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Fig. 7. Misgolas kampenae n in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast Regions of New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 7. Misgolas kampenae n.sp. (A–H) ♂, holotype AMS KS3364: (A) right palp retrolateral. (B,C) right bulb: (B) dorsal, (C) prolateral. (D) right cymbium dorsal. (E,F) right leg IV: (E) prolateral, (F) retrolateral. (G) right palpal tibia excavation ventral. (H) venter.

Fig. 3. Misgolas gwennethae n in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast Regions of New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 3. Misgolas gwennethae n.sp. (A–F) ♂, holotype AMS KS38678. (A) right palp retrolateral. (B,C) right bulb: (B) dorsal, (C) prolateral. (D) embolus tip of right bulb dorsal. (E) right cymbium dorsal. (F) venter. (G–H) ♀, allotype AMS KS44312. (G) venter. (H) right leg IV retrolateral. (I) ♀ and ♂ spiders relative sizes, photographed live. (J) burrow entrance.

Fig. 5 in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast Regions of New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 5. Misgolas robertsi. (A–C, E,F) ♂, AMS KS22371. (A) right palp retrolateral. (B,C) right bulb: (B) dorsal, (C) prolateral. (E) venter. (F) cymbium dorsal. (D) ♀, holotype AMS KS12, venter. (G,I) burrow aerial tubes at Willow Vale nr Gerringong, (G) group of burrows. (I) burrow entrance, spider in foraging position. (H) exposed complete burrow at Kiama.

Fig. 4 in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast Regions of New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 4. Misgolas rapax Karsch: Misgolas hubbardi Wishart (A–G) ♂, holotype AMS KS22301. (A) right palp retrolateral. (B,C) right bulb: (B) dorsal, (C) prolateral. (D) embolus tip of right bulb dorsal (E) right palpal tibia excavation ventral. (F) right cymbium dorsal. (G) venter. (H–I) ♀, allotype AMS KS22302. (H) venter. (I) right leg IV retrolateral. (J) burrow entrance, spider in foraging position. (K) Misgolas rapax, type specimen of genus Misgolas Karsch, 1878.

Fig. 1 in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast Regions of New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 1. Misgolas dereki. (A–E) ♂, holotype AMS KS22326: (A) right palp retrolateral. (B,C) right bulb: (B) dorsal, (C) prolateral. (D) venter. (E) right cymbium dorsal. (F) ♀, allotype AMS KS22327, right leg IV retrolateral. (G) ♀, paratype AMS KS22345, venter. (H–L) ♂ venter: (H) AMS KS92891, (I) AMS KS92890, (J) AMS KS38819, (K) AMS KS38618, (L) AMS KS92892. (M–O) burrow entrance at type locality 16 Oct 1988: (M) spider in foraging position, (N) burrow lip/collar open, (O) burrow lip/collar closed.

Fig. 14 A–C in Trapdoor Spiders of the Genus Misgolas (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) in the Illawarra and South Coast Regions of New South Wales, Australia

Fig. 14 A–C. Distribution of Misgolas species in the New South Wales Illawarra and South Coast (eastern Australia) based on material examined. (Inset [Fig. 14A] with catchment area). (A) * M. gracilis, • M. rowelli,  M. rapax,  M. phippsi, Ƃ M. kampenae,  M. elegans. (B) Ƃ M. dereki,  M. robertsi,  M. horsemanae,  M. shawi. (C) Ƃ M. tannerae, • M. gwennethae, A M. kirstiae,  M. paulaskewi.

Figures 89–91 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 89–91. Female oviposcapt (ovipositor) and setation of sixth abdominal tergite of Drosophila ananassae, D. pandora, D. anomalata and D. ironensis. Oviscapt form and colour: (89) Drosophila ananassae ex strain Schiffer CBR57 from Lake Placid; (90) D. pandora sp.nov. ex type strain Schiffer CAQ408 from Lake Placid; (91) D. anomalata sp.nov. ex type strain Schiffer CHC221 from near Deeragun, W of Townsville. Setation of sixth abdominal tergite: (92) D. ananassae ex strain Schiffer CBR54; (93) D. anomalata sp.nov. ex type strain; (94, 95) Drosophila ironensis ♀ and ♂ ex strain Schiffer CHH18 from Lake Placid, note the irregualr orientation of T6 setation in D. ironensis comparaed to the caudally oriented setation in other figured species; and (96) D. pandora sp.nov. ♂ ex type strain. All to same scale.

Figures 78–81 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 78–81. Hypandria of Drosophila anomalata sp.nov. three males from the type strain Schiffer CHC221 (ventral views); (81) dorsal view of hypandrium in Fig. 80.

