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Figure 11 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 11. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, pedipalp trochanter, femur and patella, prolateral view illustrating dorsal articulation (hinge) between trochanter and femur (arrow in C; character 56), trochanter with anteriorly directed ventromedian apophysis; arrow-shaped apophysis (arrow in A; character 58), spine or conspicuous setiferous tubercle adjacent to proximal margin or parallel to spine 1 on pedipalp femur (arrow in D; characters 62–64) and projection between spine 1 and distal margin of patella (arrow in G–I; characters 107–112). A, G, Charinus sillami Réveillion & Maquart, 2015, ♀ [AMNH (LP 13448)]. B, H, Charinus palikur Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ [AMNH (LP 3831)]. C, I, Charinus gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946, ♂ [AMNH (LP 10076)]. D, J, Sarax bispinosus (Nair, 1934), ♂ [AMNH (LP 12298)]. E, K, Sarax cochinensis (Gravely, 1915), ♀ [AMNH (LP 13118)]. F, L, Sarax willeyi Gravely, 1915, ♀ (SMF 64589). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 7. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, carapace, sinistral margin, retrolateral view, illustrating curved or straight carina between lateral eyes and lateral carapace margin (arrows in A, B, C; characters 9–12), and setae posterior or adjacent to lateral ocular triad (arrows in B, N; characters 13, 14). A, Sarax brachydactylus Simon, 1892, ♂ (AMNH [LP 1926]). B, Sarax cochinensis (Gravely, 1915), ♀ [AMNH (LP 13118)]. C, Weygoldtia davidovi (Fage, 1946), ♂ [AMNH (LP 11377)]. D, Sarax gravelyi Miranda et al., 2021, ♀ [AMNH (LP 11995)]. E, Sarax willeyi Gravely, 1915, ♀ (SMF 64589). F, Sarax yayukae Rahmadi et al., 2010, ♂ [AMNH (LP 12109)]. G, Charinus dominicanus Armas & González Perez, 2001, ♂ (AMNH). H, Sarax ioanniticus (Kritscher, 1959), ♀ (NHMW 19137). I, Sarax seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898), ♀ [AMNH (LP 9075)]. J, Sarax pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005), ♂ (MHNG). K, Sarax israelensis (Miranda et al., 2016), ♀ (HUJ INVAMB 111). L, Sarax abbatei (Delle Cave, 1986), ♀ (MZUF 1896–167). M, Charinus belizensis Miranda et al., 2016, ♂ (HUJ INVAMB 117). N, Charinus cubensis (Quintero, 1983), ♀ (USNM ENT 784407). O, Charinus montanus Weygoldt, 1972, ♀ (MNRJ 9087). Scale bars: A, B, D–O, 0.2 mm; C, 0.5mm.

Figure 5 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 5. Mean and median homoplasy statistics, i.e. consistency index (CI, black diamond), retention index (RI, grey square) and Fit (mean, dark grey circles; median, black circles), for parsimony-informative morphological characters, arranged by character system (Appendix 2), on optimal phylogeny of the whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986 (Fig. 3).

Figure 8 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 8. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, chelicerae, dorsal, retrolateral, prolateral and ventral views, illustrating dentition and setation (characters 17–34; arrow in B, characters 32 and 33; arrow in C character 31; arrow in E, characters 27–30; arrow in G, characters 22–24; arrow in J, characters 18, 19; arrow in O characters 25–26). A–D, Charinus montanus Weygoldt, 1972, ♀ (MNRJ 9087). E–H, Charinus troglobius Baptista & Giupponi, 2002, ♂ (MNRJ 9069). I–L, Charinus mysticus Giupponi & Kury, 2002, ♀ (MNRJ 9022). M–P, Charinus diamantinus Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ (MNRJ 9189). Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 3. Phylogeny of the whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986: maximum likelihood tree of 138 morphological characters and DNA sequences from two nuclear and three mitochondrial gene loci. Support values (bootstrap) are indicated on the branches. Asterisks indicate nodes with 100% posterior probability support in an analysis with Bayesian Inference.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 4. Phylogeny of the whip spider family Charinidae Quintero, 1986: maximum clade credibility tree obtained by analysis with BEAST. Calibration points for Uropygi and Amblypygi indicated with yellow circles at nodes. Median dates and posterior probabilities indicated above and below branches, respectively. Support values (PP) less than 1 indicated below branches. Neo: Neogene.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 2. Distributions of the three whip spider genera of Charinidae Quintero, 1986: Charinus Simon, 1892 (circles); Sarax Simon, 1872 (squares); Weygoldtia Miranda et al., 2018 (stars).

