Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
2,395
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.9.0
Dataset results
2,395 results for “Contrast”
Data used in "The daily-resolved Southern Ocean mixed layer: regional contrasts assessed using glider observations"
<p>These are the data used in the analysis and creation of figures in du Plessis et al. 2022: <em>The daily-resolved Southern Ocean mixed layer: regional contrasts assessed using glider observations</em> in support of open-code, transparency, and repeatability.</p> <p>Abstract:</p> <p>Water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean is vital for driving the large-scale overturning circulation, which transports heat from the surface to the ocean interior. Using profiling gliders, this study investigates the role of summertime buoyancy forcing and wind-driven processes on the intraseasonal (1-10 days) mixed layer thermohaline variability in three Southern Ocean regions southwest of Africa important for water mass transformation - the Subantarctic Zone (SAZ), Polar Frontal Zone (PFZ) and Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). At intraseasonal time scales, heat flux was shown as the main driver of buoyancy gain in all regions. In the SAZ and MIZ, shallow mixed layers and strong stratification enhanced mixed layer buoyancy gain by trapping incoming heat, while buoyancy loss resulted primarily from the entrainment of cold, salty water from below. In the PFZ, rapid mixing linked to Southern Ocean storms set persistently deep mixed layers and suppressed mixed layer intraseasonal (1-10 days) thermohaline variability. In the polar regions, lateral stirring of meltwater from seasonal sea-ice melt dominated daily mixed layer salinity variability. We propose that these meltwater fronts are advected to the PFZ during late summer, indicating the potential for seasonal sea-ice freshwater to impact a region where the upwelling limb of overturning circulation reaches the surface. This study reveals a regional dependence of how the mixed layer thermohaline properties respond to small spatio-temporal processes, emphasizing the importance of surface forcing occurring between 1-10 days on the mixed layer water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean.</p> <p><strong>Related code:</strong> The accompanying code can be found at: <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5076119">http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5076119. </a>Navigate to github.com/marcelduplessis/duplessis-2021-SO-thermohaline for the latest version</p>
Species-level CWM values mask contrasting intra- vs interspecific trait shifts at subtropical forest edges
<p>Altered microclimatic conditions and higher disturbance at forest edges create environmental stress and modify resource gradients from edge to interior, changing the selection pressures acting on individuals. Although community-weighted trait-mean (CWM) shifts along edge gradients have been widely documented at the species level, it is unclear how edge effects act at the individual level, and whether the direction of intraspecific trait shifts mirrors that of CWM shifts in response to edge effects. On 20 islands in the Thousand Island Lake, China, we established 484 plots (2×2 m) in a stratified random design across distances of 0 – 128 m from the forest edge. Within each plot, we sampled leaves (n=34,768) from within and among all 2,993 individuals of 68 species and measured five leaf traits (leaf area, LA; specific leaf area, SLA; leaf dry matter content, LDMC; thickness, LT; chlorophyll content, LCC). Using generalized linear mixed models, we found that different leaf traits exhibited contrasting shifts in inter- vs. intraspecific trait variation in response to edge effects. For SLA, LT, and LCC, negative covariance between inter- and intraspecific trait shifts resulted in dampening of community-wide trends compared to CWM response to edge effects. In contrast, the community-wide trend for LDMC was reinforced due to positive covariance between inter- and intraspecific trait shifts, while for LA the direction of covariance shifted from negative to positive on small vs. large islands. Together, edge effects alter selection regimes in reassembling plant communities. Predicting the community-wide consequences depends on the degree to which there is negative vs. positive covariance between species sorting and within-species adaptation. The widely-used CWM approach can mask contrasting trait selection pressures acting on individuals within local populations. Individual-level trait variation can improve understanding of community re-assembly trajectories in response to global environmental change.</p>
Water security in an uncertain future: contrasting realities from an availability-demand perspective
<p>Here we provide the climate change data from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6 (CMIP6) used in an assessment of future water security of two Brazilian basins: Guariroba River basin and Jaguari River basin responsible for supplying water to Campo Grande city and the São Paulo Metropolitan Region, respectively. The basins' hydrological response was simulated using the SWAT+ model considering three climate change scenarios from a CMIP6 multimodel ensemble: SSP2-4.5 (medium forcing), SSP3-7.0 (high forcing), and SSP5-8.5 (high forcing). The ensemble was constructed using seven General Circulation/Earth System models (variant ID r1i1p1f1 and further processed for bias correction using quantile delta mapping.</p> <p>The manuscript of "<em>Water security in an uncertain future: contrasting realities from an availability-demand perspective</em>" has been published in <strong>Water Resources Management</strong>, please find it <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-022-03160-x">here</a>.</p>
