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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
FIG. 1. — A in Quaternary and Recent shells of Ocenebra erinaceus (Linnaeus, 1758) and O. brevirobusta Houart, 2000 (Mollusca, Muricidae, Ocenebrinae): reflections on the intra- and interspecific variations
FIG. 1. — A, geographic range of the genus Ocenebra Gray, 1847 in Europe after Houart (2001a) modified; B, geographic location of the studied samples; photos of Ocenebra, courtesy of R. Houart.
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i).
Bottom-of-atmosphere reflectance data from aerial imaging for Lake Mulargia (Sardinia, Italy) (2020/09/24)
<p>This dataset contains the surface reflectance Hyspex images derived with ATCOR code by CNR of Lake Mulargia (Sardinia, Italy). The acquisition was done by CGR Spa (Italy).</p>
Resources from: Gut microbiome composition better reflects host phylogeny than diet diversity in breeding wood-warblers
<p>Understanding the factors that shape microbiomes can provide insight on the importance of host-symbiont interactions and on co-evolutionary dynamics. Unlike for mammals, previous studies have found little or no support for an influence of host evolutionary history on avian gut microbiome diversity and instead have suggested a greater influence of the environment or diet due to fast gut turnover. Because effects of different factors may be conflated by captivity and sampling design, examining natural variation using large sample sizes is important. Our goal was to overcome these limitations by sampling wild birds to compare environmental, dietary, and evolutionary influences on gut microbiome structure. We performed fecal metabarcoding to characterize both the gut microbiome and diet of fifteen wood-warbler species across a four-year period and from two geographic localities. We find host taxonomy generally explained ~10% of the variation between individuals, which is ~6-fold more variation of any other factor considered, including diet diversity. Further, gut microbiome similarity was more congruent with the host phylogeny than with host diet similarity and we found little association between diet diversity and microbiome diversity. Together, our results suggest evolutionary history is the strongest predictor of gut microbiome differentiation among wood-warblers. Although the phylogenetic signal of the warbler gut microbiome is not very strong, our data suggest that a stronger influence of diet (as measured by diet diversity) does not account for this pattern. The mechanism underlying this phylogenetic signal is not clear, but we argue host traits may filter colonization and maintenance of microbes.</p>
Boreal forest tower-based remote sensing data (solar-induced fluorescence and reflectance-based vegetation indices)
<p>Data includes remote sensing products from PhotoSpec (a scanning spectrometer) from August 2019-December 2021 at the Southern Old Black Spruce site in Saskatchewan Canada and the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) Delta Junction. We provide half-hourly averaged vegetation indices (NIRv, NDVI, PRI, CCI) and Solar-Induced Fluorescence (SIF) and for stand-representative targets. Additionally, we provide half-hourly Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR), a fraction of direct vs. diffuse radiation (Df), Air Temperature (Tair) and Gross Primary Productivity (GPP). </p>
Data set for "The interfacial structure of InP(100) in contact with HCl and H2SO4 studied by reflection anisotropy spectroscopy"
<p>This is the experimental raw data set associated with the following publication: M. Löw, M. Guidat, J. Kim, and MM May, <em>The interfacial structure of InP(100) in contact with HCl and H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> studied by reflection anisotropy spectroscopy</em>, RSC Advances 12 (2022), 32756-32764. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA05159A">DOI:10.1039/D2RA05159A</a></p> <p>The data set is organised along the figures of the publication. '.ers', '.erc', and '.ert' are spectra, colour plots, and transients, respectively, in the native format of Laytec's EpiRAS. '.par' files are in the data format from the Princeton Applied Research VersaSTAT 3F potentiostat. Spectra files containing the name 'Si100' are from Si(100) wafers with native oxide, used for zero-line correction as described in the paper.</p>
Exposure to thermal extremes favours higher solar reflectivity in intertidal gastropods
