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342 results for “Proxies”
MIS 5e sea-level proxies in southern Africa (Angola, Namibia and South Africa)
<p>Standardized database of dated sea-level indicators from southern Africa (Angola-South Africa) from MIS5e</p>
Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossil Laqueus (Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species?
<p>Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which, given their fragile nature, are not commonly preserved in the fossil record. In their absence, it is essential to test other sources of morphological data when trying to recognize and identify species. We analyzed valve outlines and brachidia in the genus <i>Laqueus</i> to explore the utility of shell shape in discriminating extant and fossil species. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified valve outline variability using elliptical Fourier methods and tested whether long-looped brachidial morphology correlates with shell outline shape. We then built classification models based on machine learning algorithms using outlines as shape variables to predict fossil species' identities. Our results demonstrate that valve outline shape is significantly correlated with long-looped brachidial shape and that even relatively simple outlines are sufficiently morphologically distinct to enable extant <i>Laqueus</i> species to be identified, validating current taxonomic assignments. These are encouraging results for the study and delimitation of fossil terebratulide species, and their recognition as biological species. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be successfully applied to help solve species recognition and delimitation problems in paleontology, especially when morphology can be characterized quantitatively and analyzed statistically.</p>
Data from: Oral samples as non-invasive proxies for assessing the composition of the rumen microbial community
Microbial community analysis was carried out on ruminal digesta obtained directly via rumen fistula and buccal fluid, regurgitated digesta (bolus) and faeces of dairy cattle to assess if non-invasive samples could be used as proxies for ruminal digesta. Samples were collected from five cows receiving grass silage based diets containing no additional lipid or four different lipid supplements in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Extracted DNA was analysed by qPCR and by sequencing 16S and 18S rRNA genes or the fungal ITS1 amplicons. Faeces contained few protozoa, and bacterial, fungal and archaeal communities were substantially different to ruminal digesta. Buccal and bolus samples gave much more similar profiles to ruminal digesta, although fewer archaea were detected in buccal and bolus samples. Bolus samples overall were most similar to ruminal samples. The differences between both buccal and bolus samples and ruminal digesta were consistent across all treatments. It can be concluded that either proxy sample type could be used as a predictor of the rumen microbial community, thereby enabling more convenient large-scale animal sampling for phenotyping and possible use in future animal breeding programs aimed at selecting cattle with a lower environmental footprint.
Data from: Evidence that metallic proxies are unsuitable for assessing the mechanics of microwear formation and a new theory of the meaning of microwear
Mammalian tooth wear research reveals contrasting patterns seemingly linked to diet: irregularly-pitted enamel surfaces, possibly from consuming hard seeds, vs. roughly-aligned linearly-grooved surfaces, associated with eating tough leaves. These patterns are important for assigning diet to fossils, including hominins. However, experiments establishing conditions necessary for such damage challenge this paradigm. Lucas et al. (2013) slid natural objects against enamel, concluding anything less hard than enamel would rub, not abrade, its surface (producing no immediate wear). This category includes all organic plant matter. Particles harder than enamel, with sufficiently angular surfaces, could abrade it immediately, prerequisites that silica/silicate particles alone possess. Xia et al. (2015) countered with experiments using brass and aluminium balls. Their bulk hardness was lower than enamel, but the latter was abraded. We examined the ball exteriors to address this discrepancy. The aluminium was surfaced by a thin rough oxide layer harder than enamel. Brass surfaces were smoother, but work-hardening during manufacture gave them comparable or higher hardness than enamel. We conclude that Xia et al.'s results are actually predicted by the mechanical model of Lucas et al. To explain wear patterns, we present a new model of textural formation, based on particle properties and presence/absence of silica(tes).
