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301 results for “Tillage”
Alternative combinations of tillage practices and crop rotations can foster earthworm density and bioturbation
<p><span>Earthworms, which contribute to important soil functions, suffer from intensive agriculture. Their response depends among other things on the earthworm ecological group (anecic, endogeic, epigeic) and the combination of the applied farming practices. To advice on methodological adaptations that enhance earthworm-mediated soil functions, effects of different practices on earthworms need to be studied in concert. We investigated the effects of tillage intensity (conventional, reduced, no tillage) and crop rotation diversity (simple = wheat, barley; diverse = wheat, peas, oil seed rape) on earthworm density and community composition in a Swedish long-term experiment. Furthermore, we calculated annual earthworm bioturbation to quantify the effects of farming practices on earthworm functions. Total earthworm densities did not vary between the different tillage intensities, but were on average 58% higher in the diverse than in the simple crop rotation. The pattern was mainly due to the response of the most abundant endogeic earthworms, which were not affected by tillage intensity, but were nearly two times more abundant in the diverse than in the simple crop rotation. Densities of anecic earthworms were 17 times higher under no tillage than conventional tillage. Anecic earthworms also benefitted from a diversified crop rotation, but the response depended on tillage intensity. The level of bioturbation reflected the response of anecic earthworms, and was more than</span><span> four times higher under no tillage, 549 g dw m -2 year -1, than under conventional tillage. We conclude that highest earthworm bioturbation is best achieved with no tillage. However, earthworm densities and potentially bioturbation can be increased also by a diversified crop rotation, when reducing tillage intensity is not feasible.</span></p>
FIGURE 1 in Earthworm species in no-tillage agroecosystems and native Atlantic forests in Western Paraná, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Frequency (% of total individuals collected) of the native and exotic earthworm species found in no-tillage agroecosystems and native Atlantic forests in Western Paraná state, Brazil.
Dataset_Performance of different wheat varieties and their associated microbiome under contrasting tillage and fertilization intensities: Insights from a Swiss Long-Term Field Experiment
<p>Data collected in the frame of the<span> SolACE (</span><span><a href="https://www.solaceeu.net/"><span>https://www.solaceeu.net/</span></a></span><span>) project which has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement no. 727247 and the State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation SERI under no. 17.00094. Data table includes all data reported in the manuscript entitled "</span></p> <p><span>Performance of different wheat varieties and their associated microbiome under contrasting tillage and fertilization intensities: Insights from a Swiss Long-Term Field Experiment</span>"</p> <p>and all additional data which had been collected during the field sampling campaign on additional agronomic, soil and microbial data, which were not analysed as part of the above mentioned manuscript. </p>
FIGURE 1 in Earthworm communities in long-term no-tillage systems and secondary forest fragments in Paraná, Southern Brazil
FIGURE 1. Location of the municipalities of the sampling sites in Paraná, Brazil. Light grey = Faxinal (FX), Black = Mauá da Serra (MS), Dark grey = Palmeira (PL)
Alternative combinations of tillage practices and crop rotations can foster earthworm density and bioturbation
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Data from: Tillage and fertilizer effects on crop yield and soil properties over 45 years in southern Illinois
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Data from: Effect of tillage intensity on the inter-row plant community and microlepidoptera predation rates in arid vineyards in Argentina
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Data from: Continuous corn and corn–soybean profits over a 45-year tillage and fertilizer experiment
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Data from: Reduced tillage, but not organic matter input, increased nematode diversity and food web stability in European long-term field experiments
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Data from: Impacts of long-term tillage and fertilization on soil carbon stock and aggregate stability in tropical agriculture
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Data from: Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects
1. Reliance on ecosystem services instead of synthetic, non-renewable inputs is increasingly seen as key to achieving food security in an environmentally sustainable way. This process, known as ecological intensification, will depend in large part on enhancing below-ground biological interactions that facilitate resource use efficiency. Arbuscular mycorrhizas (AM), associations formed between the roots of most terrestrial plant species and a specialized group of soil fungi, provide valuable ecosystem services, but the full magnitude of these services may not be fully realized under conventional intensively-managed annual agricultural systems. 2. Here we use meta-analysis to assess how reducing soil disturbance and periods without roots in agricultural systems affects the formation of AM and the diversity and community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). We compiled data from 54 field studies across five continents that measured effects of tillage and/or cover cropping on AMF colonization and/or communities and assessed effects of management and environmental factors on these responses. 3. Less intensive tillage and winter cover cropping similarly increased AMF colonization of summer annual cash crop roots by ~30%. The key variables influencing the change in AMF colonization were the type of cover crop or the type of alternative tillage, suggesting that farmers can optimize combinations of tillage and cover crops that most enhance AM formation, particularly with no-till systems and legume cover crops. 4. Richness of AMF taxa increased by 11% in low-intensity vs. conventional tillage regimes. Several studies showed changes in diversity and community composition of AMF with cover cropping, but these responses were not consistent. 5. Synthesis and applications. This meta-analysis indicates that less intensive tillage and cover cropping are both viable strategies for enhancing root colonization from indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) across a wide range of soil types and cash crop species, and possibly also shifting AMF community structure, which could in turn increase biologically-based resource use in agricultural systems.
