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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2021View details →

Genetic diversity of wild and cultivated Coffea canephora in northeastern DR Congo and the implications for conservation - Additional Data

List of wild and cultivated Coffea canephora accessions from northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo included in Vanden Abeele et al. 2021 - American Journal of Botany, and the corresponding alleles for each of the 18 microsatellite markers (0 indicates missing alleles).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

Data from: The extreme rainfall gradient of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve and its impact on forest bird richness. Biodiversity and Conservation

Description of dataset This dataset contains information about forest bird species richness and climatic variables in 61 sample sites of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. This dataset was analysed in : Quilodrán CS, Sandvig EM, Aguirre F, Rivero de Aguilar J, Barroso O, Vásquez RA, and R Rozzi. 2022. Effects of the extreme rainfall gradient in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve on forest bird richness. Biodiversity and Conservation.    Acknowledgments  This study was funded by grants for Technological Centers of Excellence with Basal Financing of the National Agency for Research and Development (ANID-Chile), granted to the Cape Horn International Center (CHIC- FB210018) and the Institute of Ecology and Biodiversity (IEB-AFB170008). CSQ acknowledges support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (N°P5R5PB_203169).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

The impacts of management interventions on the sociality of African lions (Panthera leo): implications for lion conservation

<ol> <li>African lion (Panthera leo) populations normally consist of several neighbouring prides and multiple adult males or groups of males that interact competitively. In large, open systems, cub defence from infanticidal males and territory defence drive group living in lions. However, in smaller (< 1,000 km2), fenced wildlife reserves, opportunities for natural immigration and emigration are limited which means that the evolutionary drivers of lion sociality may collapse.</li> <li>Here, we use lion behavioural data collected from 16 wildlife reserves across South Africa to test how management-induced ecological conditions alter lion social dynamics.</li> <li>The number of lionesses observed together was best predicted by pride size, prey biomass and biome. Lionesses were less likely to group together as pride size increased, but more likely to group together as prey biomass and habitat productivity increased. In addition, adult males were observed more frequently with prides that had young (< 12 months) cubs in reserves that had unfamiliar adult males present compared to reserves without any unfamiliar adult males.</li> </ol> Our results demonstrate how intra-specific competition between lions drives their sociality, and this may break down in small, fenced wildlife reserves where lions are actively managed. Although small, fenced reserves in South Africa have made a significant contribution to increasing lion numbers on the continent, our work highlights several important ecological implications of active lion management. For wildlife managers, mimicking the outcomes of different levels of intra-specific competition is likely a critical management tool for the persistence of lions in small reserves.

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Raspberry Pi nest cameras – an affordable tool for remote behavioural and conservation monitoring of bird nests

1. Bespoke (custom-built) Raspberry Pi cameras are increasingly popular research tools in the fields of behavioural ecology and conservation, because of their comparative flexibility in programmable settings, ability to be paired with other sensors, and because they are typically cheaper than commercially built models. 2. Here we describe a novel, Raspberry Pi-based camera system that is fully portable and yet weatherproof – especially to humidity and salt spray. The camera was paired with a passive infra-red sensor, to create a movement-triggered camera capable of recording videos over a 24-hr period. We describe an example deployment involving "retro-fitting" these cameras into artificial nest boxes on Praia Islet, Azores archipelago, Portugal, to monitor the behaviours and interspecific interactions of two sympatric species of breeding storm-petrel (Monteiro's storm-petrel Hydrobates monteiroi and Madeiran storm-petrel Hydrobates castro) during their chick-rearing periods. 3. Of the 138 deployments, 70% of all deployments were deemed to be "Successful" (Successful was defined as continuous footage being recorded for more than one hour without an interruption), which equated to 87% of the individual 30 s videos. The bespoke cameras proved to be easily portable between 54 different nests and reasonably weatherproof (~14% of deployments classed as "Partial" or "Failure" deployments were specifically due to the weather/humidity), and we make further trouble-shooting suggestions to mitigate additional weather-related failures. 4. Here we have shown that this system is fully portable and capable of coping with salt spray and humidity, and consequently the camera-build methods and scripts could be applied easily to many different species that also utilise cavities, burrows, and artificial nests, and can potentially be adapted for other wildlife monitoring situations to provide novel insights into species-specific daily cycles of behaviours and interspecies interactions.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