Tsunami Deposits in the Guerrero Seismic Gap, Mexico: Insights from Location Analysis, Earthquake and Tsunami Models, and Proxy Dataset
<p><strong>Globally, the most significant tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred along subduction zones. Catastrophic events surpassing magnitude 9, such as those witnessed in Chile, Sumatra, and Japan, have occurred in regions where instrumental records of similar events are lacking. Despite the absence of such occurrences along the 1000-kilometer-long Mexican subduction zone, historical and geological evidence strongly suggests the likelihood of a magnitude 8.6 tsunamigenic earthquake. However, the Guerrero seismic gap has remained devoid of high-magnitude earthquakes for over a century. In this study, we present findings from analyses of sediment grain size, geochemistry, microfossils, magnetic properties, and radiometric and optically stimulated luminescence dating conducted along the Guerrero coast. Our research provides compelling evidence of a 2000-year history of significant tsunamis triggered by potentially large earthquakes. Numerical modeling reinforces our conclusions, pointing to a magnitude >8 event occurring around the year 1300 in the Guerrero seismic gap. This evidence underscores the critical importance of evaluating earthquake and tsunami potential through long-term evidence and instrumental observations along subduction zones globally. Additionally, this dataset includes the locations of study sites, proxy data, and earthquake and tsunami models.</strong></p> <p><strong>Source data:</strong></p> <ol> <li>Grain size - Figure S1</li> <li>Geochemical - Figure S2</li> <li>Maximum tsunami wave amplitude - Figure 3d and S4</li> <li>Maximum tsunami wave amplitude - Figure S5c</li> </ol> <p> </p>
Chapter 3 - A highly-dynamic East Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Miocene: A multi-proxy sedimentary provenance approach using in-situ 87Rb/87Sr dating of detrital K-feldspar in ODP Site 1165, Prydz Bay
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What is the best fitness measure in wild populations? A case study on the power of short-term fitness proxies to predict reproductive value
<p>Fitness is at the core of evolutionary theory, but it is difficult to measure accurately. One way to measure long-term fitness is by calculating the individual's reproductive value, which represents the expected number of allele copies an individual passes on to distant future generations. However, this metric of fitness is scarcely used because the estimation of individual's reproductive value requires long-term pedigree data, which is rarely available in wild populations where following individuals from birth to death is often impossible. Wild study systems therefore use short-term fitness metrics as proxies, such as the number of offspring produced. This study obtained three frequently used short-term proxies for fitness obtained at different offspring life stages (eggs, hatchlings, fledglings and recruits), and compared their ability to predict reproductive values derived from the genetic pedigree of a wild passerine bird population. We used twenty years of precise field observations and a near-complete genetic pedigree to calculate reproductive success, individual growth rate and de-lifed fitness as lifetime fitness measures, and as annual de-lifed fitness. We compared the power of these metrics to predict reproductive values and lineage survival to the end of the study period. The three short-term fitness proxies predict the reproductive values and lineage survival only when measured at the recruit stage. There were no significant differences between the different fitness proxies at the same offspring stages in predicting the reproductive values and lineage survival. Annual fitness at one year old predicted reproductive values equally well as lifetime de-lifed fitness. However, none of the short-term fitness proxies was strongly associated with the reproductive values. In summary, the commonly short-term fitness proxies capture long-term fitness with intermediate accuracy at best, if measured at recruitment stage. As lifetime fitness measured at recruit stage and annual fitness in the first year of life were the best proxies of long-term fitness, we encourage their future use.</p>
Figure 4 in Description of the skeleton of the fossil beaked whale Messapicetus gregarius: searching potential proxies for deep-diving abilities
Figure 4. Sternum of the specimen MUSM 2548, Messapicetus gregarius, in ventral view (a) and manubrium element in anterior view (b). Horizontal solid lines indicate major break. The dashed line represents a reconstruction of the second element of the sternebra 2.
