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Distribution. Known only from three localities in Pacific coastal plains of SW Colombia (Valle del Cauca and Narino departments) and NW Ecuador (Imbabura Province). in Phyllostomidae
Distribution. Known only from three localities in Pacific coastal plains of SW Colombia (Valle del Cauca and Narino departments) and NW Ecuador (Imbabura Province).
FIGURE 23 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 23. Possible specimen of Desmognathus pascagoula (AUM 10543) from near Tensaw, Baldwin Co., Alabama in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Key features suggesting conspecificity with the Pascagoula populations are a relatively blunt or brachycephalic snout; distinct postocular stripe (faded in preservative, but of an apparently bright color in life); distinct dorsal color pattern; jagged but noticeable ventrolateral and lateral "portholes" on the trunk and tail(appearing as light areas devoid of melanin); ventral melanophores in the "stellate" condition; and heavily keeled, "fin-like" or "blade-like" tail with distinct dorsal coloration.
FIGURE 21 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 21. Larger specimen (MMNS 19993/RAP1112) of Desmognathus valentinei from headwaters of West Creek, Harrison Co., Mississippi, beginning to showing typical adult coloration of "dark auriculatus" sensu Valentine (1963) more typical of southeastern Mississippi populations. Note the more uniform and darker dorsal coloration and more brightly contrasting "portholes" in all three rows on the trunk.
FIGURE 22 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 22. Large specimen (MMNS 19994/RAP1113) of Desmognathus valentinei from headwaters of West Creek, Harrison Co., Mississippi, showing typical adult coloration of "dark auriculatus" sensu Valentine (1963). Note the uniform melanistic dorsal coloration and brightly contrasting ventrolateral "portholes" on the trunk, nearly indistinguishable postocular stripe, and strongly keeled "fin-like" or "blade-like" tail, with lateral row of "portholes" barely visible.
FIGURE 19 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 19. Small specimen (MMNS 19990/RAP1109) of Desmognathus valentinei from Thompson Creek, Wayne Co., Mississippi, showing typical juvenile form and color of "pale auriculatus" sensu Valentine (1963), notably a blunt snout; indistinct postocular stripe; indistinct dorsal color pattern; distinct ventrolateral and lateral "portholes" on the trunk and tail; and distinctly keeled, "fin-like" or "blade-like" tail (partially regrown).
FIGURE 20 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 20. Large adult specimen (MMNS 19991/RAP1110) of Desmognathus valentinei from Thompson Creek, Wayne Co., Mississippi, showing typical adult coloration of "pale auriculatus" sensu Valentine (1963). Note overall distinctiveness in body form and coloration from D. pascagoula, including muted coloration of the postocular stripe, girth of the trunk and tail, distinctiveness of all three rows of "portholes" on the trunk, and lack of distinct dorsal color pattern.
FIGURE 16 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 16. Ventral view of the Ward Bayou paratype (MMNS 19623/JYL78) of Desmognathus pascagoula in life. Note the darkened "stellate" condition of the ventral melanophores, as in nearby populations of D. valentinei (see Means et al. 2017). The jagged but prominent ventrolateral line of portholes is clearly visible here on the body, as is the lateral row of "portholes" on the tail.
FIGURE 14 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 14. The holotype (USNM 596040/RAP1106) of Desmognathus pascagoula in preservative in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Tick marks on ruler are in mm.
FIGURE 15 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 15. The Ward Bayou paratype (MMNS 19623/JYL78) of Desmognathus pascagoula in life. Note distinct dorsal color pattern, the irregular lateral "portholes" on the trunk and tail, and the larger ventrolateral "portholes."
FIGURE 17. A in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 17. A Grand Bay paratype (AUM 45885/RAP1107) of Desmognathus pascagoula in life on isolated (a) and naturalistic (b) backgrounds. Note the bright orange postocular stripe shared by all adult specimens, and the resemblance to the Ward Bayou paratype in terms of the distinct coloration on the dorsal surface of the tail, dark overall coloration, and visibility of the ventrolateral portholes on the body and lateral row of "portholes" on the tail.
FIGURE 18 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 18. Additional specimen (DAB11479) of Desmognathus pascagoula from the Grand Bay locality, showing variation in color pattern. Note overall lighter coloration compared to the paratypes, though still exhibiting a bright orange postocular stripe, relatively indistinct dorsolateral "portholes," two-toned lateral coloration and jagged ventrolateral row of "portholes," reddish-orange stripe on the dorsal surface of the tail, and increased prominence of lateral "portholes" on the tail, which is fat, keeled, and blade-like towards the tip (partially regenerated).
