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Figure 5 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 5. Heat map showing probability of assignment for 145 individuals sampled from recently invaded areas to potential source populations in the Clark Fork and Coeur d'Alene River basins. Recently invaded areas (y-axis) are listed in upstream (top) to downstream (bottom) order. Source populations within each basin (x-axis) are listed in an upstream (left) to downstream (right) order.

Figure 2 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 2. Sampling locations for northern pike in this study. Grey triangles represent hydroelectric dams that prevent upstream movement of fish. Yellow dots represent northern pike sampling locations.

Figure 4 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 4. Plot of principle coordinates analysis on northern pike genotype data from populations in the Clark Fork River basin (pink dots), Coeur d'Alene-Spokane River basin (yellow dots) and recently invaded areas in eastern Washington (green dots). The percent of variation explained by coordinates 1 and 2 are shown in axes labels.

Figure 6 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 6. STRUCUTRE plot showing population groupings of northern pike captured in recently invaded waterbodies of eastern Washington based on K = 2 populations. Waterbodies are listed in an upstream to downstream order. Nearly all fish captured upstream of Lake Roosevelt belong to one group (red bars). Most individuals captured in Lake Roosevelt belong to a second group (pale green bars), but individuals belonging to the red group are also present in Lake Roosevelt.

Figure 1 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 1. Study area map showing (a) the Columbia River basin and major rivers drainages in this study and (b) waterbodies with populations of northern pike sampled in this study. In (b), black triangles represent hydroelectric dams that prevent upstream movement of fish. Waterbodies in red are primarily located in eastern Washington, USA, and represent the most recently invaded areas.

Figure 3 in Mechanism of northern pike invasion in the Columbia River Basin

Figure 3. Invasion scenarios of northern pike in the Columbia River basin compared using microsatellite data in DIYABC. In all scenarios, the Pend Oreille River was the source of fish in Lake Roosevelt. In Scenario 1 (a), Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor with Lake Pend Oreille, and Medicine-Cave Lakes were the source of fish to the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 2 (b), Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor with Lake Pend Oreille, but Lake Pend Oreille was the source of fish to the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 3 (c); Medicine-Cave Lakes share a common ancestor and admixture of the two was the source of fish in the Pend Oreille River. In Scenario 4 (d), Lake Pend Oreille shares a common ancestor with an unsampled population. The unsampled population was the source of fish to both Medicine-Cave and the Pend Oreille River. Timelines on the left side of each scenario mark the point of coalescent events; all samples were collected at t0.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Data for the paper: The Role of Glycerol in Manufacturing Freeze-Dried Chitosan and Cellulose Foams for Mechanically Stable Scaffolds in Skin Tissue Engineering

The Dataset contains all the data, described in the article "The Role of Glycerol in Manufacturing Freeze-Dried Chitosan  and Cellulose Foams for Mechanically Stable Scaffolds in Skin Tissue Engineering." Abstract Various strategies have extensively explored enhancing the physical and biological properties of chitosan and cellulose scaffolds for skin tissue engineering. This study presents a straightforward method involving the addition of glycerol into highly porous structures of two polysaccharide complexes: chitosan/carboxymethyl cellulose (Chit/CMC) and chitosan/oxidized cellulose (Chit/OC); during a one-step freeze-drying process. Adding glycerol, especially to Chit/CMC, significantly increased stability, prevented degradation, and improved mechanical strength by nearly 50%. Importantly, after 21 days of incubation in enzymatic medium Chit/CMC scaffold has almost completely decomposed, while foams reinforced with glycerol exhibited only 40% mass loss. It is possible due to differences in multivalent cations and polymer chain contraction, resulting in varied hydrogen bonding  and, consequently, distinct physicochemical outcomes. Additionally, the scaffolds with glycerol improved the cellular activities resulting in over 40% higher proliferation of fibroblast after 21 days of incubation. It was achieved by imparting water resistance to the highly absorbent material and aiding in achieving a balance between hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties. This study clearly indicates the possible elimination of additional crosslinkers and multiple fabrication steps that can reduce the cost of scaffold production for skin tissue engineering applications while tailoring mechanical strength and degradation. Figure 2. Morphology. SEM micrographs of the internal structure of the freeze-dried scaffolds. Results of porosity analysis. The methodology and data are described in the README file in the folder. Figure 3. Mechanical test results. Representative stress-strain curves from the tensile test of all freeze-dried scaffolds, where (A) – measurement performed in dry conditions, (B) – measurement performed in wet conditions. All are described in the README file in the folder. Figure 4. Swelling behavior of all scaffolds. B – Two representative vials with a visual demonstration of swelling, samples marked with circles: Chit/CMC sample submerged in the PBS (blue circle) and Chit/CMC/Glyc sample floating on the surface (green circle). The arrows lead to photos of scaffolds taken from vials directly after swelling. C – Gel fraction analysis in aqueous solution after 24  6 h. D – Time after which the water droplet is absorbed into the scaffold. E – Photographs of water droplet shape changes on Chit/CMC and Chit/CMC/Glyc scaffolds over time. All are described in the README file in the folder. Figure 5. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) analysis results. Details are in the README file in the folder. Figure 6. The FTIR spectra of eluates from degraded scaffolds collected on a microscopic glass slide. Details are in the README file in the folder. Figure 7.  The degradation studies of all scaffolds over 21 days of experiments in A – enzymatic medium. B – cell culture medium. Details are in the README file in the folder. Figure 9. Cell experiments and toxicity analysis. Cytotoxicity of eluates taken from degraded scaffolds. B – Direct fibroblast seeding on scaffolds during 14 days of culture period. C – Direct fibroblast seeding on scaffolds during 14 days of culture period without control to better see the effect of glycerol. Details are in the README file in the folder.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2024View details →

Data for "Basic microstructural, mechanical, electrical and optical characterisation of BaTiAl6O12 ceramics"

The dataset contains several folders that provide open data files for the manuscript "Basic microstructural, mechanical, electrical and optical characterisation of BaTiAl6O12 ceramics".