Chapter 2 - Dynamic collapse and regrowth of the Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Weddell Sea Sector during the Middle Miocene: A novel multi-proxy sedimentary provenance approach using in-situ 87Rb/87Sr dating of detrital K-feldspar - Supplementary Materials
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Holocene Hydroclimate Variability of the Baltic Region Inferred from Stable Isotopes, d Excess and Multi-Proxy Data at Lake Nuudsaku, Estonia (NE Europe)
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FIGURE 10 in Simulating our ability to accurately detect abrupt changes in assemblage-based paleoenvironmental proxies
FIGURE 10. Percentage of DCA-1 values obtained from simulations that fall within a 95% envelope of three DCA-1 values: (A) 0.0 (B) 1.0 and (C) 2.0. These values were selected as example observations from a hypothetical empirical data set and are marked by a green line in each subfigure. The bounds of the 95% confidence envelope were calculated by repeatedly simulating assemblages at the indicated empirical DCA-1 value and finding the two-tailed 95% quantile on the DCA-1 values obtained from those simulated assemblages. In the mixed assemblage simulations, background assemblages are simulated at a DCA-1 value of -0.5 and are mixed with an event assemblage with a DCA-1 value as given on the horizontal axis, with the proportion of mixing indicated on the vertical axis. In all three cases, the region the target DCA-1 value is observed in the simulations is a narrow ridge in probability space.
Fig. 2 in Testate Amoebae as Proxy for Water Level Changes in a Brackish Tidal Marsh
Fig. 2. Environmental variables (flooding frequency, particle sizes, organic content, bulk density, soil conductivity, vegetation) and testate amoebae concentrations over the elevation gradient (m ~ MHWL) of the brackish tidal marsh. The four indicated zones are based on cluster analyses of testate amoebae assemblages (see Fig. 3).
Fig. 5 in Testate Amoebae as Proxy for Water Level Changes in a Brackish Tidal Marsh
Fig. 5. Result of the RDA both on the intertidal zone and the supratidal bio-zone. Sub-zones were indicated by circles. Species abbreviations were used, full names can be found in Fig. 3.
Figure 1 from: Seibt J, Vestergaard C (2018) Fair Proxy Communication: Using Social Robots to Modify the Mechanisms of Implicit Social Cognition. Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e31827. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e31827
Figure 1 A job interview using FPC, from the perspective of the interviewer. The male interviewer (in the definition: H2) communicates via the Telenoid R4 robot with H1, a female job candidate as shown in Fig. 2.
Figure 2 from: Seibt J, Vestergaard C (2018) Fair Proxy Communication: Using Social Robots to Modify the Mechanisms of Implicit Social Cognition. Research Ideas and Outcomes 4: e31827. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.4.e31827
Figure 2 A job interview using FPC, from the perspective of the job candidate. A female candidate (in the definition D1-1: H1) operates her robotic proxy, a Telenoid R4 robot, while she communicates with the male interviewer. Her head movements, lip movements and speech are translated directly to the robot, either via a kinetic sensor on a headset or by a facial reading programme; her voice may or may not be morphed to mask gender (see section "Practical Significance" below). The camera that projects the interviewer on to her computer screen is in the eyes of the robot –thus, in contrast to a skype session, she looks into the interviewer's eyes when facing the interviewer.
Geophysical and geochemical proxies of Neolithic sites from Thessaly: a comparative study on the potential of soil magnetic susceptibility and phosphate analyses for minimally invasive location and interpretation of buried features.
