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Figure 27 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 27. Phylogenetic relationship of the true freshwater crabs and closely-related brachyuran families, based on Tsang et al. (2014), with the condition of the pleon-holding mechanism observed in adult males in this study (black) or in the literature (grey: Guinot and Bouchard, 1998; Bouchard, 2000; Castro et al., 2010; Ng and Castro, 2016) noted. Square: sternal button; circle: pleonal socket; f: functional; nf: non-functional. Figure filled: structure present; figure empty: structure not present.
Figure 24 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 24. Pleon-holding mechanism of Sesarmidae. a-c: Metasesarma obesum (Dana, 1851), ♂, 14 × 12 mm, Nikobar Islands (ZMK, uncatalogued). (a) Complete specimen in ventral view. (b) Same specimen, both pleon segment 6 and telson virtually removed. (c) Specimen on its back, view from posterior. Telson inside sterno-abdominal cavity, arrow indicates overhanging edge. d-e: Parasesarma plicatum (Latreille, 1803), ♂, 21 × 18 mm, Hongkong (ZMK1507). (d) Specimen in ventral view, both pleon segment 6 and telson highlighted. (e) Both pleon segment 6 and telson removed, sharp edge on 4 marked red. Orange: telson; red: sharp edge of sterno-abdominal cavity; yellow: pleon segment 6. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 26 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 26. Pleon-holding mechanism of Ocypodidae. a-b: Leptuca festae (Nobili, 1902), ♂, 14 × 9 mm, El Salvador (SMF2012a). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon, edge of pleonal clasping apparatus visible. (b) Ventral surface of pleon, notch formed by both pleon segment 6 and telson indicated. c-d: L. festae, ♀, El Salvador (SMF44017). (c) Thoracic sternum of female without eggs (14 × 9 mm), pleon visible at bottom of picture. (d) Female carrying eggs (12 × 8 mm), structures of pleonal clasping apparatus cannot come into contact. e-f: Ocypode gaudichaudii H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1843, ♂, 36 × 30 mm, Peru (ZMK1929). (e) Right thoracic sternum without pleon, setal tuft on sternite 5 visible. (f) Ventral surface of pleon. A: anterior; ca: clasping apparatus (sternal portion); E: eggs; fl: flat surface of pleon segment 6; G: gonopods; i: intestine; n: notch; P: posterior; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; st: setal tuft; S5: sternite 5; t: telson. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figure 23. Sesarmidae. a-b in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 23. Sesarmidae. a-b: Neosarmatium trispinosum Davie, 1994, ♀, 8 × 8 mm, Australia (AM P.68315). (a) Thoracic sternum with pleon in folded position. (b) Thoracic sternum without pleon, small sternal button visible. c-d: Perisesarma messa (Campbell, 1967), ♀, 13 × 11 mm, Australia (AM P.64802). (c) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (d) Ventral surface of the pleon. B: button; ed: edge; n: notch; pl: pleopods; P6: pleon segment 6; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; v: vulva. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 22 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 22. Pleon-holding mechanism of Varunidae. a-b: Varuna litterata (Fabricius, 1798), ♂, 33 × 30 mm, Philippines (ZRC2008.1262). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c-d: V. litterata, ♀, 38 × 36 mm, Philippines (ZRC2008.1262). (c) Right thoracic sternum with small vestigial button structure present. (d) Ventral surface of pleon with small vestigial socket in middle of sixth pleon segment, adjacent to border of telson. e-f: Helograpsus haswellianus (Whitelegge, 1889), ♂, 21 × 17 mm, Australia (ZRC1995.951). (e) Thoracic sternum without pleon and button structures. (f) Ventral surface of pleon without sockets. A: anterior; B: button; ed: edge; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; pl: pleopods; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5/ 6: sternite 5/6; t: telson; v: vulva; vb: vestigial button; vso: vestigial socket. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 21 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 21. Pleon-holding mechanism of Varunidae, Hemigrapsus sanguineus (de Haan, 1835). a-b, e-f: ♂, 18 × 16 mm, Germany (ZMK3508). (a) Thoracic sternum in three-quarter lateral view, acute sternal button visible in profile. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c-d: ♂, 13 × 11 mm (ZMK3509). (c) Thoracic sternum, pleon unfolded. (d) Ventral surface of pleon. (e) Complete specimen in threequarter view. 3D surface reconstruction from µCT images. (f) Same specimen as e, both telson and pleon segment 6 virtually removed, sternal buttons visible inside sterno-abdominal cavity. Lower inset: Telson and pleon segment 6 with socket (arrow). Upper inset: Sterno-abdominal cavtiy, sharp edge marked blue. A: anterior; B: button; ed: edge; fl: flat surface of pleon segment 6; G: gonopod; i: intestine; P: posterior; pl: pleopods; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; v: vulva. Light blue: sharp edge of sterno-abdominal cavity; orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segments. Scale bar (a-d) = 1 mm; (e-f) = 5 mm.
