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Fig. 4 in Three New Infaunal Species of Taeniogyrus (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea: Apodida: Chiridotidae: Taeniogyrinae) from Southern Coast of Wakayama, Japan

Fig. 4. SEM images of calcareous ring parts and body ossicles of Taeniogyrus albulus sp. nov. A–E: holotype (WMNH-INV-2017-100); F: paratype (WMNH-INV-2017-101). A, Right parts of calcareous ring (viewed from right side, dorsal upper); B–D, wheel ossicles from a wheel papilla of anterior dorsal (B), curved rod ossicles (C) and sigmoid-hook ossicles (D) from anterior dorsal skin; E, rod ossicles from a lateral tentacle; F, calcareous plate IR5 of a paratype.

FIG. 7 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 7. — Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the orals (A, B), 1st ambulacrals (C, D), odontophores (E-F), ambulacrals (G-L), and adambulacrals (M-O) of Benthogenia mahi n. sp., specimen MNHN-IE-2013-2199: A, oral in adradial view; B, oral in abradial view; C, 1st ambulacral in adradial view; D, 1st ambulacral in abradial view; E, odontophore in actinal view; F, odontophore in abactinal view; G, second ambulacral in adradial view; H, third ambulacral in abradial view; I, K, ambulacrals in abradial view; J, ambulacral in abradial view; L, ambulacral in abactinal view; M, adambulacral in abactinal view; N, O, adambulacrals in actinal view. Colored areas indicate the presence of a differentiated stereom. See Table 2 for abbreviations. Proximal direction to the left, actinal direction to the bottom except for M-O, adradial direction to the top. Scale bars: A-I, M-O, 2 mm; J-L, 1 mm.

FIG. 6. — Benthogenia mahi n in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 6. — Benthogenia mahi n. sp. in abactinal (A, C, E) and actinal view (B, D, F): A, B, holotype MNHN-IE-2013-2216; C, D, MNHN-IE-2007-1580; E, F, MNHN-IE-2019-3879. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 4 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 4. — Ambulacral furrow and distal part of the arm of Benthogenia cribellosa Fisher, 1911 MNHN-IE-2019-3848 (A, C, E) and Benthogenia mahi n. sp. MNHN-IE-2019-3879 (B, D, F): A, B, proximal part of the ambulacral furrow; C, D, distal part of the ambulacral furrow; E, F, distal view of the arm showing terminal ossicle. Abbreviations: adamb, adambulacral; amb, ambulacral; fur sp, furrow spines; im, inferomarginals; im sp, inferomarginal spines; sm, superomarginals; sm sp, superomarginal spines. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 8 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 8. — Arm sections of Benthogenia mahi n. sp. holotype MNHN-IE-2013-2216 (A) and Hyphalaster inermis Sladen, 1883 USNM 1018661 (B). Red bars show the width (W) of and the height (H) of the superomarginals. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 3. — Marginals and arms in abactinal view of Benthogenia cribellosa Fisher, 1911 (A, C, E) and Benthogenia mahi n. sp. (B, D, F): A, holotype USNM 28655; B, holotype MNHN-IE-2013-2216; C, E, MNHN-IE-2019-3848; D, F, MNHN-IE-2019-3879. Abbreviations: im, inferomarginals; pax, paxillae; sm, superomarginals. Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 1 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 1. — Benthogenia cribellosa Fisher, 1911 in abactinal (A, C, E) and actinal view (B, D, F): A, B, holotype USNM 28655; C, D, MNHN-IE-2007-1828; E, F, MNHN-IE-2019-3848. Scale bars: 5 cm.

FIG. 2 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 2. — Cribriform organs on the marginals of the disc: A, B, Benthogenia cribellosa Fisher, 1911 MNHN-IE-2019-3848; C, D, Benthogenia mahi n. sp. MNHN-IE-2019-3879. Abbreviations: im, inferomarginals; sm, superomarginals. Scale bars: A, C, 1 cm; B, D, 5 mm.

FIG. 5 in Revision of the genus Benthogenia Fisher, 1911 (Asteroidea, Echinodermata), with description of a new species and ossicle anatomy

FIG. 5. — Oral frame of Benthogenia cribellosa Fisher, 1911 (A, C) and Benthogenia mahi n. sp. (B, D): A, holotype of Benthogenia cribellosa USNM 28655; B, holotype and Benthogenia mahi n. sp. MNHN-IE-2013-2216; C, MNHN-IE-2019-3848; D, MNHN-IE-2019-3879. Scale bars: 5 mm.

Fig. 39 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 39. Bayesian phylogenetic tree, inferred from the same matrix as in figure 37, but with all genital plate characters removed. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Extinct species are marked with a cross. The overall structure is more comb-shaped, and most clades are no longer recovered.

Fig. 38 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 38. Same tree as in Fig. 37, clades collapsed into families. Coloured ellipses mark clades that are paraphyletic, compared to the molecular phylogeny in O'Hara et al. (2017). Ophiopsilina Matsumoto, 1915 is nested inside Gnathophiurina Matsumoto, 1915, instead of being a sister clade. Ophioleucida Matsumoto, 1915 is in Ophiacanthida O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017 instead of being a sister clade to Amphilepidida O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017. Ophioscolecida O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017 may be a sister clade to Ophiacanthida, but the relationships in this group of clades are unclear. Ophienigma Stöhr & Segonzac, 2005 and Ophiopus Ljungman, 1867 may constitute a new family. The relationships of Ophiomusaidae O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018 could not be resolved.