<p>Results of the soil analyses and site locations</p>
A paleo-proxy-based reconstruction of still water level in the San Francisco Bay during 1500 - 2000 CE
<p>The dataset contains the following files: </p> <ol> <li>AWT_hisPCs_1880_2017.csv : Three leading annual principal components (APCs) of sea surface temperature anomalies (obtained from ERSSTv4) in the Hovmoller space during 1880 to 2017. </li> <li>APC*_1000sims_500yr.csv : Reconstructions of three APCs using paleo-proxy-based Nino3.4 reconstructions from 1500 to 2000. Each file contains 1000 simulations. </li> <li>TESLA_SF_reconstructed_SWLs_Sims_*_*_wSS.mat : there are four files for total 1000 simulations of reconstructed still water levels (SWLs) at San Francisco Bay. They can be accessed using MATLAB. Each of the files contains the following data: <ul> <li>time_fin : time in matlab format, 1500 - 2000 hourly. Time series starts from June 1st 1500, to account for wave climate. </li> <li>tide_raw_fin : astronomical tide prediction from 1500 - 2000, at hourly resolution. </li> <li>tide_raw_slr_fin : adding ~2.2mm/yr of SLR on to tide_raw_fin starting in 1900. </li> <li>tide_fin : correcting tide_raw_slr_sin with an ~0.09m offset to also account for the mismatch between MSL from ~1900- 2000 and the time before SLR is calculated. </li> <li>mmsl_sim_hourly : monthly mean sea level, anomalies plus seasonality, at hourly resolution. </li> <li>SWL : still water level at hourly resolution (tide_fin + mmsl_sim_hourly)</li> <li>SS_fin : hourly storm surge time series. </li> <li>DSWL : SWL + SS_fin. </li> </ul> </li> <li>MMSLA_100yrsRTs_30sw.RDS : Results of quasi-non-stationary flood risk analysis using annual maxima series (AMS) of MMSLA for a return period of 100yrs. The data set contains the following: <ul> <li>eva: 1000 x 3 array contains GEV estimation of return levels for each of 1000 simulation. Column 2 contains the estimated return levels, columns 1 and 3 contains 2.5 percentiles and 97.5 percentile values around the estimates. </li> <li>swa : contains the results of GEV calculated over a 30 years sliding window. This is a list of 6 components as below: <ul> <li>RTsim : An array of return level estimated for j-th window and i-th simulation </li> <li>RTobs: Return level estimates for last 100years (historical period)</li> <li>ci.lower.delta and ci.upper.delta : these denote the 95% interval of sampling variability in 100yr events using the Delta method. </li> <li>window.size : size of the sliding window. </li> <li>sliding.yrs : starting year of each sliding window. </li> </ul> </li> <li>conf : alpha or significance level (0.05 in this case).</li> <li>return.period : return period (100 years in this case). </li> <li> method: character string denoting which parameter estimation method is used ("MLE"). </li> <li>type: character string denoting which extreme value distribution is used *("GEV" or generalized extreme value distribution in this case). </li> <li>ams.ts : annual maxima series (input) values are saved here in the output. Can be used to reproduce the analysis. </li> <li>cur.ts : NULL. If ams.ts is not supplied, ams.ts is calculated using the input values of cur.ts. Not stored in the output if ams.ts input values are supplied. </li> </ul> </li> <li>MMSLA_100yrsRTs_100sw.RDS: Results of quasi-non-stationary flood risk analysis using annual maxima series (AMS) of MMSLA for a return period of 30yrs, with a sliding window of 100 years. The components of this .rds are same that that for 100yrs sliding window. </li> <li>ams_dswl_1_1000_sim_wSS.rds : Annual maxima series of SWL (MMSL + tide + Storm surge) for 1000 simulations as simulated using TESLA. </li> <li>ams_dswl_1_1000_sim_wSS_no_slr.rds : Annual maxima series of SWL (MMSL + tide + Storm surge) for 1000 simulations after removing SLR trend from 1900 onwards. </li> <li>ams_dswl_1_1000_sim_wSS_all_slr.rds : Annual maxima series of SWL (MMSL + tide + Storm surge) for 1000 simulations after adding a total 0.2 m SLR over 1500 - 2000 CE to superimpose SLR on to full extent of natural variability. All .RDS files are to be accessed using R. </li> </ol> <p>For further details, please contact Sudarshana Mukhopadhyay (sm2798@cornell.edu)</p>
Encouraging Older Adults and Adults With Serious Illness to Designate a Health Care Proxy
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07290478. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
The Use of Self-reported Symptoms as a Proxy for Acute Organophosphate Poisoning Among Nepali Farmers
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02838303. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.
Data from: Oral samples as non-invasive proxies for assessing the composition of the rumen microbial community
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.