Figure 20. Gecarcinidae. a-b in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 20. Gecarcinidae. a-b: Cardisoma carnifex (Herbst, 1796), ♂, 78 × 63 mm, Taiwan (ZRC1989.3488). (a) Left side of thoracic sternum without pleon, sterno-abdominal cavity densely covered with setae. (b) Ventral surface of pleon, right side. Flexible and folded cuticle in middle of pleon covering and surrounding intestine. c-d: Discoplax rotunda (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824), ♂, 45 × 40 mm, Taiwan (ZRC1998.432). (c) Thoracic sternum with pleon folded against body. Position of telson underneath edge of sterno-abdominal cavity visible. (d) Thoracic sternum without pleon. No press-button present. A: anterior; ed: edge i: intestine; P: posterior; P6: pleon segment 6; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; S4: sternite 4; S5: sternite 5; t: telson. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 25. 3D in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 25. 3D volume and surface reconstruction of the pleon-clasping apparatus of the ocypodid Minuca rapax (Smith, 1870) from µCT images, ♂, 22 × 17 mm, Honduras (SMF25820). (a) Complete specimen in three-quarter view. Scale bar = 5 mm. (b) Pleon in latero-ventral view. Arrow indicates notch of telson. Scale bar = 1 mm. (c) Thoracic sternum, edge of sterno-abdominal cavity marked. G: gonopods; orange: telson; red: edge of sterno-abdominal cavity: yellow: pleon segment 6 & 5. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 18 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 18. Pleon-holding mechanism of a juvenile Gecarcinus lateralis (Guérin, 1832), ♀, 16 × 13 mm, Mexico (ZMK1694). 3D surface reconstruction from µCT images. (a) Ventral view of complete specimen. (b) View from posterior, telson underneath overhanging edge of sternoabdominal cavity. (c) View from posterior, both telson and pleon segment 6 virtually removed. Arrows in b and c indicate sharp overhanging edge of sterno-abdominal cavity. Orange: telson; red: edge; yellow: pleon segment 6. Scale bar = 3 mm.