Fig. 35 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 35. Genital plates in early developmental stages (postlarvae) of brittle stars. SEM images. A–E. Ophiura sarsii Lütken, 1855. A. 1.12 mm dd, genital plates in situ. B. 1.4 mm dd, genital plates in situ. C. adGP at 1.4 mm dd. D. abGP at 1.4 mm dd. E. 3 mm dd, adGP, abGP and RS articulated. F. Ophiomusa lymani (Wyville-Thomson, 1873), 2.4 mm dd, genital plates in situ. G. Amphiophiura convexa (Lyman, 1878), 3.2 mm dd, genital plates in situ. H. Amphipholis squamata (Delle Chiaje, 1828), 1. 2 mm dd, genital plates in situ. Scale bars: A–D, G–H = 0.1 mm; E–F = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 37 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 37. Bayesian phylogenetic tree, inferred from the morphological character matrix revised in this study. Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities. Extinct species are marked with a cross.

Fig. 32. Amphilepidida O in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 32. Amphilepidida O'Hara, Hugall, Thuy, Stöhr & Martynov, 2017, family incertae sedis, SEM images. A–E. Ophiopus arcticus Ljungman, 1867. A. adGP, abradial aspect. B. adGP, adradial aspect. C. Radial shield, inner aspect.D. Oral shield, inner aspect. E. Madreporite, inner aspect. F–I. Ophienigma spinilimbatum Stöhr & Segonzac, 2005. F. adGP, adradial aspect. G. abGP. H. Radial shield, inner aspect. I. Madreporite, inner aspect. Scale bar: A–I = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 31. Ophiopsilidae Matsumoto, 1915 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 31. Ophiopsilidae Matsumoto, 1915, Ophiopsila guineensis Koehler, 1914, SEM, unless otherwise noted. A. Genital plates in situ, micro-CT. B. Articulated adGP and abGP. C. adGP, adradial aspect. D. Radial shield, inner aspect. E. adGP, articular structures. F. oGP in situ, bleached, digital image. G. Oral shield, inner aspect. H. Madreporite, inner aspect. I. oGP. Scale bars: A–D, F–H = 0.5 mm; E, I = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 36 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 36. Genital plates in fossil brittle stars. SEM images. A. Aganaster gregarious (Meek & Worthen, 1869), adGP. B–C. Aplocoma agassizi (von Münster, 1839). B. adGP and abGP in situ. C. Radial shield, internal aspect. D–E. Palaeocoma milleri (Phillips, 1829). D. adGP, different aspects. E. Section of ventral disc, showing abGP and genital papillae. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B–C, E = 0.5 mm; D = 1 mm.

Fig. 30. Ophiothamnidae O in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 30. Ophiothamnidae O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018, Histampica duplicata (Lyman, 1875). A–B. Micro CT, all others SEM. A. oGP (arrowheads) in situ, internal dorsal aspect. B. Genital plates in situ. C. adGP. D. abGP. E. adGP, distal end. F. Radial shield, internal aspect. G. Madreporite, internal aspect. Scale bars: A, F = 0.5 mm; B–E, G = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 28. Ophiopholidae O in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 28. Ophiopholidae O'Hara, Stöhr, Hugall, Thuy & Martynov, 2018, Ophiopholis aculeata (Linnaeus, 1767), SEM, unless otherwise noted. A. Genital plates and radial shield in situ, micro-CT. B–C. Articulated adGP and abGP. D. Radial shield, inner aspect. E. adGP, abradial aspect. F. abGP. G. adGP adradial aspect. H. oGP in situ (arrowheads), digital image. I. oGP. J. Oral shield, inner aspect. K. Madreporite, inner aspect. Scale bars: A, H–K = 0.5 mm; B–G = 1 mm.

Fig. 29. Ophiotrichidae Ljungman, 1867 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 29. Ophiotrichidae Ljungman, 1867, Ophiothrix fragilis (Abildgaard in O.F. Müller, 1789), SEM, unless otherwise noted. A. Genital plates and radial shield inside disc, micro-CT. B. Genital plates in situ, ventral aspect. C. adGP, abradial aspect. D. adGP, adradial aspect. E. abGP, abradial aspect. F. abGP, adradial aspect. G. Radial shield, internal aspect. H. Madreporite, internal aspect. I. Oral shield, internal aspect. J. oGP (arrowheads) in situ, ventral aspect, digital image. K. Same, internal dorsal aspect. L. oGP. Scale bars: A–G, J–K = 1 mm; H–I, L = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 34. Ophioleucidae Matsumoto, 1915 in Taxonomic analysis of the genital plates and associated structures in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata)

Fig. 34. Ophioleucidae Matsumoto, 1915, Ophiopallas paradoxa Koehler, 1904, SEM, unless otherwise noted. A. Genital plates in situ, micro-CT. B. adGP, adradial aspect. C. adGP, abradial aspect. D. abGP, arrow connects articular structures to adGP. E. Radial shield, internal aspect. F. Oral GP (arrowheads) in situ, digital image. G. Madreporite, internal aspect (broken during bleaching). H. Oral shield, internal aspect. I. oGP, abradial aspect. J. oGP, adradial aspect. Scale bars: A–H = 0.5 mm; I–J = 0.01 mm.