FIG. 4 in Genetic diversity of Malagasy baobabs: implications for conservation

FIG. 4. — Observed nucleotide diversity PI (π) for the six Adansonia L. species endemic to Madagascar. Northern and southern populations of A. za Baill. are combined here. When distinguishing between geographic populations of A. za, nucleotide diversity was the same as combined for southern populations (π = 0.0029), but less for northern populations (π = 0.0026).

FIG. 3 in Genetic diversity of Malagasy baobabs: implications for conservation

FIG. 3. — Principal components analysis (PCA) of Malagasy Adansonia L. colored by species. Panels represent different PCA axes from: A, 2089 SNPs for all Malagasy Adansonia for axis 1 vs axis 2; B, axis 3 vs axis 4; C, 1873 SNPs for Longitubae taxa only for axis 1 vs axis 2; and D), axis 3 vs axis 4. Northern and southern populations of A. za Baill. labeled.

FIG. 2 in Genetic diversity of Malagasy baobabs: implications for conservation

FIG. 2. — SNP-based tree from 2089 biallelic SNPs as inferred by IQ-TREE. Values on the branches represent bootstrap support for the primary clades: A, broad scale relationships with monophyletic taxa collapsed and number of samples per clade indicated in parentheses; B, detailed phylogeny for the core Longitubae clade (A. perrieri Capuron, A. madagascariensis Baill., and A. za Baill.), with individual accessions mapped to their respective geographic localities in Madagascar (B). Adansonia za (Aza) accessions are listed in red; A. madagascariensis (Ama), in blue; and A. perrieri (Ape) accessions in yellow.

FIG. 1 in Genetic diversity of Malagasy baobabs: implications for conservation

FIG. 1. — Flowers of the six species of baobabs endemic to Madagascar: A, Adansonia grandidieri Baill.; B, A. madagascariensis Baill.; C, A. perrieri Capuron; D, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier; E, A. suarezensis H. Perrier; F, A. za Baill. Photographs by David A. Baum and Nisa Karimi.

Fig. 10 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 10 Evolutionary changes on the temporal region of sphenodontians. Many early-evolving lepidosaurs retain a single temporal fenestration as the jugal (cyan) does not contact the quadrate/quadratojugal (green) posteriorly. Afull development of the lower temporal bar and double temporal fenestration evolved independently at least twice in sphenodontians, once among clevosaurids and once in sphenodontines—an adaptation for stabilizing the quadrate and reducing overall stress in the skull during hard biting58. The latter is unique among lepidosaurs by including contributions from both the jugal and quadratojugal—a morphology convergent with many non-lepidosaurian early diapsid reptiles. Red circle, complete lower temporal bar; blue circle: incomplete lower temporal bar; blue-red gradient circle, lower temporal bar incomplete in juveniles but complete in adults. Skull drawings from top to bottom: Gephyrosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Megachirella (re-drawn by TRS from ref. 33), Diphydontosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Clevosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Palaeopleurosaurus (drawn by TRS based on ref. 20), Navajosphenodon (drawn by A. Brum), and Sphenodon (drawn by TRS based on MCZ R4702).

Fig. 9 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 9 Phylomorphospace of early lepidosaurs and sphenodontians using discrete morphological characters. Clade "A" refers to the clade recovered by the final analysis (relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference) both here and in Simões, et al.19, including Homeosaurus, pleurosaurids, and saphaeosaurids. For figures with individual taxon names, see Supplementary Fig. 4. Cyno Cynosphenodon, Kaw Kawasphenodon, Nav Navajosphenodon, Sphe. Sphenodon, Sphf. Sphenofontis.