Figure 13 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 13. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, leg IV distitibia, lateral view illustrating marked division distal to trichobothria (arrows in A, B; character 131, 137). A, Charinus insularis Banks, 1902, ♀ (KBIN). B, Charinus palikur Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ [AMNH (LP 3831)]. C, Sarax bispinosus (Gravely, 1915), ♂ [AMNH (LP 12298)]. D, Weygoldtia davidovi Fage, 1946, ♀ [AMNH (LP 11377)]. Scale bars: A, B, E, 0.5 mm; C, D, 0.3 mm.

Figure 10 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 10. Whip spiders of the families Charinidae Quintero, 1986 and Phrynidae Blanchard, 1852, ♀ gonopod, dorsal view illustrating diverse shapes (characters 37–43). A, Charinus ruschii Miranda et al., 2016, ♀ (MNRJ 9237). B, Charinus belizensis Miranda et al., 2016, ♀ (HUJ INVAMB 118). C, Sarax tiomanensis Miranda et al., 2021, ♀ [AMNH (LP 11998)] D, Heterophrynus vesanicus Mello-Leitão, 1931, ♀ (MNRJ 09026). Scale bars: A–C, 100 µm; D, 300 µm.

Figure 21 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 21. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, leg IV basitibia, dorsal view illustrating strongly sclerotized denticulate border, projecting (or not) from distal apex (arrow in A; characters 121–124), and position of trichobothria bt on distal article (arrows in B, C; character 120). A, Charinus insularis Banks, 1902, ♀ (KBIN). B, Sarax pakistanus (Weygoldt, 2005), ♂ (MHNG). C, Charinus carioca Miranda et al., 2021, ♀ (MNRJ 9201). D, Charinus gertschi Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946, ♂ [AMNH (LP 10076)]. E, Charinus souzai Miranda et al., 2021, ♀ (MNRJ 9090). F, Charinus pescotti Dunn, 1949, ♂ [AMNH (LP 6367)]. G, Charinus goitaca Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ (MNRJ 9224). H, Sarax yayukae Rahmadi et al., 2010, ♂ [AMNH (LP 12109)]. Scale bars: A, D, E, F, H, 0.25 mm; B, 0.3 mm; C, G, 0.5 mm.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 1. Selected Brazilian species of the whip spider genus Charinus Simon, 1892, habitus in life. A, Charinus ricardoi Giupponi & Miranda, 2016, Amazonas. B, Charinus jibaossu Vasconcelos, Giupponi & Ferreira, 2014, Minas Gerais. C, Charinus vulgaris Miranda & Giupponi, 2011, Rondônia. D. Charinus potiguar Vasconcelos et al., 2013, Rio Grande do Norte. E, Charinus magalhaesi Miranda et al., 2021, Amazonas. F, Charinus cearensis Miranda et al., 2021, Ceará. G, Charinus eleonorae Baptista & Giupponi, 2003, Minas Gerais. H, Charinus asturius Pinto-da-Rocha, Machado & Weygoldt, 2002, São Paulo. Photos by L. Sousa de Carvalho (A, F), R. Ferreira (B, D, G, H) and A.P.L. Giupponi (C, E).

Figure 20 in Phylogeny and biogeography of the pantropical whip spider family Charinidae (Arachnida: Amblypygi)

Figure 20. Whip spiders of the family Charinidae Quintero, 1986, tarsus I, lateral view illustrating size of first (proximal) article (character 53); note regenerated leg in (F), where total number of articles is augmented compared to 'normal' leg. A, Charinus belizensis Miranda et al., 2016, ♂ (HUJ INVAMB 117). B, Sarax seychellarum (Kraepelin, 1898), ♀ [AMNH (LP 9075)]. C, Charinus pescotti Dunn, 194[AMNH (LP 10076)]. E, Charinus palikur Miranda et al., 2021, ♂ [AMNH (LP 3831)]. F, Sarax bispinosus (Nair, 1934), ♂ [AMNH (LP 12298)]. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.

Figure 14. A, B, E, F in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 14. A, B, E, F, Eratigena inermis; C, D, G, H, Eratigena vomeroi; I, Tegenaria montiszasensis sp. nov.; J, Tegenaria annulata; K, L, Tegenaria schoenhoferi sp. nov.; M-P, Tegenaria annae sp. nov.; Q-T, Tegenaria ariadnae. Left male palp in ventral (A, C, K, M, Q) and retrolateral views (B, D, L, N, R); epigyne in ventral view (O, S), vulva in dorsal (E, G, I, J, P, T) and lateral views (F, H). Abbreviations: E, embolus; C, conductor; CD, copulatory duct; DA, dorsal appendages on CD; FD, fertilization duct; MA, median apophysis; RC, receptaculum; RTA d, dorsal branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis; RTA l, lateral branch of retrolateral tibial apophysis; TR, transversal ridge.