<p>During low tides, intertidal animals can be exposed to temperature extremes that can be near or exceed the animals' thermal limits. Reflectance of solar radiation could be critical to prevent overheating for animals that remain exposed to the sun; however, most studies ignore near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths that comprise approximately half of solar energy. Here, we conduct a phylogenetically controlled analysis to test whether the reflectivity of intertidal gastropod species is associated with solar exposure. For nineteen gastropod species, we quantified UV, visible and NIR reflectance and documented microhabitat at low tide. Gastropods from exposed microhabitats had greater total reflectivity than those from sheltered microhabitats. The difference between microhabitats was greater for dry shells than wet shells, for which evaporative cooling may be a more important means of reducing heat gain. Dry shells from exposed microhabitats had higher reflectivity in NIR wavelengths even after controlling for UV-visible reflectivity, supporting selection for thermal benefits independent of visual benefits such as camouflage. Based on a heating rate experiment and thermal imaging, gastropods with high shell reflectivity had a lower heating rate in natural conditions than those with low shell reflectivity. Together, these studies show that reflectivity can play a crucial role in thermoregulation in extreme environments.</p>
The diversity and distribution of introduced plant species reflects eight thousand years of settlement history
<p>Human population has affected natural ecosystems since prehistoric times in many ways, causing disturbances in existing ecosystems and creating novel habitats, and altering the colonisation and extinction rates with potentially long-lasting effects on biodiversity. Here, we explored the pervasive effects of past human occupancy on present-day diversity and the distribution of plant species introduced by humans in the distant past – archaeophytes – at the regional spatial scale. We analysed spatial relations between the present-day species richness of archaeophytes and native flora, the environmental setting, archaeological evidence, and the relationship between the residence time of archaeophytes and their regional range size. We used fine-scaled gridded information on plant diversity and archaeological records for the period 6000 BCE to 1000 CE summarised as average occupancy probability (AOP) in Czechia, Central Europe. The proportion of archaeophytes in local flora positively correlated to AOP. Variation partitioning revealed largely overlapping effects of AOP, environmental conditions, and present-day land use on the relative diversity of archaeophytes in local flora. The relationship between the minimum residence time of introduced species and their regional range size was weak and non-significant.</p> <p>Synthesis. Our results suggest that the present-day regional diversity of archaeophytes mirrors the intensity of past human settlement. However, the main underlying mechanism is the dispersal and environmental filtering of non-native species pools, while dispersal limitation plays a minor role in the regional patterns of archaeophyte diversity. </p>
IODP Expedition 376 Color reflectance
<p>Color reflectance data were measured on section halves using an integration sphere and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer mounted on the Section Half Multisensor Logger (SHMSL). Spectral counts are recorded in the range of 380 to 700 nm, covering the visible spectrum, and binned in ~2 nm bins. Spectral data are reduced from spectra and recorded in tristimulus XYZ values, CieLAB L*a*b* values, and other units.</p>
Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Rugulate fruit"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and ventral (b) views of a rugulate fruit showing the short extension of the sessile stigma at the apex (arrows); c) Irregular surface of fruit that probably reflects an irregular endocarp; note the isodiametric outlines of the epidermal cells; d) Semi-tectate reticulate pollen grains embedded in the remains of a secretion on the stigmatic surface. Specimen, Catefica 154-S101291 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 46. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of "Rugulate fruit"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and ventral (b) views of a rugulate fruit showing the short extension of the sessile stigma at the apex (arrows); c) Irregular surface of fruit that probably reflects an irregular endocarp; note the isodiametric outlines of the epidermal cells; d) Semi-tectate reticulate pollen grains embedded in the remains of a secretion on the stigmatic surface. Specimen, Catefica 154-S101291 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, b), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d).
Dataset: Variation in leaf reflectance spectra across the California flora partitioned by evolutionary history, geographic origin, and deep time
<p>We collected leaf reflectance data from plants in a common garden where plants from across California are grown. We focused on 10 regions of the California Floristic Province represented at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden (RPBG). During the summer of 2020 and the early-fall of 2021, we visited RPBG with a back-pack spectroradiometer (ASD Fieldspec 4 and Fieldspec Pro) with an attached leaf clip and plant probe with its own light source (part number A122327). From each accessible plant we collected leaf-level reflectance spectra (380 to 2500 nm, 3 nm in the VNIR, 10 nm in the SWIR) from ~3 representative leaves). This dataset includes 631 region-by-species mean leaf-level reflectance spectra, both in raw reflectance as well as subjected to Continuum Removal. </p>