Fig. 8 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 8 Majority rule consensus tree from the relaxed morphological clock Bayesian inference analysis with tip dating. Results indicate the phylogenetic relationships among sphenodontians highlighting the placement of N. sani (in bold), clade posterior probabilities (top node values in bold), and median divergence times (bottom node values). Purple node error bars represent the 95% highest posterior density estimates for divergence times. Skull illustrations (all photos taken by TRS) for each major clade are, from top to bottom, Megachirella wachtleri (Squamata), Clevosaurus brasiliensis (Clevosauridae), Homeosaurus maximiliani (Homeosaurinae), Pleurosaurus gingsburi (Pleurosauridae), Kallimodon pulchellus, Priosphenodon avelasi (Eilenodontinae), and Sphenodon punctatus (Sphenodontinae).

Fig. 7 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 7 Postcranial skeleton of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Atlas, axis, and cervical vertebrae 3 and 4 in ventral view. b Part of Atlas–axis complex in dorsal view. c Dorsal vertebrae in ventral view. d Caudal vertebrae in lateral view. e Pelvic girdle and pygals in ventrolateral view. f Right pes in partial articulation. g Left pes with only distal phalanges preserved. h Left scapula and coracoid in lateral view. i Right(?) pubis and ilium. j Left forearm in posterior view. k Left forearm in anterior view. l Right forearm in anterior view (slightly displaced radius and ulna). m Right forearm in posterior view. Ace acetabulum, As astragulus, Ax axis, Ax.Ce. axis pleurocentrum, Ax.NS. axis neural spine, At.NA. atlas neural arches, Ca.V. caudal vertebra, Co coracoid, Ce.V. cervical vertebra, Dp.Cr. deltopectoral crest, Ent.Fr. entepicondylar foramen, H humerus, H.H. humeral head, Il ilium, Il.Bl. iliac blade (partially preserved), Is isquium, N.S. neural spine, Obt.Fr. obturator foramen, Od. odontoid (atlas centrum), Ol.Pr. olecranon process, Pn.Ph. penultimate phalanx, Po.No. posterior notch on acetabulum, Pu pubis, Pu.Pr. anterior pubic process, Py pygals, Ra radius, Ra.Cd. radial condyle, Sca scapula, Ul ulna, V.Cr. midventral crest, I–V digit number. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 6 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 6 Conservation of ontogenetic stages from Navajosphenodon to Sphenodon. Ontogenetic series on the maxilla (a–c) and dentary (d–f) of Sphenodon punctatus (rescaled to the same length). Ontogenetic series on the maxilla (g–i) and dentary (j–l) of Navajosphenodon sani. Specimen numbers: FMNH 207433 (b, e); FMNH 11113 (c, f); MCZ VP VP 9094 (g); MCZ VP VP 9100 (h); MCZ VP VP 9093 (i); MCZ VP VP 101564 (top left), MCZ VP VP 9094 (top right), MCZ VP VP 9099 (bottom left), MCZ VP VP 101569 (bottom right) (j); MNA.V.12442 (k); MCZ VP 9093 (l). a, d Re-drawn from ref. 43. Add.T. additional teeth, Alt.T. alternating teeth, Ang angular, D.C.Pr. dentary coronoid process, D.Po.Pr. dentary posterior process, Ed. edentulous region, Hat.T. Hatchling teeth, M.Pr. mentonian process, Me.C. Meckelian canal, Suc.T. Successional teeth, Worn worn out teeth. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 5 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 5 Mandibles of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). Left mandible in lateral view (a) and medial view (b). Right dentary in medial view (c). Left post-dentary bones in dorsal view (d). Ce.Rd. central ridge, Gl. glenoid articulation, Me.C. Mekelian canal, RAP retroarticular process, San.C.Pr. surangular coronoid process, Sym. symphysis, V.Cr. ventral crest. Scale bars = 10 mm (a, b) and 1 mm (c, d).