Figures 54–71 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 54–71. Male fore-leg and sex comb of tarsomere I (metatarsus or basitarsus), tarsomere II and III of Drosophila pandora sp.nov. (54–59), D. ananassae (60–65) (from strains established by Schiffer at Lake Placid, northern Queensland) and D. schugi sp.nov. (66–71). Drosophila pandora sp.nov. (54–55) from iso-♀ strain CAR274 [the teeth of the sex comb in Fig. 51 are artificially enhanced and represented schematically to indicate how they are scored]; (56–57) from type strain = iso-♀ strain CAQ408; and (58–59) from iso-♀ strain CAQ425. Drosophila ananassae (60–61) from iso-♀ strain CBR57; (62–63) from iso-♀ strain CBR54; and (64–65) from iso-♀ strain CBR52. Drosophila schugi sp.nov. wild caught males from Malololelei, Upolu, Samoa, 14–17 June 2003, Schug, Gray-Smith, Kilon-Attwood, McEvey; AMS K356978 (66), AMS K356979 (67–68), AMS K356977 (69), and AMS K356976 (70–71).

Figures 26–37 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 26–37. Hypandria of Drosophila ananassae complex species. Drosophila ananassae (26) 1.5 km NW Taipivai, Nuku Hiva, Marquesas Islands; (27) Belvédère 250 m, fruit bait, Moorea, Society Islands, French Polynesia. Drosophila ananassae or D. pallidosa (28) Sigatoka, 35 km S Nadi, Fiji; (29) Apia, Samoa. Drosophila pallidosa (30) det. by?Wheeler, Pago Pago, ... [continued on facing page]

Figures 38–53 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 38–53. Epandria of Drosophila ananassae complex species. Drosophila pandora sp.nov. (38) Lake Placid type strain CAQ408, lateral view; (39) type strain CAQ408, caudal view; (40) Lake Placid strain CAR274; (41) Lake Placid strain CAQ425. Drosophila ananassae (42) Beach Lane, Mauritius, Oct. 2012, J. Tann. Drosophila?ananassae (43) Kuranda, northern Queensland, AMS K275429; (44) Sigatoka, 35 km S Nadi, Fiji, AMS K275290; (45) Iron Range, fruit bait, 30.iv.1976, I.R. Bock, [possibly pinned on this date from a strain collected with P.A. Parsons in November 1975—there is no evidence that Bock returned to Iron Range in 1976], AMS K119308 (det. Drosophila ananassae by Bock in 1976). Drosophila pandora sp.nov.: (46) D. "papuensis-like" Kyorin University stock k-aat001, Townsville, Queensland. Drosophila pallidosa: (47) det. by?Wheeler, Pago Pago, American Samoa, Drosophila Species Stock Center (San Diego), stock 14024-0433.01. Drosophila ananassae or D. pallidosa (48) Sigatoka, 35 km S Nadi, Fiji, June 2004, Schug, Gray-Smith, Kilon-Attwood, McEvey, AMS K282851. Drosophila schugi sp.nov. (49) Malololelei, Upolu, Samoa, 14–17 June 2003, paratype AMS K282923. Drosophila anomalata sp.nov. (50–52) ex type strain, Schiffer CHC221. Drosophila schugi sp.nov. (53) Malololelei, Upolu, Samoa, 14–17 June 2003, AMS K356977. Localities—see Fig. 1 and Appendix 1; all specimens in Australian Museum.

Figures 72–77 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 72–77. Male fore-leg and sex comb of tarsomere I (metatarsus) and II of Drosophila anomalata sp.nov. ex type strain CHC221, nr Deeragun, 16 km W of Townsville. Legs from five males; (73–74) left and right legs from one male [(74) image flipped].

Figures 86–88 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 86–88. Drosophila schugi sp.nov. holotype AMS K282922. Dorsal, lateral and anterolateral views of the head and face.

Figures 14–25 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 14–25. Hypandria of Drosophila pandora sp.nov. and D. ananassae. Drosophila pandora sp.nov. (14–15) Holmes Jungle, Darwin, Northern Territory; (16) Tabubil 750 m, Western Province, Papua New Guinea; (17) Wanigela, Oro Province, Papua New Guinea; (18) Bertie Creek pump, near Heathlands Homestead, northern Queensland; (19–20) Gordon Creek nr Cooks Hut, Iron Range, northern Queensland; (21) Thursday Island, Torres Strait, northern Queensland.Drosophila ananassae (22) Beach Lane, Mauritius; (23) Christmas Island, Indian Ocean nr Java; (24) Wé, Loyalty Islands; (25) Ubud, Bali, Indonesia. Localities mapped in Fig. 1; all specimens in Australian Museum.