Data from: Conservation tillage mitigates the negative effect of landscape simplification on biological control
Biological pest control is a key ecosystem service, and it depends on multiple factors acting from the local to the landscape scale. However, the effects of soil management on biological control and its potential interaction with landscape are still poorly understood. In a field exclusion experiment, we explored the relative effect of tillage system (conservation vs. conventional tillage) on aphid biological control in 15 pairs of winter cereal fields (barley and wheat) selected along a gradient of landscape complexity. We sampled the abundance of the main natural enemy guilds, and we evaluated their relative contribution to aphid predation and parasitism. Conservation tillage was found to support more abundant predator communities and higher aphid predation (16% higher than in the fields managed under conventional tillage). In particular, both the abundance and the aphid predation of vegetation- and ground-dwelling arthropods were increased under conservation tillage conditions. Conservation tillage also increased the parasitism rate of aphids. A high proportion of semi-natural habitats in the landscape enhanced both aphid parasitism and predation by vegetation-dwelling organisms but only in the fields managed under conventional tillage. The better local habitat quality provided by conservation tillage may compensate for a low-quality landscape. Synthesis and applications. Our study stresses the importance of considering both soil management and landscape composition when planning strategies to maximize biological control services in agro-ecosystems, highlighting the role played by conservation tillage in supporting natural enemy communities. In simple landscapes, the adoption of conservation tillage will locally improve biological control provided by both predators and parasitoids mitigating the negative effects of landscape simplification. Moreover, considering the small scale at which both predation and parasitism responded to landscape composition, a successful strategy to improve biological control would be to establish a fine mosaic of crop and non-crop areas such as hedgerows, tree lines and small semi-natural habitat patches.
Figure 4 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 4. Spatial random effects explaining abundance, number of species and Berger-Parker index in samples in different management types. Grayscale palette shows scales (meters, 25cm-plots, 7-cm plots). Barplots show Tau parameter of the (spatial) random effects; mixed-effects models were run in each management type separately.
Figure 1 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 1. Location of the fields studied with different treatments: ODISK (Organic farming and Disking - C and D circles), OTILL (Organic farming and Tillage - A and Bsquares), and CONV (Conventional farming - E and F triangles). Coordinates of locations: A: N 54.482 E 34.928, B: N 54.496 E 34.933, C: N 54.543 E 34.880, D: N 54.555 E 34.996, E: N 54.585 E 35.0187, F: N 54.570 E 34.974. The altitude was from 175 to 234 m above sea level depending on the field.
Figure 2 in Organic farming and moderate tillage change the dominance and spatial structure of soil Collembola communities but have little effects on bulk abundance and species richness
Figure 2. Spatially nested hierarchical sampling design. In total, 486 samples were collected from 6 fields across 3 management types.
Data from: Ecological intensification and arbuscular mycorrhizas: a meta-analysis of tillage and cover crop effects
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Data from: Conservation tillage mitigates the negative effect of landscape simplification on biological control
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Soil physical-hydric attributes under no-tillage crop in the savannah of the Southwest region of the Piaui State, Brazil
<p>The soils of the savannah region, Piaui State, Brazil, are favorable to agriculture; however, intensive use combined with inadequate management has caused soil degradation in the region. For this reason, studies focused on the use of alternative production systems as a no-till system (SPD), have become essential. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the changes in the physical-hydric attributes and organic matter in Oxisols under different times of no-tillage crop under straw in savannah areas of the Southwest region of the Piaui State, Brazil. Field data collection was carried out on commercial farms in the municipalities of Baixa Grande do Ribeiro (07° 48'10" S, 45° 00'60" W and altitude of 600 m), Uruçuí (08º14'07" S, 44º38'09" W and altitude of 550 m) and Bom Jesus (09º10'35" S, 44º50'36" W and altitude of 600 m), Piaui State, Brazil. The areas had different times of no-tillage crop under straw: SPD2 - 2 years, SPD3 - 3 years, SPD6 - 6 years, SPD10 - 10 years, SPD12 - 12 years, SPD15 - 15 years and SPD18 - 18 years old, as well as areas of native forest (control), in which the physical-water attributes were evaluated (distribution of granulometric fractions, soil density, total porosity, macro and microporosity, available water and field capacity), organic matter and the humid fraction. The database is organized as follows: identification of sampling sites, characterization of no-tillage systems under straw, soil physical-hydric attributes by layers and figures with the location of the farms and points sampling.</p>
Analysis of effects from contour farming and soil tillage on soil erosion processes in tramlines.
<p>R-Codes for calculating contouring efficency (cef) based on digitized tramline data</p>
Soil physical-hydric attributes under no-tillage crop in the savannah of the Southwest region of the Piaui State, Brazil
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