Data from: Contrasting climate sensitivity of Pinus cembra tree-ring traits in the Carpathians
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>High elevation ecosystems are one of the most sensitive to climate change. The analysis of growth and xylem structure of trees from marginal populations, especially the ones growing at the treeline, could provide early-warning signs to better understand species-specific responses to future climate conditions. In this study, we combined classical dendrochronology with wood density and anatomical measurements to investigate the climate sensitivity of <em>Pinus cembra</em> L., a typical European high-elevation tree species </span><span>distributed in isolated patches</span><span> in the Carpathians. Samples were collected from the Retezat Mountains, South-Western Romania. We analyzed ring-width (TRW), maximum density (MXD), xylem anatomical traits (cell number per ring (CNo), cell density (CD), conduit area (CA), and cell-wall </span><span>thickness (CWT)) time series, split into </span><span>ring </span><span>sectors and assessed the relationships with monthly and daily climate records over the last century (1901-2015). The analysis showed a strong dependency of TRW on CNo and MXD on CWT. Summer temperature positively correlated with MXD and CWT (monthly correlation (<em><span>r) </span></em><span>were<em> </em></span>0.65 and 0.48 respectively) from the early- to late-wood but not TRW (<em><span>r</span></em>=0.22). CA positively correlated with water availability (<em><span>r=</span></em>0.37) and negatively correlated with temperature (<em><span>r=</span></em>-0.39). This study improves our general understanding of the climate-growth relationships of a European</span><span> high-elevation tree species and the results could be considered for forecasting population dynamics on projected changes in climate.</span></p>
Data from: Bighorn sheep show similar in-host responses to the same pathogen strain in two contrasting environments
<p>Ecological context – the biotic and abiotic environment, along with its influence on population mixing dynamics and individual susceptibility – are thought to have major bearing on epidemic outcomes. However, direct comparisons of disease events in contrasting ecological contexts in wildlife systems are often confounded by concurrent differences in host genetics, exposure histories, or pathogen strains. Here, we compare disease dynamics of a <em>Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae</em> spillover event that affected bighorn sheep populations in two contrasting ecological contexts. One event occurred on the herd's home range near the Rio Grande Gorge in New Mexico, while the other occurred in a captive facility at Hardware Ranch in Utah. While data collection regimens varied between the two sites, general patterns of antibody signal strength and symptom emergence were consistent. Symptoms appeared in the captive setting an average of 12.9 days post-exposure, average time to seroconversion was 24.9 days, and clinical signs peaked at approximately 36 days post-infection. These patterns were consistent with serological testing and subsequent declines in symptom intensity in the free-ranging herd. At the captive site, older animals exhibited more severe declines in body condition and loin thickness, higher symptom burdens, and slower antibody response to the pathogen than younger animals.<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Younger animals were more likely than older animals to clear infection by the time of sampling at both sites. The patterns presented here suggest that environment may not be a major determinant of epidemiological outcomes in the bighorn sheep - <em>M. ovipneumoniae</em> system, elevating the possibility that host- or pathogen-factors may be responsible for observed variation.</p>
Contrasted-Fertilization Wheat Ear Dataset 2020
<p><strong>Overview</strong></p> <p>This dataset contains 701 wheat RGB images in which all the ears have been manually labelled with bounding boxes. Its primary function is to provide training or test data for deep learning models aiming at the detection of wheat ears. In terms of diversity, it integrates wheat images from two varieties, at all the key development stages from heading to maturity, and for four or eight contrasted nitrogen fertilization management. </p> <p><strong>Field experiments and image acquisition</strong></p> <p>Images were acquired during the 2020 season in two trial fields located in the Hesbaye area, Belgium. The images were captured by two RGB cameras in nadir position. Those cameras were positioned on the cantilever beam to avoid shadows from the phenotyping platform. The auto-exposure algorithm was tuned to prevent, as possible, image saturation. All the details regarding the field experiments and the image acquisition can be found in the related paper: "Dandrifosse S., Ennadifi E., Carlier A., Gosselin B., Dumont B. & Mercatoris B., 2022. Deep learning for wheat ear segmentation and ear density measurement : From heading to maturity. Comput. Electron. Agric. 199(June), DOI:10.1016/j.compag.2022.107161."</p> <p><strong>Image pre-processing</strong></p> <p>2048 x 2560 pixel images were acquired in the field, but each of them was converted to four square sub-images of 1024 x 1024 pixels. The labelled images in this dataset are the sub-images.</p> <p><strong>Ear bounding boxes</strong></p> <p>The dataset contains a total of 77657 bounding boxes stored in csv files as Python-style lists of [xmin, ymin, width, height]</p>
