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513 results for “Sawflies”
Effects of functional depletion of doublesex on male develop-ment in the sawfly, Athalia rosae
<p><strong>Movie S3. </strong>Copulation behavior observed between a wild-type male and a diploid male obtained via complete RNAi. A single wild-type naïve male was introduced into a vial with a diploid male obtained via complete RNAi. The wild-type male successfully copulated with the <em>Ardsx</em> knockdown diploid male obtained by complete RNAi. Video recording started immediately after introducing the naïve wild-type male.</p>
Effects of functional depletion of doublesex on male develop-ment in the sawfly, Athalia rosae
<p><strong>Movie S2. </strong>Mating behavior displayed by diploid males in whom <em>Ardsx</em> expression was knocked down over an entire lifespan. Two wild-type virgin females were introduced in a vial with two diploid males obtained via complete RNAi. One of the<em> Ardsx</em> knockdown males vigorously displayed mating behavior but failed to copulate with the virgin female due to the lack of male external genitalia. Video recording started immediately after introducing the virgin wild-type female.</p>
FIGURES 1–7. Antargidium spp., 1–2 face, 3–4 in Revision of the Australian sawfly genus Antargidium (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Argidae) with description of two new species
FIGURES 1–7. Antargidium spp., 1–2 face, 3–4: vertex, 5: apex of abdomen, 6: female hypopygium, 6: sawsheath. (1, 6) A. allucente; (2) A. atriceps; (3, 7) A. flavescens holotype; (4, 5) A. dentivalve. Abbreviations: S: supraclypeal area, K: carina, P: dorsal projections.
FIGURES 8–13. Antargidium spp., 8–2 in Revision of the Australian sawfly genus Antargidium (Hymenoptera, Symphyta, Argidae) with description of two new species
FIGURES 8–13. Antargidium spp., 8–2: females in lateral view, 13: apex of abdomen and sawsheath in lateral view. (8) A. allucente; (9) A. atriceps; (10) A. dentivalve; (11) A. flavescens holotype; (12) A. nigrum holotype; (13) A. apicale.
Chemical defense acquired via pharmacophagy can lead to protection from predation for conspecifics in a sawfly
<p>Predation is an important selection pressure acting on organisms, with organisms evolving diverse anti-predator strategies to combat it. One such strategy is chemical defense in which organisms either synthesize or extrinsically acquire defensive chemicals. Little is known about the intraspecific transfer of such chemicals and if such chemicals acquired from conspecifics can also serve as defense against predation. Here, we used adults of the turnip sawfly, <em>Athalia rosae</em>, which can acquire the plant chemicals 'clerodanoids' via pharmacophagy after exposure to the plant, <em>Ajuga reptans</em><em>. </em>We show that clerodanoid access mediates protection against predation by mantids for the sawflies. Moreover, even indirect access to clerodanoids, via nibbling on conspecifics that had access to the plant, resulted in protection against predation albeit to a lower degree than direct access. Furthermore, sawflies that had no direct access to clerodanoids were less consumed by mantids when they were grouped with conspecifics that had direct access. Most of such initially undefended sawflies could acquire clerodanoids from conspecifics that had direct access to the plant, although in low quantities. Together our results demonstrate that clerodanoids serve as chemical defense that can be intraspecifically transferred. Moreover, the presence of chemically defended individuals in a group can confer protection onto conspecifics that had no direct access to clerodanoids, suggesting a 'herd-protection' effect.</p>
FIGURE 20. Euura amentorum group. A–C in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 20. Euura amentorum group. A–C Feeding signs on female Salix catkins: A) E.? amentorum, S. lapponum, Norway, Svanvik, 1.7.2019, note larva outside the catkin (arrow). B) E. amentorum, S. myrsinites, Finland, Kuusamo District, 13.6.2018. C) E.? freyja, S. myrsinifolia, Norway, Austertana, 4.7.2020. D) E.? amentorum, S. phylicifolia, Finland, Oulu, 6.6.2007, protruding dorsal annulets (arrows). E) E. amentorum last instar larvae (green body) and prepupae (brownish body), from a single catkin of S. lapponum, Finland, Tolva, 9.6.2018. F) E. amentorum DEI-GISHym84387 prepupa, antenna (arrow).
FIGURE 19. Penis valves. A in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 19. Penis valves. A) Euura flavescens DEI-GISHym84191. B) Euura leucopyga DEI-GISHym84254. C) Euura lienterica DEI-GISHym88729. D) Euura reticulata PR.598VV.
FIGURE 18. Penis valves. A in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 18. Penis valves. A) Euura amentorum http://id.luomus.fi/GP.110189. B) E. pohjola n. sp. paratype ZMUO.030821, valvispina (upper) and lobe on paravalva (lower) arrowed. C) E. dahlbomi http://id.luomus.fi/GP.110188. D) E. microphyes 00244_KTP. E) E. freyja, 200693_BSP. F) E. freyja ZMUO.058316.
