. tubulosa</em> was also detected in this study. These findings show that <em>C. pinnata</em> is representing F1 progeny or early generation hybrids of its parental species and evolved independently in different sites. The present study also indicates that interspecific or even intersectional hybridization is a common mechanism that the genus <em>Clematis</em> uses to generate diversity and variation, and it may play an important role in the evolution and diversification of this genus. Our study implies that morphological diversity caused by natural hybridization may overstate the real species diversity in <em>Clematis</em>.</p>
Characterization of a Clematis terniflora DC. coumarin synthase involved in coumarin biosynthesis
<p><em>Clematis terniflora</em> DC. has been used for anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and other diseases in some Asian countries, and has high medicinal value. Coumarins are the major secondary metabolites produced by<em> C. terniflora</em> leaves under ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation followed by dark treatment, but the synthesis of coumarin in <em>C. terniflora</em> has not been fully elucidated. Coumarin synthase is a key enzyme to produce coumarin core structure, which is the first step to form coumarins. Based on previous transcriptome data, we identified a BADH acyltransferase CtCOSY highly expressed in leaves after stresses and characterized it functionally. Experiments have proved that CtCOSY could couple with 4-coumarinyl CoA-ligase in vitro to produce umbelliferone. By analyzing the proteomics and metabolomics of control plants and CtCOSY-silenced plants before and after UV-B followed by dark treatment, we found that double stresses disturbed the energy metabolism pathway and phenylpropanoids synthesis pathway. CtCOSY silencing affected plant’s regulation of primary metabolism to a certain extent, and it also affected the accumulation of compounds in shikimic acid pathway and coumarin synthesis. This study provides evidence that CtCOSY is involved in the synthesis of coumarin in <em>C. terniflora.</em></p>
Morphometric and molecular evidence delimit six species in <em>Clematis reticulata</em> s.l. (Ranunculaceae: <em>Clematis</em> subg. <em>Viorna</em>)
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Phylogenomic analysis reveals convergent evolution of shrubby Clematis species
<p><em>Clematis </em>of the buttercup family is one of the most popular garden flowers in the world, being crowned as the “Queen of Climbers.” It is well known for its climbing habit, but it also has shrubby members with poorly known evolutionary origins. The relationships among the major <em>Clematis </em>groups still remain controversial. In this study, we assembled the complete plastome and nrDNA sequences of 56 <em>Clematis </em>species representing most of the sections, and reconstructed the phylogenetic framework using both datasets. Our sampling covered all species of the shrubby <em>C</em>. sect. <em>Fruticella s. str.</em> and the taxonomically controversial species allied to the section to test the monophyly of section <em>Fruticella </em>and trace the evolution of habits in the genus. Using both likelihood and Bayesian methods, the two datasets of DNA sequences generated similar, but not identical, phylogenetic relationships. The complete plastome sequences delivered a better resolved phylogeny, supporting five well-resolved major clades for all sampled species, except for a first-diverged African species. Many of the morphological characters widely used for taxonomy were shown to represent parallel or convergent evolution. Molecular dating inferred that all major <em>Clematis </em>clades radiated during the early Pliocene, with a species radiation during the Quaternary. The erect, shrubby habits of <em>Clematis </em>were inferred to have evolved multiple times in eastern Asia. <em>Clematis</em> sect. <em>Meclatis</em> is likely sister to <em>C</em>. sect.<em> Fruticella</em>, and the latter diversified during the late Quaternary. The cold, dry Quaternary climate was hypothesized to have facilitated species diversification and dispersal of <em>C</em>. sect. <em>Fruticella.</em></p>
FIGURE 16 in The identity of Clematis wenxianensis (Ranunculaceae) described from southern Gansu, China
FIGURE 16. Distribution of Clematis obscura (●). The red arrow with a question mark indicates Zhugqu in southern Gansu, China, most likely one of the type localities of C. obscura, the one without question mark indicates Nanping (now Jiuzhaigou) in northern Sichuan, China, another type locality of C. obscura, and the black arrow indicates the type locality of C. wenxianensis (= C. obscura).
FIGURE 15 in The identity of Clematis wenxianensis (Ranunculaceae) described from southern Gansu, China
FIGURE 15. Selected specimens of Clematis obscura from Wenxian in southern Gansu, China, the type locality of Clematis wenxianensis (= C. obscura). A. Baishuijiang Exped. 4676 (PE). B. T.P. Wang 19007 (WUK). C. Xizang Trad. Med. Exped. 28 (HNWP). D. Z.Y. Zhang 8931 (WUK).
FIGURE 14 in The identity of Clematis wenxianensis (Ranunculaceae) described from southern Gansu, China
FIGURE 14. Specimens (A–D) of Clematis obscura from Jiuzhaigou in northern Sichuan, China, one of the type localities of Clematis obscura, Q.L. Huang & H.S. Wu 108 (IBSC).
FIGURE 13 in The identity of Clematis wenxianensis (Ranunculaceae) described from southern Gansu, China
FIGURE 13. Clematis obscura in the wild (Jiuzhaigou county in Sichuan, China). A, B. Portion of stems. C. Leaves (adaxial side); left insert: portion of a lateral leaflet (adaxial side), left right: portion of a lateral leaflet (abaxial side) and petiolule. D. Inflorescences. E. Bracts (adaxial side). F. Bracteoles (adaxial side). G. Flower (lateral view). H. Sepals (left two: abaxial side; right two: adaxial side). I. Stamens. J. Carpals. Photographed by Qiao-lan Huang.
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