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FIGURE 2 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding

FIGURE 2. Apogon binotatus, adult, 46.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 6325, photograph by J. Mounts and C. Baldwin.

FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding

FIGURE 1. Neighbor-joining tree derived from mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 sequences showing genetic lineages of Apogon species from Bahamas (BAH), Belize (BLZ), Curaçao (CUR), Florida (FCC, FWRI, SMS), and Saba Bank (SAB). L = larva, J = juvenile, A = adult.

FIGURE 27 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding

FIGURE 27. Apogon robinsi, adult, 35.5 mm SL, USNM 395831, not a DNA voucher, photograph by J. T. Williams.

FIGURE 33 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding

FIGURE 33. Apogon robbyi, juvenile, 22.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 6083, photograph by C. Baldwin and L. Weigt.

FIGURE 32 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding

FIGURE 32. Apogon robbyi, adult, 27.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 6179, photograph by J. Mounts and C. Baldwin.

FIGURE 25 in Identification of early life-history stages of Caribbean Apogon (Perciformes: Apogonidae) through DNA Barcoding

FIGURE 25. Apogon aurolineatus, juvenile, 12.0 mm SL, DNA # BLZ 5497, reared, photograph by L. Weigt.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Demographic changes and life-history strategies predict the genetic diversity in crabs

Uncovering what predicts genetic diversity (GD) within species can help us access the status of populations and their evolutionary potential. Traits related to effective population size show a proportional association to GD, but evidence supports life-history strategies and habitat as the drivers of GD variation. Instead of investigating highly divergent taxa, focusing on one group could help to elucidate the factors influencing the GD. Additionally, most empirical data is based on vertebrate taxa; therefore, we might be missing novel patterns of GD found in neglected invertebrate groups. Here, we investigated the predictors of the GD in crabs (Brachyura) by compiling the most comprehensive cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) available. Eight predictor variables were analyzed across 150 species (16,992 sequences) using linear models (multiple linear regression) and comparative methods (PGLS). Our results indicate that population size fluctuation represents the most critical trait predicting GD, with species that have undergone bottlenecks followed by population expansion showing lower GD. Egg size, pelagic larval duration, and habitat might play a role probably because of their association with how species respond to disturbances. Ultimately, K-strategists that have undergone bottlenecks are the species showing lower GD. Some variables do not show an association with GD as expected, most likely due to the taxon-specific role of some predictors, which should be considered in further investigations and generalizations. This work highlights the complexity underlying the predictors of GD and adds results from a marine invertebrate group to the current understanding of this topic.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Repeated elevational clines of early life-history traits and their proximate mechanisms in brown trout

1. Climate warming imposes a severe threat to freshwater ecosystems, which are dominated by ectotherms such as fish and aquatic insects. To better predict the effects of climate warming on thermally sensitive ecosystems, information on how temperature affects individual traits within populations is fundamental. 2. Patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients provide valuable information. Immediate temperature effects on individual traits can be inferred from the shape of the thermal reaction norm. The way that temperature and associated environmental conditions (to which populations have been exposed over generations) affect individual traits through transgenerational plasticity in, and/or natural selection on, these traits can also be inferred from patterns of trait variation along a geographic thermal gradient. 3. Many studies have documented patterns of intraspecific variation in thermal reaction norms along geographic thermal gradients. However, most previous studies cannot exclude the possibility that the observed geographic patterns are solely explained by random processes, such as isolation by distance, due to the lack of replication of geographic gradients. Here, we show consistent patterns in intraspecific trait variation along geographic thermal gradients using Salmo trutta (brown trout), which is an ecologically and economically important fish in alpine streams. 4. We kept trout embryos collected from 52 families from 14 populations along wide and replicated elevational gradients from three Alpine drainages (Danube, Po, and Rhine) in two temperature treatments (3.2 and 6.2 °C). Timing and body size at emergence from the nest, which are key early life-history traits of trout affecting their early growth and survival, were measured. 5. Besides faster embryonic development at warmer temperatures, we found that offspring from low-elevation parents took very slightly more days to reach emergence from fertilisation and were larger than offspring from high-elevation parents. Importantly, this was evident for all three drainages. Further analyses found that the higher number of days until- and larger body length at- emergence of low-elevation trout were mainly due to the larger eggs laid by low-elevation females, which had larger body size than high-elevation females. 6. Trout female body size, which is positively correlated with egg size, is susceptible to temperatures and associated environmental conditions. Consequently, climate warming may not only immediately accelerate development rate but also shift timing and size at emergence through egg-size-mediated maternal effects within a relatively short time scale.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2023View details →