StackPilot: Contrasting Code Snippets from Stack Overflow and GitHub Copilot
<p>Copy-paste programming via Stack Overflow and code generation via GitHub Copilot both define a query/prompt-based programming model. To enable systematic comparison of code copied from Stack Overflow and code generated by GitHub Copilot, we provide a dataset of 30,746 code snippets that Stack Overflow and GitHub Copilot produced in response to the same 2,636 queries/prompts.</p>
Phase contrast images of Hierodula membranacea spermatocytes in metaphase I
<p>These are phase contrast images of <em>Hierodula membranacea</em> primary spermatocytes. For each image, 608 px=10 µm.</p>
Overcoming contrast reversals in focused probe ptychography of thick materials: an optimal pipeline for efficiently determining local atomic structure in materials science
<p>Files concerning the publication "Overcoming contrast reversals in focused probe ptychography of thick materials: an optimal pipeline for efficiently determining local atomic structure in materials science"(arxiv:2205.13308 )</p>
Grassland bird population declines at three Breeding Bird Survey spatial scales in contrast to a large native prairie
<p>Grassland biomes in North America are threatened by agricultural intensification with implications for grassland associated bird populations via habitat loss, alteration, pesticide use and declining landscape heterogeneity. Despite decades of conservation concern, steep declines of North American grassland bird populations continue. Key to optimizing conservation effort is understanding how land-use practices, such as agriculture, across the annual cycle affects population status. Determining the relative influence of impacts on grassland bird declines is difficult given that the most robust estimates of population trends, the North American Breeding Bird Survey (BBS), are from surveys throughout agriculturally dominated regions. Our goal was to explore whether agriculture during the breeding season is a major driver of grassland bird declines. We derived trends for 16 grassland bird species spanning 23 years (1994-2016) at a large (459 km2), native prairie site, Suffield National Wildlife Area (SNWA) in Alberta, Canada. We compared those trends to the BBS across three spatial scales, a regional monitoring scheme with higher than average native grass cover (GBM), BCR 11 - Canada (Canada) and all of BCR 11 (BCR 11). Trends measured as annual percent change and credible interval varied greatly among species and survey strata. Across all species, declines were greatest for Canada (-1.3%, CI: -2.8, 0.0) and BCR 11 (-1.9%, CI: -3.2, -0.6). This contrasts with positive mean trends for GBM routes (1.0%, CI: -0.4, 2.3) and the SNWA data (1.7%, CI: 0.3, 3.3). Six of 16 species at SNWA were increasing with one decreasing. Five species increased at GBM and four declined. Canada had 10 species declines and three increases and BCR 11 had 10 declines and no increases. None of six grassland obligate species declined at SNWA, two declined at GBM, and all six declined over the two larger BBS strata. Our results showing fewer negative population trends at a large native grassland site compared to BBS at three spatial scales across the North American prairies support the prediction that agricultural intensification on breeding grounds is a major driver of declining populations and protection of remaining native grasslands should remain a key component of grassland bird conservation efforts.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Virkkala R, Rajasärkkä A (2012) Preserving species populations in the boreal zone in a changing climate: contrasting trends of bird species groups in a protected area network. Nature Conservation 3: 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.3.3635
Mean densities and number of observations of species in 1981–1999 and in 2000–2009
Yield development and nutrient offtake in contrasting Miscanthus genotypes under green and brown harvest regimes