FIGURE 12 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 12. Small specimen (MMNS 19992 /RAP1111) of Desmognathus valentinei from headwaters of West Creek, Harrison Co., Mississippi, showing typical juvenile coloration of "pale auriculatus" sensu Valentine (1963). Note strong overall similarity to D. conanti C (e.g., AMNH 193773/RAP1108; Fig. 11) on superficial examination.
FIGURE 4 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 4. The easternmost confirmed locality in the floodplain of Chickasaw Creek (AL: Mobile), in the Mobile River drainage. The ravine tributary stream originates in sight of I-65, and during our visit the upper sections were filled with trash discarded from the roadway. Nevertheless, an abundant salamander community persists where the intact hydrology supports sufficient microhabitat and vegetation. The site is heavily trafficked by humans for recreation and in close proximity (<5 km) to urban development, industrial activity, and interstate runoff.
FIGURE 1 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 1. Recent and historical populations previously or currently assigned to Desmognathus auriculatus (see Grobman 1950) based on verified localities from recent publications (Beamer and Lamb 2008; Means et al. 2017; Beamer and Lamb 2020; Pyron et al. 2022a,b) and museum records and new sites reported here. Specimens of unknown identity in northwestern Florida (FL) are representative of numerous extirpated historical populations in the region. These are thought to have been D. auriculatus A (Means et al. 2017; Pyron et al. 2022b) but have not been confirmed genetically and may be D. pascagoula or additional new species. All populations historically assigned to D. auriculatus from west of the Mississippi that have been tested genetically represent D. conanti E (Hibbitts et al. 2015) and are not shown. Other states of the southeastern United States: AR (Arkansas), LA (Louisiana), MS (Mississippi), TN (Tennessee), AL (Alabama), GA (Georgia), SC (South Carolina), and NC (North Carolina).
FIGURE 3. The Number 12 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 3. The Number 12 Swamp locality (Franklin Creek in Grand Bay, AL: Mobile), showing another view of the characteristic blackwater stream/cypress swamp habitat.
FIGURE 8 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 8. Results from the ML analysis of the ND2/tRNA/COI fragment for the focal clade, including Desmognathus auriculatus A–C, D. brimleyorum, D. conanti C, D. pascagoula, and D. valentinei. All available specimens are included for D. brimleyorum, D. pascagoula, and D. valentinei, but only a single exemplar for the other lineages. Dots at nodes indicate strong support (BS>70% & SHL>85%). Inset maps show all known localities for D. brimleyorum, D. conanti C, D. pascagoula, and D. valentinei verified by molecular sequence data (type locality and recent sites), along with the potential historical locality for D. pascagoula. Note that RAP1106 (in bold) is the holotype (USNM 596040).
FIGURE 11 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 11. Comparative specimen (AMNH 193773/RAP1108) of Desmognathus conanti C from Pigeon Creek, Clarke Co., Alabama, showing typical coloration of Spotted Dusky Salamanders from the Gulf Coastal Plain (see Valentine, 1963). These populations are often confused with D. valentinei (e.g., by Kozak et al., 2005; see Beamer and Lamb, 2008), and could be mistaken for D. pascagoula. Distinguishing characters include elongated "duck-bill" snout; indistinct postocular stripe; heavy, irregular, light-colored lateral and ventrolateral flecking and speckling; ventrolateral row of "portholes" on the trunk barely distinguishable from flecking; and more slender, less compressed tail with faint lateral row of "portholes" barely visible.
FIGURE 13 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 13. The holotype (USNM 596040/RAP1106) of Desmognathus pascagoula in life on isolated (a) and naturalistic (b) backgrounds. Note the relative lack of distinct "portholes" in the dorsolateral and lateral rows on the body and tail, and the bright orange postocular stripe. The ventrolateral row of "portholes" is partially visible on the body.
FIGURE 10. Individual boxplots showing the 9 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 10. Individual boxplots showing the 9 highest-loading (eigenvalues> 5) size-corrected linear measurements contributing to significant discrimination between all three related or sympatric species. While limited sample sizes preclude detailed significance tests or correction for multiple comparison, we include the notched boxplots here for a preliminary visual assessment of gross shape differences between the species relative to median values.
FIGURE 2 in A new, narrowly endemic species of swamp-dwelling dusky salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus) from the Gulf Coastal Plain of Mississippi and Alabama
FIGURE 2. The original Grand Bay locality (Franklin Creek, AL: Mobile), showing the characteristic blackwater stream/ cypress swamp habitat, as distinct from the muddy, silted floodplain swamp at the type locality.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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