Dataset for "Calibrated transmission and reflection from a multi-qubit microwave package"
<p>Dataset needed to reproduce figures 3 and 4 of "Calibrated transmission and reflection from a multi-qubit microwave package". Included are </p> <ol> <li>raw (calibrated) S-parameter data </li> <li>a Python notebook to apply time domain gating and then display the S-parameters of the multi-qubit package (Fig. 3). Requires Scikit-rf (<a href="https://scikit-rf.org/">https://scikit-rf.org/</a>) to be installed.</li> <li>a Python notebook to display the simulated impact of signal distortions on quantum gate fidelities of a qubit within the package (Fig. 4). </li> </ol>
Polarization dataset - Reflection, emission, and polarization properties of surfaces made of hyperfine grains, and implications for the nature of primitive small bodies
<p>This data are relative to the polarization measurements of the paper </p> <p>"Reflection, emission, and polarization properties of surfaces made of hyperfine grains, and implications for the nature of primitive small bodies"</p> <p>The dataset consists in 8 .txt files that represent the polarization measurements of mixtures of FeS and Olivine (ol) with different mass ratios. In the name of each file it is specified the mass percentage of the two components respect with the total mass of the sample (eg. data_ol_FeS_10-90_530.txt is the sample composed by 10% olivine and 90% FeS, measured at 530 nm). </p> <p>In each file, the data are organized in the following columns: </p> <p>#phase_angles[°] #Q/I #U/I #V/I #DOLP #DC #delta_Q/I #delta_U/I #delta_V/I #delta_DOLP #delta_dc</p> <p>"delta" refers to the standard deviation of the measurement upon rotation of the sample on the azimuthal axis. <br> </p>
Data and Supplemental Data from Radwin et al. "Southwestern Australia Acid-Saline Mineralogy: Observations from Reflectance Spectroscopy"
<p>These data are part of Radwin et al., "Southwestern Australia Acid-Saline Mineralogy: Observations from Reflectance Spectroscopy", submitted to IEEE TGRS in 2022. This work was supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration through the Solar System Workings program grant 80NSSC19K0552, and by the National Science Foundation grants from the Sedimentary Geology and Paleobiology Program (EAR-0719822, EAR-0719838 and EAR-0719892).</p> <p>Included in this dataset are ten separate downloadable files:</p> <p>1) RADWIN_2022_ACID_SALINE_SPECTRA.xlsx is an Excel spreadsheet containing all of the continuum-removed spectra utilized and an appendix organizing the data.</p> <p>2) RADWIN_2022_ACID_SALINE_POLYFIT_IRON_SPECTRA.xlsx is an Excel spreadsheet containing all of the polynomial fit continuum-removed iron spectra between ~800-1200 nm.</p> <p>3) RADWIN_2022_HYMAP_DATA.rar is a folder containing Envi files (with associated image metadata, such as bad-band-list) for the HyMap imagery of Lake Brown and the Twin Lakes region.</p> <p>4) RADWIN_2022_WA_SEDS_XRF_DATA.xlsx contains supplemental pXRF data.</p> <p>5) Radwin_Supplemental_XRD_LA1_Data.xlsx contains supplemental XRD data from the Lake Aerodrome LA2 core dataset (LA1 on filename is a typo).</p> <p>6) SAM Classification Maps.zip contains the classification map files.</p> <p>7) SAM Rule Images & Stats.zip contains rule images and class statistics from the SAM classification maps.</p> <p>8) SAM_Processing_Log.xlsx contains the specifications used for the SAM classification maps when using ENVI.</p> <p>9) SAM_Training_Data_Shapefiles.zip contains shapefiles that designate the training class data for the 7 classification map classes.</p> <p>10) XRF_Spectra_Matched_Sample_Photos_For_Reference.docx contains photos of the samples that were analyzed with pXRF.</p> <p> </p>
Code Appendix: Do Seed Dispersal Strategies Reflect Adaptation to Environmental Variability? Functional Ecology, 2023
<p>This code appendix contains all of the R code and data for the manuscript:<br> <br> Van Den Elzen, C. L., N. Sigman, and N. C. Emery. 2023. Do Seed Dispersal Strategies Reflect Adaptation to Environmental Variability?. Functional Ecology (Manuscript ID: FE-2022-00850).<br> <br> Abstract: </p> <p>1. Dispersal is one of the primary mechanisms by which organisms adapt to spatial and temporal variation in the environment. Theory predicts that increasing spatiotemporal variation drives selection for offspring dispersal away from their natal habitat and one another. However, due to inherent difficulties in measuring dispersal in plant systems, there are few empirical tests of the extent to which this hypothesis can explain variation in seed dispersal strategies.</p> <p>2. In this study, we characterized and compared the dispersal patterns of three closely related plant species that segregate across gradients in spatiotemporal variation in seasonal wetlands.