<p>Harvest time is an important variable that determines the yield of miscanthus biomass, its possible end uses, and the nutrient offtake from the field. Green harvests result in a higher yield and greater nutrient removal from the field. Brown miscanthus harvests, carried out in late winter or early spring, result in lower yields, and a lower nutrient offtake, whereby the harvested biomass is better suited to use in combustion. To look at the long term impact of green harvests on miscanthus this experiment followed the yield development of two miscanthus genotypes subjected to green and brown harvests over a period of seven years at one site in Southern Germany. The standard commercial genotype <em>Miscanthus x giganteus</em> (Mxg) was compared to a novel late-ripening <em>Miscanthus sinensis</em> genotype: Syn55. Average yields of Mxg were 19.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for green harvests and 13.2 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for brown harvests compared to 13.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> and 12.9 t ha<sup>-1</sup> for green and brown harvested Syn55 respectively. Yields of Mxg were very different for green and brown harvests; green harvested Mxg had very high nutrient offtake, while brown harvested Mxg had the lowest nutrient offtakes of all treatments. Syn55 showed a less marked difference between green and brown harvests likely due to its tendency to retain its leaves over winter. Syn55 was however not tolerant of a green harvest, with yields of brown harvested stands surpassing the yield of green harvested stands in several years. Mxg was shown to be tolerant of green harvests, producing consistently high yields when harvested in October. Early signs of yield decline were detected in both genotypes when harvested green, likely due to incomplete carbohydrate relocation. Alternating green and brown harvests are recommended to allow stands to replenish carbohydrate stores and to form a litter layer. </p>
Contrasting Responses of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon to Afforestation Potentially Obscure Soil Carbon Accumulation [Dataset]
<p><span>This is the data repository for the manuscript “Contrasting Responses of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Carbon to Afforestation Potentially Obscure Soil Carbon Accumulation” submitted to <em>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</em>.</span></p>
Data supporting: "Interaction of MRI Contrast Agent [Gd(DOTA)]− with Lipid Membranes: A Molecular Dynamics Study"
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Nitrifier controls on soil NO and N2O emissions in three chaparral ecosystems under contrasting atmospheric N inputs
<p>Nitrogen saturation theory predicts high rates of atmospheric N deposition can increase ecosystem N availability and stimulate ecosystem N losses via soil nitric oxide (NO; an air pollutant at high concentrations) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O; a strong greenhouse gas) emissions. However, it remains unclear whether theories developed in mesic ecosystems apply to drylands, where plant and soil N availability are not always coupled in dry soils. NO and N<sub>2</sub>O are often produced in soils during the oxidation of ammonia by ammonia oxidizing archaea (AOA) or ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) during nitrification. AOB are thought to emit more NO and N<sub>2</sub>O during nitrification than AOA and may be favored in N-rich relative to N-limited environments, suggesting high rates of atmospheric N deposition might produce positive feedback sending more of the N to the atmosphere. To assess how high rates of atmospheric N deposition affect AOB- and AOA-derived N trace gas emissions, we selectively inhibited AOA and AOB nitrifiers and measured NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from soils collected from three dryland sites exposed to relatively low (3.8 kg ha<sup>-1 </sup>= Low N) or high (11.8 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> = High N1; 15.6 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> = High N2) rates of atmospheric N inputs. We found that while the High N2 deposition site had the lowest AOA:AOB ratio (2.33 ± 0.57), consistent with expectations, this site did not emit the most NO and N<sub>2</sub>O. Rather, AOA emitted between 21–78% of the NO from our sites, with higher AOA-derived NO emissions from relatively coarse-textured soils in the Low N deposition site. In addition to nitrification, denitrification also contributed to NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, especially in the Moderate N deposition site (where denitrification-derived NO and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions were 2.0 – 3.7 time greater than the other sites), which had finer textured soils that may favor denitrification. Interactions between soil texture and N availability, therefore, appears to be the primary mechanism determining whether atmospheric N deposition is retained in the ecosystem or reemitted to the atmosphere as NO or N<sub>2</sub>O.</p>
Assessing the links between pollinators and the genetic and epigenetic features of plant species with contrasting distribution ranges
<p>In flowering plants, pollinators contribute to gene flow while they also respond to variation in plant traits together determined by genetic, epigenetic and environmental sources of variation. Consequently, a correlation between abundance and diversity of pollinators and the genetic and epigenetic characteristics of plant populations such as diversity or distinctiveness is expected. However, no study has explored these long-term dimensions of plant-pollinator interactions. Mediterranean narrow endemics often exhibit unexpectedly high levels of population genetic and epigenetic diversity. We hypothesize that pollinators may contribute to explain this pattern. Specifically, given the higher sensitivity of small, isolated population to gene flow, we expect a stronger association of pollinators with population genetic and epigenetic variability in narrow endemics than in widely distributed congeners. We studied five pairs of congeneric plant