Figure 12. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 12. A, B, Eratigena herculea; C, D, H, N, O, Eratigena arganoi; E, K, Eratigena sicana; F, G, L, M, Eratigena hispanica; I, J, P, Q, Eratigena sardoa; R–T, Eratigena picta. Female epigyne in ventral (A, C, F, I) and vulva in dorsal view (B, D, E, G, J); male left palp in ventral (L, N, P, R) and retrolateral views (M, O, Q, S); frontal face of male E. arganoi (H); habitus of female E. sicana (K); habitus of two males of E. picta (T). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

› Figure 22. A, B, Tegenaria capolongoi; C-K, Tegenaria parmenidis; L-S, Tegenaria circeoensis sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (E, N), retrolateral (F, O), and dorsal views (G, P); epigyne in ventral (A, C, Q, S) and vulva in dorsal view (B, D, R); intraspecific epigynal morphological variation (S); face of male in frontal view (J); spinnerets in ventral view (K); habitus (H) of male in dorsal and sternum in ventral view (I); carapace and abdomen of male in dorsal view (L, M). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (except 1 mm for H). in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

› Figure 22. A, B, Tegenaria capolongoi; C-K, Tegenaria parmenidis; L-S, Tegenaria circeoensis sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (E, N), retrolateral (F, O), and dorsal views (G, P); epigyne in ventral (A, C, Q, S) and vulva in dorsal view (B, D, R); intraspecific epigynal morphological variation (S); face of male in frontal view (J); spinnerets in ventral view (K); habitus (H) of male in dorsal and sternum in ventral view (I); carapace and abdomen of male in dorsal view (L, M). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (except 1 mm for H).

Figure 17. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 17. A, B, Tegenaria domestica; C, F, G, M, N, Tegenaria racovitzai; D, E, Q, R, Tegenaria hauseri; H-J, Tegenaria bozhkovi; K, L, O, P, Tegenaria campestris; S, T, Tegenaria pieperi; U, Tegenaria schmalfussi; V, Tegenaria faniapollinis; W, Tegenaria percuriosa (holotype of Tegenaria bithyniae); X-Z, Tegenaria croatica sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (M, O, Q) and retrolateral views (N, P, R); epigyne in ventral (D, F, H, K, S, U–W, Y) and posterioventral views (T), vulva in dorsal (E, G, I, L, U, Z) and lateral views (J); face of female Teg. domestica (A) and Teg. racovitzai (C); cheliceral margins of female Teg. domestica in posterioventral view (B); habitus, dorsal view (X). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (no scale for Teg. faniapollinis, V, and Teg. schmalfussi, U).

Figure 13. A, B, I, J in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 13. A, B, I, J, Eratigena balearica; C, D, K, L, R, Eratigena inermis; E, F, M–Q, Eratigena vomeroi; G, H, Eratigena picta. Male left palp in ventral (A, C, E) and retrolateral views (B, D, F); epigyne in ventral (G, I, K, M) and vulva in dorsal view (H, J, L, N); carapace (O) and abdomen (Q) in dorsal view, sternum in ventral view (P, R). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figure 20. A–I in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 20. A–I, Tegenaria silvestris, variation in males and females (F–I); J-M, Tegenaria parvula; N, S-V, Tegenaria henroti; O-R, Tegenaria eleonorae; W-Z, Tegenaria pindosiensis sp. nov. Left male palp in ventral (A, F, J, O, S) and retrolateral views (B, G, K, P, T); epigyne in ventral (C, H, L, Q, U, W) and vulva in dorsal (D, I, M, R, V, X) and lateral views (E); female habitus (N) and abdomen in dorsal view (Z); sternum in ventral view (Y). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (except 1 mm for N).

Figure 18. A–C in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 18. A–C, Tegenaria domestica; D-F, Tegenaria carensis; G, H, Tegenaria argaeica (female paratype); I-M, Tegenaria circeoensis sp. nov.; N-Q, Tegenaria parmenidis; R, S, Tegenaria sbordonii. Left male palp in ventral (A, D, I, N, R), retrolateral (E, J, O, S), and dorsal views (K); epigyne in ventral (B, G, L, P) and vulva in dorsal view (C, F, H, M, Q).

Figure 15. A, B in Phylogeny and taxonomy of European funnel-web spiders of the Tegenaria-Malthonica complex (Araneae: Agelenidae) based upon morphological and molecular data

Figure 15. A, B, Tegenaria achaea; C-F, Tegenaria argaeica; G-J, Tegenaria armigera; K, L, O-Q, Tegenaria dalmatica; M, N, Tegenaria hasperi; R-U, Tegenaria annulata; and V, X, Tegenaria schoenhoferi sp. nov. Left male palp in lateral (C, H, L, U, W), and ventral views (D, G, K, T, V); epigyne in ventral (A, E, I, M, O, R) and vulva in dorsal view (B, F, J, N, P, S); comparison of vulva of small and large 'forms' of Teg. armigera (J); Prosoma in frontal view (Q), abdomen in dorsal view (X). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (epigyne and vulva of Teg. argaeica, E–F without scale; photos from syntype taken with digital camera through the oculars).