Effects of food plants on life-history traits of the newly invasive fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda

Background:The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) has invaded Jiangxi Province, Southeast China for the past three years. Although the FAW displays a wide host range, its main host plants in Jiangxi Province is field corn. Understanding the population dynamics of the FAW on different host plants is critical for developing an appropriate control strategy. Objectives: This study investigated the effects of food plants (corn, peanut, soybean and sugarcane) on life-history traits of FAW and tested the leaf contents of the total flavonoids, reducing sugars, sucrose and C/N ratio of these host plants. Results: We found that the FAW fed on corn leaves exhibited significantly shorter larval and pupal development times, larger body weight, higher growth rate, lower weight loss, smaller sexual size dimorphism, shorter preoviposition period and higher fecundity than those fed on peanut, soybean and sugarcane leaves. The FAW showed a protogyny phenomenon because the pupal development stage was significantly longer in males than females. Food plants changed the relationships between larval development time and pupal weight and between fecundity and longevity. The corn leaves showed significantly higher contents of reducing sugars and sucrose, lower content of the total flavonoids and a moderate C/N ratio compared with the other leaves, suggesting that the corn leaf tissues are more nutritious. Conclusions: Our results provide the most comprehensive information about the life-history traits of this newly invasive pest. These findings may help us understand why the FAW mainly infests corn plants and may be critical for the development of strategies to predict infestation levels.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in High-Throughput Sequencing for Life-History Sorting and for Bridging Reference Sequences in Marine Gerromorpha (Insecta: Heteroptera)

Fig. 1. Representative images of Halobates species collected (rows), and their various life stages (columns). (Top row) Halobates calyptus: nymph (A), adult male (B), and adult female (C); (middle row) Halobates hayanus: nymph (D), adult male (E), and adult female (F); (bottom row) Halobates maculatus: nymph (G), adult male (H) and adult female (I). All images are scaled to size, and black scale bars represent 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →

Fig. 4 in High-Throughput Sequencing for Life-History Sorting and for Bridging Reference Sequences in Marine Gerromorpha (Insecta: Heteroptera)

Fig. 4. Maximum likelihood reconstruction (rooted to Rhagovelia antilleana) of 738 marine Gerromorpha samples using the 658-bp COI gene, collapsed into clades representing 10 species units (colored blocks) partitioned by ASAP (Puillandre et al. 2021) and PTP (Kapli et al. 2017; Zhang et al. 2013). mPTP posterior probabilities are denoted on the branches. Colors indicate the final species units (i.e., nine) delineated in this study after preliminary investigations found no morphological differences in H. maculatus clades.

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Data from: Environmental filtering of life-history trait diversity in urban populations of Arabidopsis thaliana

The challenges to which plants are exposed in urban environments represent, in miniature, the challenges plants face as a result of global environmental change. Hence, urban habitats provide a unique opportunity to assess whether processes of local adaptation are taking place despite the short temporal and geographical scales that characterize the Anthropocene. We quantified the ecological diversity of urban habitats hosting A. thaliana populations. Using plant community indicators, we show that these patches differ in their levels of soil nutrient content and disturbance. Accordingly, plants in each patch displayed a range of flowering time, size and fitness. Using a deep sampling approach coupled with reduced genome-sequencing, we demonstrate that most individuals can be assigned to a limited set of clonal lineages; the genetic diversity of these lineages is a sample of the diversity observed in western European populations of the species, indicating that established urban populations originate from a broad regional pool of lineages. We assessed the genetic and phenotypic diversity of these lineages in a set of common garden experiments. We report marked genetic differences in life-history traits, including time of primary and secondary dormancy as well as of flowering. These genetic differences in life-history traits are not randomly distributed but sorted out by ecological differences among sites of origin. Synthesis: Our study shows that the genetically diverse phenology of a regional A. thaliana gene pool is not randomly distributed but filtered by heterogeneity in the urban environment. To out knowledge, this report is the first to show a pattern indicative of environmental filtering enhancing local genetic adaptation within urban environments. We conclude that environmental filtering helps maintain functional diversity within species.