species, consisting of one narrow endemic with a restricted distribution and one widespread congener, found in the Sierra de Cazorla mountains (SE Spain). We characterized the pollinators in up to three populations per species to estimate their diversity and visitation rates. Additionally, we calculated the genetic and epigenetic diversity and distinctiveness of each population using AFLP markers and methylation-sensitive AFLP markers (MSAP), respectively. We assessed the relationship between pollinator diversity and visitation rates. The diversity of pollinators did not vary according to the plant´s distribution range, but visitation rate was higher in widespread species. As predicted, only narrow endemics showed a significant association between pollinators and their population genetic and epigenetic characteristics. Specifically, higher pollinator diversity and visitation rates entailed higher population genetic diversity and lower epigenetic distinctiveness. This work shows the importance of investigating the relationship between pollinator diversity and population genetics and epigenetics to better understand the evolution of plant rarity.</p>
Dataset_Social-ecological heterogeneity drove contrasting tree cover restoration in South China Karst
<p>This is the dataset for manuscript "Social-ecological heterogeneity drove contrasting tree cover restoration in South China Karst".</p>
Monkey V1/V2 neuronal population response to drifting gratings with varying orientation and contrast
<p>Correlated variability in the visual cortex is modulated by stimulus properties. The stimulus dependence of correlated variability impacts stimulus coding and is indicative of circuit structure. An affine model combining a multiplicative factor and an additive offset has been proposed to explain how correlated variability in primary visual cortex (V1) depends on stimulus orientations. However, whether the affine model could be extended to explain modulations by other stimulus variables or variability shared between two brain areas is unknown. Motivated by a simple neural circuit mechanism, we modified the affine model to better explain the contrast-dependence of neural variability shared within either primary or secondary visual cortex (V1 or V2) as well as the orientation-dependence of neural variability shared between V1 and V2. Our results bridge neural circuit mechanisms and statistical models, and provide a parsimonious explanation for the stimulus-dependence of correlated variability within and between visual areas.</p>
Data from: Allocation and functional traits of trees and saplings of Bornean tree species growing under contrasting soil nutrient availabilities
<p>The files hold the data of allocation and traits of adult trees ((i) the relationship between tree height and diameter at breast height, (ii) nutrient concentration in green leaves, senescent leaves, wood, and (iii) wood density) and saplings ((i) biomass allocation to leaves, stem, coarse roots, and fine roots, (ii) nutrient concentration in levees, senescent leaves, stem, and roots, and (iii) leaf mass per area) in Bornean tropical tree species growing under contrasting soil nutrient availabilities.</p> <p>Study site includes the Tawau Hills Park (4°27′N, 117°56′E, ca. 300 m asl), the Deramakot Forest Reserve (5°22′N, 117°25′E, ca. 250 m asl), and Nabawan (5°05′N, 116°29′E, ca. 500 m asl), Sabah, Malaysia. Vegetation of Tawau and Deramakot is a mixed dipterocarp forest, whereas that of Nabawan is a tropical heath forest. These sites considerably differ in soil characteristics. The forests in the Tawau Hills Park lie on the andesitic volcanic ash derived from the past eruptions ca. 27000 years ago by Mt. Magdalena, Mt. Lucia, and Mt. Maria. On the other hand, soils in the Deramakot Forest Reserve are derived from tertiary sedimentary rocks. Soils of Nabawan are classified as white sand podosol.</p>
Data from: Contrasting nidification behaviors facilitate diversification and colonization of the Music frogs under a changing paleoclimate
<p>In order to cope with the complexity and variability of the terrestrial environment, amphibians have developed a wide range of reproductive and parental behaviors. Nest building occurs in some anuran species as parental care. Species of the Music frog genus <em>Nidirana</em> are known for their unique courtship behavior and mud nesting in several congeners. However, the evolution of these frogs and their nidification behavior has yet to be studied. With phylogenomic and phylogeographic analyses based on a wide sampling of the genus, we find that <em>Nidirana</em> originated from central-southwestern China and the nidification behavior initially evolved at ca 19.3 Ma but subsequently lost in several descendants. Further population genomic analyses suggest that the nidification species have an older diversification and colonization history, while <em>N. adenopleura</em> complex congeners that do not exhibit nidification behavior have experienced a recent rapid radiation. The presence and loss of the nidification behavior in the Music frogs may be associated with paleoclimatic factors such as temperature and precipitation. This study highlights the nidification behavior as a key evolutionary innovation that has contributed to the diversification of an amphibian group under past climate changes.</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.