</p> <p>3. We tracked individual seeds as they dispersed in their natural habitats to measure seed dispersal distance (the distance traveled from the maternal plant) and inter-seed spread (distances between dispersed seeds), and to identify the plant traits causing within-species variation in seed dispersal. We also evaluated the seed traits causing within-species variation in seed flight distance and terminal velocity in a wind tunnel and a drop tube, respectively.</p> <p>4. We found that average seed dispersal distance was lowest in the species that occupies the most spatiotemporally variable habitat, contradicting our predictions; however, inter-seed spread was lowest in the species from the least variable habitat, which aligned with our expectations.</p> <p>5. The maternal plant and seed traits explaining intraspecific variation in seed dispersal varied among species as well as the method used to measure dispersal potential. Two traits had non-intuitive effects on dispersal, including pappus size, which reduced seed flight distance in two of the focal taxa.</p> <p>6. Overall, our results indicate that the differences we detected in seed dispersal among three closely related plant taxa can be only partially explained by current patterns of environmental variability in their respective habitats, and that the traits driving within species variation in seed dispersal can evolve rapidly and change with the environmental context in which they are measured.</p>
IODP Expedition 396 Color reflectance
<p>Color reflectance data were measured on section halves using an integration sphere and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer mounted on the Section Half Multisensor Logger (SHMSL). Spectral counts are recorded in the range of 380 to 700 nm, covering the visible spectrum, and binned in ~2 nm bins. Spectral data are reduced from spectra and recorded in tristimulus XYZ values, CieLAB L*a*b* values, and other units.</p>
Potential impact of assimilating visible and infrared satellite observations compared to radar reflectivity for convective‐scale NWP
<p>Contains</p> <ul> <li>raw_data <ul> <li>nature run initial conditions for the cases "random" and "warm-bubble"</li> <li>ensemble initial condition sounding profiles</li> </ul> </li> <li>evaluation_metrics <ul> <li>csv files of FSS, RMSE, MAE, ensemble spread, mean difference<br> to reproduce figures of FSS, RMSE and spread in the paper and more.<br> See the README.txt</li> </ul> </li> <li>figures <ul> <li>Map_VIS06 ... Simulated satellite images of visible reflectance for ensemble members and truth</li> <li>Map_VIS06_probability ... Map of ensemble probability for visible reflectance > 0.6 and the nature in red contours</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p> </p>
De La Salle University – Outdoor Mirrors and Reflective Surfaces (DLSU-OMRS) Dataset
<p><strong>The De La Salle University – Outdoor Mirrors and Reflective Surfaces (DLSU-OMRS) dataset contains 454 images of outdoor mirrors and reflective surfaces, along with their corresponding ground-truth masks for segmentation</strong>. The images were scraped from Shutterstock using the key phrases <em>outdoor mirror</em> and <em>street mirror</em> and manually filtered to remove duplicates and heavily manipulated photos. Ground-truth masks were produced through manual segmentation.</p> <p>The images have their respective licenses, and the ground-truth masks are licensed under the BSD 3-Clause "New" or "Revised" License. The use of this dataset is restricted to noncommercial purposes only.</p> <p>More details can be found in the paper "<strong>Designing a Lightweight Edge-Guided Convolutional Neural Network for Segmenting Mirrors and Reflective Surfaces</strong>," which was accepted for full paper presentation at the <strong>2023 International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision (WSCG 2023)</strong>. The project page is <a href="https://github.com/memgonzales/mirror-segmentation">https://github.com/memgonzales/mirror-segmentation</a>. The paper is published in <em>Computer Science Research Notes</em>: <a href="http://wscg.zcu.cz/WSCG2023/full/E59-full.pdf">http://wscg.zcu.cz/WSCG2023/full/E59-full.pdf</a>.</p>
Predicting Pulsed Laser Deposition SrTiO3 Homoepitaxy Growth Dynamics using High-Speed Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction - sample treated_213nm
<p>RHEED intensity image dataset of sample "<strong>treated_213nm"</strong> in work "Predicting Pulsed Laser Deposition SrTiO<sub>3 </sub>Homoepitaxy Growth Dynamics using High-Speed Reflection High-Energy Electron Diffraction."</p>
IODP Expedition 354 Color reflectance
<p>Color reflectance data were measured on section halves using an integration sphere and a UV-VIS spectrophotometer mounted on the Section Half Multisensor Logger (SHMSL). Spectral counts are recorded in the range of 380 to 700 nm, covering the visible spectrum, and binned in ~2 nm bins. Spectral data are reduced from spectra and recorded in tristimulus XYZ values, CieLAB L*a*b* values, and other units.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.