Fig. 4 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 4 Palatal region and braincase of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). Palatal region in dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views. Basisphenoid in ventral (c), dorsal (d), anterior (e), and right lateral (f) views. Arc.Fl. Arcuate flanges, Bpt.Pr. basipterygoid process, Ca.Op. openings for internal carotid arteries, Cl. Pr. clinoid process, Cu.Pr. cultriform process, Do.Se. dorsal sella, L.Pr. lateral process, Pal.Asc.Pr. palatine ascending process, Pal.T. palatine teeth, Ptg.T. pterygoid teeth, Q.Pr. quadrate process, Sel.Tu. sella turcica, Tr.Cr. trabeculae cranii, VI passage for cranial nerve VI (abducens canal). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 2 Micro CT-scanned and fully segmented skull and mandibles of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Right ventrolateral view. b Left dorsolateral view. Art articular, Boc basioccipital, Bsp basisphenoid, C coronoid, CbI first ceratobranchial, D dentary, Ect ectopterygoid, Epi epipterygoid, F frontal, J jugal, M maxilla, N nasal, P parietal, Pal palatine, PFr postfrontal, PM premaxilla, Po postorbital, Pra prearticular, PrF prefrontal, Ptg pterygoid, Q-Qj quadrate-quadratojugal, San surangular, Spm septomaxilla, Sq squamosal, (l) left side and (r) right side. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in An exceptionally preserved Sphenodon-like sphenodontian reveals deep time conservation of the tuatara skeleton and ontogeny

Fig. 3 Individual elements of the skull of the holotype of N. sani (MNA.V.12442). a Premaxilla in lateral (left) and posterior (right) views. b Left maxilla in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. c Left maxilla in occlusal view. d Nasals in dorsal view. e Left prefrontal in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. f Right septomaxilla in ventral view. g Right postfrontal in lateral (left) and medial (right) views. h Right jugal and associated quadratojugal in lateral view. i Fused left quadrate–qudratojugal complex in posterior view. j Left jugal in lateral view. k Right postorbital in medial view. l Left postorbital and squamosal in lateral view. m Frontals and parietals in dorsal view. n Frontals in ventral view. o Right frontal in lateral view. Relative bone positions in h, l, m are as preserved in the specimen. Ant.Pr. anterior process, Av.Pr. anteroventral process, Acr.T. acrodont teeth, Ant.Pr. anterior process, AnL.Pr. anterolateral process, br. broken edge, D.Pr. dorsal process, Di.Pr. distal process, E.N. external nares, J.Ft. facet for jugal, N.Pr. nasal process, P.Pr. posterior process, Pal.Ft. facet for maxillary process of palatine, PFr.Ft. facet for postfrontal, Pm.Cr. posteromedial crest, Pm.Pr. premaxillary process, Po.Ft. facet for postorbital, Po.Pr. postorbital process, PoL.Pr. posterolateral process, PrF.Ft. facet for prefrontal, Pv.Pr. posteroventral process, Q quadrate, Qj quadratojugal, Qj.Fr. quadratojugal foramen, Sof.Pr. subolfactory process, St.Pr. supratemporal process, T.Ap. tooth apex, V.Pr. ventral process, Vl.Pr. ventrolateral process, Vo.Ft. facet for vomeronasal organ. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic development

This data set contains the data used to analyse the synergies and trade-offs between biodiversity conservation and local socioeconomic development in and around sample African and European PAs. The data were collected based on face-to-face survey with PA managers.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2015View details →

Fig. 4 in Using Ecological Niche Modeling For Biodiversity Conservation Guidance In The Western Podillya (Ukraine): Reptiles

Fig. 4. Areas (polygons) in Western Podillya (Ukraine), where there is a predicted probability for the accommodation 9, 8 or 7 reptile species (gradient from dark gray — 9 species to light — 7 species). Districts numbered as in fig. 3.