FIGURE 14. Lancets. A–C in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 14. Lancets. A–C Euura amentorum: A) PR.505VV, lobe projecting from base of tangium arrowed. B) Nematus suavis paralectotype DEI-GISHym12674. C) Pontopristia kamtchatica lectotype NHRS-HEVA000006355. D–E Euura latiserra: D) PR.486VV. E) Pontopristia latiserra lectotype NHRS-HEVA000003679.
FIGURE 12. Euura pohjola n in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 12. Euura pohjola n. sp. A, D) ♁ paratype ZMUO.040902. B) ♁ paratype ZMUO.037229. C) ♁ paratype DEIGISHym13882. E) ♁ paratype ZMUO.030821.
FIGURE 13. Euura ursaminor n in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 13. Euura ursaminor n. sp. A–B, D, G–H) ♀ paratype DEI-GISHym31946. C, E–F) ♀ holotype PR.513VV. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 15. Lancets. A–B Euura ursaminor n in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 15. Lancets. A–B Euura ursaminor n. sp.: A) holotype PR.513VV. B) paratype PR.514VV, anomalies in annular sutures and serrulae arrowed. C–E Euura microphyes: C) PR.498VV. D) Amauronematus pyrenaeus paratype DEI-GISHym12667. E) PR.512VV, anomalies in annular sutures arrowed.
FIGURE 11. Euura pohjola n in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 11. Euura pohjola n. sp. A–C, E–G) ♀ holotype ZMUO.030866. D, H) ♀ paratype ZMUO.033762. I) ♁ paratype ZMUO.037228. J) ♁ paratype ZMUO.040903. K) ♁ paratype ZMUO.037229, metatarsus. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 9. Euura microphyes. A–C, F in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 9. Euura microphyes. A–C, F) ♀ paratype Amauronematus pyrenaeus DEI-GISHym12667. D) ♀ lectotype Pontopristia brevilabris NHRS-HEVA000003674. E) ♀ http://id.luomus.fi/GP.3414. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 7. Euura itelmena. A–B, D, F in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 7. Euura itelmena. A–B, D, F) ♀ lectotype NHRS-HEVA000006352. C) ♀ lance PR.508VV. E) ♀ PR.507VV. G) ♀ PR.519VV. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 16. Lancets. A–B in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 16. Lancets. A–B Euura freyja: A) DEI-GISHym31215. B) Pontopristia analis holotype http://id.luomus.fi/GL.9215. C–D Euura pohjola n. sp. C) holotype ZMUO.030866. D) paratype ZMUO.033762. E–F Euura itelmena E) Pontopristia itelmena lectotype NHRS-HEVA000006352. F) PR.517VV.
FIGURE 8. Euura latiserra. A–E in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 8. Euura latiserra. A–E) ♀ lectotype NHRS-HEVA000003679. F) ♀ lance DEI-GISHym12678. Scale bar 1 mm.
FIGURE 21. Euura amentorum group. A–C E. amentorum DEI-GISHym84386 in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 21. Euura amentorum group. A–C E. amentorum DEI-GISHym84386 last instar larva, in ethanol: A) head and thorax. B) abdominal segments 3–5, seg. 4 dorsal annulets arrowed. C) tip of abdomen. D) E. itelmena 210010_NBH ovipositing in S. lanata catkin. E) unidentified species, larva boring in catkin axis of S. lapponum, Norway, Svanvik, 9.7.2019. F) E.? freyja larva, S. lanata, Norway, Skallelv, 16.7.2019. G) E.? freyja prepupa, S. myrsinifolia, Norway, Båtsfjord, 9.7.2021.
FIGURE 5. Euura dahlbomi. A–C in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 5. Euura dahlbomi. A–C) ♀ lectotype DEI-GISHym31948. D) ♀ mesepisternum DEI-GISHym12100. E) ♀ valvulae 3 dorsal DEI-GISHym20977. F) ♀ valvula 3 lateral DEI-GISHym20977. G) ♁ http://id.luomus.fi/GP.110190. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Euura amentorum. A in Palaearctic willow-catkin sawflies: a revision of the amentorum species group of Euura (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae)
FIGURE 4. Euura amentorum. A) ♁ DEI-GISHym12665. B) ♀ valvulae 3 dorsal lectotype Pontopristia kamtchatica NHRSHEVA000006355. C) ♀ lance PR.506VV. D) ♀ valvula 3 lateral DEI-GISHym13881. E) ♁ tergum 8 DEI-GISHym12665. F) ♁ tergum 8 http://id.luomus.fi/GP.110189.
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