Figure 1 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figure 1. Distribution of 11 of the 12 Drosophila ananassae complex species, the authors have collected at red dot localities or examined specimens collected by others from red circle localities; these data are complete for the Australian Region and incomplete for the Oriental Region. Drosophila lachaisei Tsacas, 1984 from Africa is not shown. The Drosophila pandora sp.nov. type locality is Lake Placid near Cairns (see inset); the D. anomalata sp.nov. type locality is Deeragun near Townsville. Drosophila ananassae s.str. is pantropical within the pale blue lines, the Ambon type locality is shown; D. ananassae extends as far south as Corindi in Australia, it is absent in Sydney and New Zealand. Three or more additional, but undescribed species, occur in New Guinea (and perhaps also in northern Australia), these are not shown. Islands of Torres Strait: (1) Mabuiag, (2) Moa, (3) Thursday, and (4) Mount Adolphus; and localities on Cape York Peninsula: (5) Bamaga, (6) Bertie Creek and Heathlands homestead, (7) Doublemouth and Gunshot Creeks, (8) Gordon Creek, (9) Iron Range (nr airstrip), and (10) upper Peach Creek (McIlwraith Range) are indicated (see inset). Geospatial coordinates of all localities are given in Appendix 1.

Figures 82–85 in New Species in the Drosophila ananassae Subgroup from Northern Australia, New Guinea and the South Pacific (Diptera: Drosophilidae), with Historical Overview

Figures 82–85. Hypandria of Drosophila schugi sp.nov. four males collected with holotype at Malalololei, Upolu, Samoa, 14–17 June 2003, Schug, Gray-Smith, Kilon-Attwood, McEvey; AMS K356976 (82), AMS K356977 (83), AMS K356978 (84), AMS K356979 (85).

FIG. 6 in Earliest Devonian gnathostome microremains from central New South Wales (Australia)

FIG. 6. — Placoderm and palaeoniscoid scales from sample C866, middle Lochkovian (?delta CZ)?Connemarra Formation, central New South Wales, Australia; A, B, broken scale MMMC02623 from Terenolepis turnerae Burrow, 1995, in crown and antero-crown view (anterior edge to right); C, D,?petalichthyid scale MMMC02624, in crown and postero-crown view; E, F,?brindabellaspid scale MMMC02625, in crown and antero-crown view; G, H,?palaeacanthaspid scale MMMC02626, in crown and lateral view (anterior to left); I,?romundinid scale MMMC02627 in crown view. Scale bars: A-D, 1.0 mm; E-I, 0.1 mm.

FIG. 5. — Placoderm scales from sample C925 in Earliest Devonian gnathostome microremains from central New South Wales (Australia)

FIG. 5. — Placoderm scales from sample C925, Cookeys Plains Formation (early Lochkovian), central New South Wales, Australia; A, romundinid dermal bone fragment with thin base, MMMC02628; B, romundinid dermal plate fragment MMMC02629 showing edge ornament; C, romundinid scale MMMC02630, latero-crown view; D, romundinid scale MMMC02631, crown view; E, F, romundinid dermal plate fragment MMMC02632, showing thick cross-section, and close-up of ornament tubercles; G,?brindabellaspid scale MMMC02633. Scale bars: A, C, D, F, G, 0.1 mm; B, E, 1.0 mm.

FIG. 3 in Earliest Devonian gnathostome microremains from central New South Wales (Australia)

FIG. 3. — Acanthodian tooth and scales from sample C925, Cookeys Plains Formation (early Lochkovian), central New South Wales, Australia; A, B, Nostolepis sp. tooth whorl MMMC02560 in occlusal (lingual edge at top) and posterior and lingual views; C, D, Gomphonchus sandelensis (Pander, 1856) scale MMMC02561 in crown and lateral views, with anterior edge to the left (crown riddled with hyphal borings); E, Trundlelepis sp., horizontal ground thin section of scale crown MMMC02562, anterior edge to left; F, G, Gomphonchoporus hoppei (Gross, 1947) scale MMMC02563 in crown and posterior views, anterior edge at top; H, I, Radioporacanthodes porosus (Brotzen, 1934) s.s. scale MMMC02564 in antero-crown and anterior views. Abbreviation: p, pore rows. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

FIG. 2. — Acanthodian scales from sample C925 in Earliest Devonian gnathostome microremains from central New South Wales (Australia)

FIG. 2. — Acanthodian scales from sample C925, Cookeys Plains Formation (early Lochkovian), central New South Wales, Australia; A-D, H, Nostolepis lacrima Valiukevicius, 1994; A, B, specimen MMMC02555; A, crown view; B, antero-lateral view; C, D, specimen MMMC02556; C, crown view; D, lateral view; H, vertical longitudinal ground thin section MMMC02557; remineralization has obscured histological details; E-G, Nostolepis sp.; E, F, specimen MMMC02558; E, crown view; F, anterolateral view; G,?branchial scale MMMC02559 in crown view. Anterior of scale faces to left in A-D, and to right in E-H. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.