Figure 15 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 15. Pleon-holding mechanism of Pseudothelphusidae. a-b: Hypolobocera chilensis (Lucas in H. Milne Edwards & Lucas, 1844), ♂, 70 × 41 mm, Dominica (ZRC1998.5). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon, small button visible. (b) Ventral surface of pleon, hook-like socket visible. c-e: Neopseudothelphusa fossor (Rathbun, 1898), ♂, 23 × 15 (ZMK1688), 3D volume and surface recronstruction from µCT images, holding mechanism not engaged. (c) Three-quarter view of complete specimen. Pleon not firmly attached, right button visible. (d) Same specimen, telson and pleon segment 6 removed. Both buttons visible inside sterno-abdominal cavity. (e) Specimen in frontal view, shift of non-fastened pleon indicated by arrow, right button visible. A: anterior; B: button; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson. Orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segments. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 17 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 17. Pleon-holding mechanism of Grapsidae. a-b: Metopograpsus latifrons (White, 1847), ♂, 29 × 27 mm, Malaysia (ZRC2012.0692). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon, half-moon-shaped buttons clearly visible. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c-d: Metopograpsus frontalis Miers, 1880, ♂, 32 × 29 mm, Philippines (ZRC2004.0473). (c) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (d) Ventral surface of pleon. e-f: M. frontalis Miers, 1880, ♀, 29 × 25 mm, Philippines (ZRC2004.0473). (e) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (f) Ventral surface of pleon. A: anterior; B: button; fl: flat surface of P6; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; v: vulva. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 14 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 14. Pleon-holding mechanism of Pseudothelphusidae. a-b: Fredius reflexifrons (Ortmann, 1897), ♂, 55 × 35 mm, Brazil (ZRC2010.0413). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (b) Ventral surface of pleon, densely covered by setae. c-d: Potamocarcinus nicaraguensis Rathbun, 1893, ♂, 69 × 44 mm, Nicaragua (ZRC1998.63). (c) Thoracic sternum without pleon. Thickened edge of sternite 5 bordering on sternite 4 indicated by arrow (te). (d) Ventral surface of pleon, densely covered by setae. e-f: P. nicaraguensis, ♀, 60 × 39 mm, Nicaragua (ZRC1998.63). (e) Right thoracic sternum without pleon, anterior aspect. Vestigial button present very close to vulva. (f) Ventral surface of right half of pleon with vestigial socket. A: anterior; B: button; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; te: thickened edge of S5; v: vulva; vb: vestigial button; vso: vestigial socket. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 13 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 13. Pleon-holding mechanism of the trichodactylid crab Trichodactylus fluviatilis Latreille, 1828. a-b: ♀, 29 × 26 mm, Brazil (ZMK1567). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c-d: T. fluviatilis Latreille, 1828, ♂, 21 × 18 mm, Brazil (ZMB21540). 3D volume and surface reconstruction from µCT images. (c) Complete specimen in three-quarter view. Pleon not firmly attached. (d) Same specimen, telson and pleon segment 6 virtually removed. Buttons visible inside sterno-abdominal cavity (arrow). A: anterior; fl: flat surface of P6; P: posterior; pl: pleopods; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; v: vulva. Orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segment 6. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 16 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 16. Pleon-holding mechanism of Grapsidae. a-b: Grapsus longitarsis Dana, 1851, ♂, 33 × 29 mm, Hawaii (ZRC2000.0448). Scale bar = 5 mm. (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon, round buttons visible. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. Small but distinct socket next to intestine. c-e: Pachygrapsus marmoratus (Fabricius, 1787), ♂, 12 × 10 mm, France (ZMK3514). 3D volume and surface reconstruction from µCT images. Scale bar = 2 mm. (c) Specimen without walking appendages in three-quarter view. (d) Same specimen, telson and pleon removed virtually, buttons visible inside sterno-abdominal cavity (arrow). (e) Same specimen without telson and pleon in frontal view. A: anterior; B: button; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson. Orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segments.