FIGURE 13 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 13. Strict consensus of 23 MPTs demonstrating the relative position of TATE-099 using the matrix of Whitlock and Wilson (2020).

FIGURE 7 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 7. Left (A) and right (B) ectopterygoid right and left lateral views (C, D). Scale bar equals 10 cm. Artwork by Ryan Steiskal.

FIGURE 11 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 11. Computed tomography of the right dentary is displayed in coronal (left) and sagittal (right cross section, illustrating the presence of 1-2 unerupted teeth per alveolar position. The unerupted teeth were segmented for 3D rapid prototyping (lower left).

FIGURE 2 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 2. Left (A, B) and right (C, D) premaxillae in dorsal ventral views, respectively. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Artwork by Ryan Steiskal.

FIGURE 1. A in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 1. A. Depositional area of the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, and location of the Nail Quarry in south- eastern Wyoming, and B. the stratigraphic location of Nail Quarry in the Morrison Formation.

FIGURE 10 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 10. Computed tomography of the right and left maxillae (A-B, respectively) are displayed in coronal (upper) and sagittal (lower) cross sections; the left premaxilla (C) is shown in sagittal (left) and coronal (right) cross sections. The unerupted teeth (ii=first unerupted tooth) of the maxilla (D; left) and premaxilla (D; right) were segmented for 3D rapid prototyping. Note: proceeding caudally, the number of unerupted teeth in the maxilla declines from 5 (ii-vi) to 2 (ii-iii).

FIGURE 5 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 5. Simplified overview of factors that influence the preservation and destruction of the cellular, soft tissue, and mineral content of bone. Diagenesis of these materials is more complex than is shown here. Additional factors also have influence, and multiple levels and modes of preservation and destruction may occur in different regions of a single bone (see text for details).

FIGURE 4 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 4. The geologic column according to science vs. YEC ideology. Time periods are not shown to scale. The dates according to science are from radiometric dating (Schmitz, 2020). The dates according to YEC ideology are based on biblical genealogies (Jones, 2016). YEC identifications of Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and pre-Quaternary Cenozoic strata as Flood deposits (e.g., Clarey, 2020; Oard and Carter, 2021) are based on misinterpretations of geologic data (Senter, 2011; Willoughby, 2016; Prothero, 2017; Senter, 2019).

FIGURE 2 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 2. Microstructure of bone matrix. A. Part of a collagen molecule, showing its triple helical structure (based on figure 2 of Bella (2016), with modifications), with each of the three helices shown in a different color: black, dark gray, and light gray. B. A collagen microfibril and associated bone mineral crystallites, showing that the microfibril consists of five staggered collagen molecules and that the crystallites form between the tips of the collagen molecules in the microfibrils (based on figure 1d of Alexander et al. (2012), with modifications). C. Part of a collagen fibril, showing that bone mineral crystallites form both within microfibrils (unshaded crystallites) and between microfibrils (shaded crystallites).

FIGURE 9 in A novel feeding mechanism of diplodocid sauropods revealed in an Apatosaurine skull from the Upper Jurassic Nail Quarry (Morrison Formation) at Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA

FIGURE 9. Right dentarty and surangular in A) left lateral view, and B) right lateral view. Scale bar equals 10 cm. Artwork by Ryan Steiskal.

FIGURE 1 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 1. Cells and soft tissues from bones of the hadrosaurid dinosaur Edmontosaurus annectens, from the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site (SHRS) in South Dakota (Upper Cretaceous: Maastrichtian). The images are reprinted from figure 2 of Cretaceous Research vol. 99, Ullmann et al., "Patterns of soft tissue and cellular preservation in relation to fossil bone tissue structure and overburden depth at the Standing Rock Hadrosaur Site, Maastrichtian Hell Creek Formation, South Dakota, USA" (2019), with permission from Elsevier. A. Osteocyte from fragment of ossified tendon. B. Osteocyte from caudal vertebra SRHS-DU-220. C. Blood vessels with spherical structures in the lumen, from metatarsal SHRS-DU-274. D. Blood vessel (right) and sheets of CBM (lower left) from fragment of ossified tendon. E. Sheet of CBM with embedded osteocytes, from metatarsal SHRS-DU-274.

FIGURE 3 in Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions

FIGURE 3. Histology of bone. A. Macroscopic view of compact and spongy bone in a cross-section of the humerus of a domestic cow (Bos taurus). B. Arrangement of microstructures in compact and spongy bone. C. Human compact bone viewed through a compound microscope, with cells boiled away and voids filled with black ink, to make lacunae and canaliculi stand out.