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965 results for “placentation”
Data from: Genomic evidence reveals a radiation of placental mammals uninterrupted by the KPg boundary
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Data from: Developmental influence on evolutionary rates and the origin of placental mammal tooth complexity
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Data from: Serial homology and correlated characters in morphological phylogenetics: modeling the evolution of dental crests in placentals
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Histological and life history data for small-bodied mammals from: Multituberculate mammals show evidence of a life history strategy similar to that of placentals, not marsupials
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Data from: Variation in offspring size with birth order in placental fish: a role for asymmetric sibling competition?
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Data from: Do density-driven mating system differences explain reproductive incompatibilities between populations of a placental fish?
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Data from: Joint reconstruction of divergence times and life-history evolution in placental mammals using a phylogenetic covariance model
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FIG. 16 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 16. — Upper and lower molar proportions in kollpaniines from Tiupampa. Molar proportions are plotted in the developmental 'morphospace' (Kavanagh et al. 2007; Polly 2007) where the white region is consistent with the IC model; the broken line is the relationship predicted for lower molar of murine rodents (see Material and methods and Table 8). The specimen of Simoclaenus placed on the horizontal axis corresponds to MHNC 13876, for which the M3 is not preserved.
FIG. 14 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 14. — Notoungulates left upper molars (M1 or M2) in occlusal view: A, MNHN VIL 123, the only notoungulate tooth from Tiupampa (cf. Henricosborniidae); B, MNHN.F.CAS2714, cf. Henricosbornia. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 1 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 1. — Molinodus suarezi: anterior portion of a right mandible (MHNC 13883) bearing the alveoli of I1-3, the canine, the p1, the roots of p2, partial alveoli of p3 and the lateral wall of the anterior alveolus of p4 in: A, labial view; B, lingual view; C, anterodorsal view; D, dorsal view; E, medial view of the lateral wall of the incisors showing the V-shaped morphology of the alveolus of i2, which indicates that the tooth was staggered. Scale bar A-D: 5 mm; E, 3 mm.
FIG. 8 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 8. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right maxilla with root of the canine and P1-4. (MHNC 13868): A, stereophotograph of occlusal view; B, the same in medial view; C, the same in lateral view, with tentative interpretations of bony sutures (see text). Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 3 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 3. — Molinodus suarezi: A, dorsal view of MHNC 13867; B, dorsal view of a partial left mandible bearing m2-3 (MHNC 13871) showing the robust extension of the coronoid crest on the lateral side of the dentary and the deep fossa, which separates the crest from the talonid of m3; C, the same in labial view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 10. — A in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 10. — A, Tiuclaenus minutus: partial right maxilla of with M1-3 (MHNC 13879), stereophotograph of occlusal view; B, Tiuclaenus robustus: partial right mandible with m2-3 (MHNC 13875), stereophotograph of occlusal view; C, the same in labial view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 9 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 9. — Simoclaenus sylvaticus: partial right maxilla with M1-2 (MHNC 13876), stereophotograph of occlusal view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 6 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 6. — Molinodus suarezi: composite occlusion of the maxilla MHNC 13870 and the mandible MHNC 13867 in lingual view. Scale bar: 5 mm.
FIG. 12 in New remains of kollpaniine "condylarths" (Panameriungulata) from the early Palaeocene of Bolivia shed light on hypocone origins and molar proportions among ungulate-like placentals
FIG. 12. — Raulvaccia peligrensis: left M2 (cast of MLP 90-II-12-70) in occlusal view. Comment: we tentatively refer this tooth to an M2 (contra Gelfo 2007, who refers it to an M1?) because of the mesiolabial position of the paracone (as related to metacone), which provides to the tooth a distinct asymmetrical morphology as is observed on the M2s of Molinodus and Simoclaenus but not on the M1s of these taxa. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Data from: RUNX2 tandem repeats and the evolution of facial length in placental mammals
BACKGROUND: When simple sequence repeats are integrated into functional genes, they can potentially act as evolutionary 'tuning knobs', supplying abundant genetic variation with minimal risk of pleiotropic deleterious effects. The genetic basis of variation in facial shape and length represents a possible example of this phenomenon. Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) which is involved in osteoblast differentiation, contains a functionally-important tandem repeat of glutamine and alanine amino acids. The ratio of glutamines to alanines (the QA ratio) in this protein seemingly influences the regulation of bone development. Notably, in domestic breeds of dog, and in carnivorans in general, the ratio of glutamines to alanines is strongly correlated with facial length. RESULTS: In this study we examine whether this correlation holds true across placental mammals, particularly those mammals for which facial length is highly variable and related to adaptive behavior and lifestyle (e.g., primates, afrotherians, xenarthrans). We obtained relative facial length measurements and RUNX2 sequences for 41 mammalian species representing 12 orders. Using both a phylogenetic generalized least squares model and recently-developed Bayesian comparative method, we tested for a correlation between genetic and morphometric data while controlling for phylogeny, evolutionary rates, and divergence times. Non-carnivoran taxa generally had substantially lower glutamine-alanine ratios than carnivorans (primates and xenarthrans with means of 1.34 and 1.25, respectively, compared to a mean of 3.1 for carnivorans), and we found no correlation between RUNX2 sequence and face length across placental mammals. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our diverse comparative phylogenetic analyses indicate that QA ratio does not consistently correlate with face length across the 41 mammalian taxa considered. Thus, although RUNX2 might function as a 'tuning knob' modifying face length in carnivorans, this relationship is not conserved across mammals in general.