Figure 19 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 19. Pleon-holding mechanism of Gecarcinidae. a-b: Discoplax gracilipes Ng & Guinot, 2001, ♂, 49 × 43 mm, Philippines (ZRC2001.2305). (a) Left side of thoracic sternum without pleon. Button structure present, but not visible due to dense setal cover, location indicated by arrow. (b) Ventral surface of pleon, right side. c-d: Gecarcinus quadratus Saussure, 1853, ♂, 51 × 40 mm, Costa Rica (ZRC2011.0849). (c) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (d) Ventral surface of pleon. e-f: Gecarcoidea lalandii H. Milne Edwards, 1837, ♂, 64 × 46 mm, Christmas Island (ZRC1987.869–870). (e) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (f) Ventral surface of pleon. A: anterior; B: button; ed: edge; fl: flat surface of P6; i: intestine; lb: location of button; P: posterior; P6: pleon segment 6; s: setae; sac: sternoabdominal cavity; so: socket; st: setal tuft; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; te: thickened edge. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 11. 3D in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 11. 3D reconstruction of the pleon-holding mechanism of a potamonautid crab in situ. Potamonautes aloysiisabaudiae (Nobili, 1906) ♂, 29 × 21 mm, Uganda (ZMK3505), volume and surface reconstruction from µCT images. (a) Complete specimen in three-quarter aspect. Pleon in natural position. (b) Same as A, but sixth pleon segment transparent so that press-button structures visible while in contact (arrow). (c) Frontal view, P6 and telson removed, buttons marked inside sterno-abdominal cavity. Ventral surface of P6 and telson visible in inset. Socket indicated by arrow. Orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segment 6. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 10 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 10. Pleon-holding mechanism of Potamonautidae. a-b: Potamonautes berardi (Audouin, 1826), ♀, 33 × 22 mm, Kenya (ZRC2009.0639). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon. Small acute sternal projection inside triangular sterno-abdominal cavity. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c-d: P. berardi, ♀, 32 × 22 mm, Kenya (ZRC2009.0639). (c) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (d) Ventral surface of pleon. e-f: Liberonautes latidactylus (de Man, 1903), ♀, 46 × 32 mm, Liberia (ZRC2009.0642). (e) Thoracic sternum without pleon. Button visible. (f) Ventral surface of right side of pleon. Vestigial, shallow socket visible. A: anterior; B: button; fl: flat surface of P6; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; pl: pleopods; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; v: vulva; vso: vestigial socket. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 9 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 9. Pleon-holding mechanism of a juvenile Potamon fluviatile (Herbst, 1785), ♂, 11 × 9 mm, Greece, (ZMK1555), marked on a 3D volume reconstruction of the cuticle, based on µCT images. (a) Specimen complete, telson and sixth pleon segment in natural position. Arrow indicates location of pleon-holding structures. (b) Telson and sixth pleon segment moved from reconstruction into small inset. Buttons (red) visible inside the sterno-abdominal cavity, arrow on inset indicates position of pleonal socket. Note cuticular ridge next to telson. Orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segment 6. Scale bar = 2 mm.
Figure 12 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 12. Pleon-holding mechanism of Trichodactylidae. a-b: Goyazana castelnaui (H. Milne Edwards, 1853), ♂, 26 × 21 mm, Brazil (ZRC2010.0410). (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c-d: 3D reconstruction of Dilocarcinus pagei Stimpson, 1861, ♂, 29 × 23 mm, Paraguay (ZMB15427) from µCT images. (c) Complete specimen in three-quarter view, pleon not firmly attached. (d) Same specimen, telson and pleon segments 6–4 removed. Sternal buttons (arrow) visible inside sterno-abdominal cavity. Inset: Ventral surface of right side of pleon, socket indicated by arrow. A: anterior; B: button; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson. Orange: telson; red: buttons; yellow: pleon segments. Scale bar = 5 mm.
Figure 8 in The morphological and functional variability of pleon-holding mechanisms in selected Eubrachyura (Crustacea: Decapoda)
Figure 8. Pleon-holding mechanism of Potamidae. a-b: Potamon mesopotamicum Brandis, Storch & Türkay, 1998, ♂, 49 × 40 mm (ZMK3507). Scale bar = 2 mm. (a) Thoracic sternum without pleon. Large button structure visible slightly of midline of sternite, closer to suture S5/S6. (b) Ventral surface of pleon. c,-d: P. mesopotanicum, ♀, 48 × 40 mm (ZMK3507). (c) Thoracic sternum without pleon. Scale bar = 2 mm. (d) Ventral surface of pleon. A: anterior; B: button; fl: flat surface of P6; G: gonopods; i: intestine; P: posterior; s: setae; sac: sterno-abdominal cavity; so: socket; S5: sternite 5; t: telson; v: vulva. Scale bar = 5 mm.
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