Data from: Genomic imprinting, disrupted placental expression, and speciation
The importance of regulatory incompatibilities to the early stages of speciation remains unclear. Hybrid mammals often show extreme parent-of-origin growth effects that are thought to be a consequence of disrupted genetic imprinting (parent-specific epigenetic gene silencing) during early development. Here we test the long-standing hypothesis that abnormal hybrid growth reflects disrupted gene expression due to loss of imprinting (LOI) in hybrid placentas, resulting in dosage imbalances between paternal growth factors and maternal growth repressors. We analyzed placental gene expression in reciprocal dwarf hamster hybrids that show extreme parent-of-origin growth effects relative to their parental species. In massively enlarged hybrid placentas, we observed both extensive transgressive expression of growth-related genes and bi-allelic expression of many genes that were paternally silenced in normal sized hybrids. However, the apparent widespread disruption of paternal silencing was coupled with reduced gene expression levels overall. These patterns are contrary to the predictions of the LOI model and indicate that hybrid misexpression of dosage sensitive genes is caused by other regulatory mechanisms in this system. Collectively, our results support a central role for disrupted gene expression and imprinting in the evolution of mammalian hybrid inviability, but call into question the generality of the widely invoked LOI model.
Data from: Cool sperm: why some placental mammals have a scrotum
Throughout the Cenozoic, the fitness benefits of the scrotum in placental mammals presumably outweighed the fitness costs through damage, yet a definitive hypothesis for its evolution remains elusive. Here, I present an hypothesis (Endothermic Pulses Hypothesis) which argues that the evolution of the scrotum was driven by Cenozoic pulses in endothermy, that is, increases in normothermic body temperature, which occurred in Boreotheria (rodents, primates, lagomorphs, carnivores, bats, lipotyphylans and ungulates) in response to factors such as cursoriality and climate adaptation. The model argues that stabilizing selection maintained an optimum temperature for spermatogenesis and sperm storage throughout the Cenozoic at the lower plesiomorphic levels of body temperature that prevailed in ancestral mammals for at least 163 million years. Evolutionary stasis may have been driven by reduced rates of germ-cell mutations at lower body temperatures. Following the extinction of the dinosaurs at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 65.5 mya, immediate pulses in endothermy occurred associated with the dramatic radiation of the modern placental mammal orders. The fitness advantages of an optimum temperature of spermatogenesis outweighed the potential costs of testes externalization and paved the way for the evolution of the scrotum. The scrotum evolved within several hundred thousand years of the K-Pg extinction, probably associated initially with the evolution of cursoriality, and arguably facilitated mid- and late Cenozoic metabolic adaptations to factors such as climate, flight in bats and sociality in primates.
Data from: Placental H3K27me3 establishes female resilience to prenatal insults
Although sex biases in disease presentation are well documented, the mechanisms mediating vulnerability or resilience to diseases are unknown. In utero insults are more likely to produce detrimental health outcomes for males versus females. In our mouse model of prenatal stress, male offspring experience long-term dysregulation of body weight and hypothalamic pituitary adrenal stress axis dysfunction, endophenotypes of male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders. Placental function is critical for healthy fetal development, and we previously showed that sex differences in placental O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) mediate the effects of prenatal stress on neurodevelopmental programming. Here we show that one mechanism whereby sex differences in OGT confer variation in vulnerability to prenatal insults is by establishing sex-specific trophoblast gene expression patterns and via regulation of the canonically repressive epigenetic modification, H3K27me3. We demonstrate that high levels of H3K27me3 in the female placenta create resilience to the altered hypothalamic programming associated with prenatal stress exposure.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.