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FIGURES 2–5. 2 in Revision of the rare Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with the description of 21 new species

FIGURES 2–5. 2. Mexalictus micheneri Eickwort (1978) female antenna to show 12 segments, 3. M. micheneri female hind leg to show scopa, 4. M. micheneri male antenna to show 13 segments, 5. M. micheneri male hind leg to show absence of scopa. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 25–28. 25 in Revision of the rare Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with the description of 21 new species

FIGURES 25–28. 25. Mexalictus mexicanus Eickwort (1978) female inner hind tibial spur, curved and bluntly serrate, 26. M. gibbsi Dumesh, n. sp. female inner hind tibial spur, curved and finely serrate, teeth well separated, 27. M. arizonensis Eickwort (1978) female inner hind tibial spur, straight and serrate, teeth well separated, 28. M. mandibularis Dumesh, n. sp. female inner hind tibial spur, straight and finely serrate. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 21–24. 21 in Revision of the rare Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with the description of 21 new species

FIGURES 21–24. 21. Mexalictus micheneri Eickwort (1978) female head, longer than wide, 22. M. arizonensis Eickwort (1978) female head, round, 23. M. micheneri female dorsal metapostnotum, striae present, 24. M. astriatus Dumesh, n. sp. dorsal metapostnotum, striae absent. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 10–14. 10. Mexalictus hansoni Dumesh, n in Revision of the rare Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with the description of 21 new species

FIGURES 10–14. 10. Mexalictus hansoni Dumesh, n. sp. female clypeus, evenly punctate, 11. M. hansoni female head and mesosoma purple, 12. M. arizonensis Eickwort (1978) female clypeus, doubly punctate, 13. M. verdazulus Dumesh, n. sp. female head and mesosoma blue-green, 14. M. ayalai Dumesh, n. sp. female head and mesosoma, green. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 15–20. 15. Mexalictus mandibularis Dumesh, n in Revision of the rare Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with the description of 21 new species

FIGURES 15–20. 15. Mexalictus mandibularis Dumesh, n. sp. female lower paraocular area, impunctate, 16. M. guatemalensis Dumesh, n. sp. female lower paraocular area, punctate, 17. M. guatemalensis female dorsal metapostnotum, striae short and shallow, 18. M. guatemalensis lateral metapleuron, carinulae present 19. M. hondurensis Dumesh, n. sp. female dorsal metapostnotum, striae long and deep, 20. M. hondurensis female lateral metapleuron, carinulae present. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 6–9. 6 in Revision of the rare Mesoamerican bee genus Mexalictus (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) with the description of 21 new species

FIGURES 6–9. 6. Mexalictus micheneri Eickwort (1978) female lateral habitus to show entirely hyaline wings and metallic head and mesosoma, 7. M. micheneri female metasoma, T1 not petiolate, 8. M. jovelus Dumesh, n. sp. female lateral habitus to show infuscate wings and non-metallic head and mesosoma, 9. M. jovelus female metasoma, T1 petiolate. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURE 5 in Oostenbrinkellus gen. n. and a new species of the rare nematode genus Lawtonema Siddiqi, 1998 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats

FIGURE 5. Lawtonema indicum sp. n. A & B. Anterior region; C. Anterior region showing amphid; D. Pharyngeal region; E & F. Pharyngeal bulb; G. Female genital system; H. Vulval region; I. Spicules; J. Female posterior region showing prerectum; I. Female posterior end. (Scale bars: A–C, E, F & H–J =10 µm, D, G & K= 20 µm)

FIGURE 1 in Oostenbrinkellus gen. n. and a new species of the rare nematode genus Lawtonema Siddiqi, 1998 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats

FIGURE 1. Oostenbrinkellus ventrostylus (Dhanam and Jairajpuri, 1999) comb. n. A. Entire female; B. Entire male; C–E. Anterior region; F. Anterior region showing amphid; G. Pharyngeal bulb; H. Pharyngeal region; I. Female genital system; J & K. Male posterior region; L. Female posterior region.

FIGURE 4 in Oostenbrinkellus gen. n. and a new species of the rare nematode genus Lawtonema Siddiqi, 1998 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats

FIGURE 4. Lawtonema indicum sp. n. A. Entire Female; B. Anterior region C. Anterior region showing amphid; D. Pharyngeal bulb; E. Pharyngeal region; F. Female genital system; G. Vulval region; H. Female posterior region; I. Male posterior region.

FIGURE 3 in Oostenbrinkellus gen. n. and a new species of the rare nematode genus Lawtonema Siddiqi, 1998 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats

FIGURE 3. Oostenbrinkellus ventrostylus (Dhanam and Jairajpuri, 1999) comb. n. A & B. Vulval region; C–E. Female genital system (arrow showing the sphincter); F–I. Male posterior region showing spicules, arrow showing ventromedian supplement; J. Male posterior end; K. Female posterior region. (Scale bars: A–D & F–G =10 µm; E, J & K= 20 µm)

FIGURE 2 in Oostenbrinkellus gen. n. and a new species of the rare nematode genus Lawtonema Siddiqi, 1998 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida: Tylencholaimoidea) from the Western Ghats

FIGURE 2. Oostenbrinkellus ventrostylus (Dhanam and Jairajpuri, 1999) comb. n. A–E. Anterior region, arrow showing ventral stiffening piece; F. Anterior region showing amphid; G–I. Pharyngeal bulb. (Scale bars: A–I=10 µm)

FIGURES 36–37. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. 36 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 36–37. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. 36, fire-protection strips (fire-breaks) preventing fire from spreading from savannah to forested part of reserve (2019). 37, burnt primary forest with Phytolacca dodecandra, native but expansive plant of sub-saharan Africa and Madagascar, which occupies open forest sites after fire (2024).

FIGURES 33–35. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. 33 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 33–35. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. 33, large forest fire in central part of reserve in October 2022 (photograph credit: Len de Beer); 34–35, mapping of loss of primary forests: 34–situation on December 2021; the same on December 2022. Light green colour–reserve delimitation, dark green colour–primary forest, red colour–forest loss. Google Earth Engine, dataset UMD Global Forest change, modified.

FIGURES 19–20. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. 19 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 19–20. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. 19, relatively intact forest, overall view (2016). 20, margin of medium altitude moist evergreen low forest, savanna in left (2019).

FIGURES 21–22 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 21–22. Ambohitantely Special Reserve. Microhabitat of type locality of Apatenia kuntei. Illustration of rate of degradation of dead wood in intact forest at altitude of 1623 m. 21, picture from January 2016, when first specimens of type series were collected here; 22, the same from January 2024, advanced stage of wood decomposition with unsuitable conditions for occurrence of anthribids.

FIGURES 1–5 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 1–5. Apatenia kuntei, male holotype, 1, habitus in dorsal view; 2, head; 3, pronotum; 4, right antenna; 5, habitus in lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

FIGURE 32 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURE 32. Distribution of selected rare Apatenia species. Triangle–type locality, circle–other distribution.

FIGURES 23–26 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 23–26. Malagasy Apatenia species, habitus in dorsal view. 23, A. quadristigma Frieser, 1981 (female); 24, A. oculifera Frieser 2000 (male); 25, A. stysi Trýzna & Baňař, 2013 (paratype, female); 26, A. sulcicollis Frieser, 2000 (male).

FIGURES 6–10 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 6–10. Apatenia kuntei, female allotype, 6, habitus in dorsal view; 7, head; 8, pronotum; 9, left antenna; 10, habitus in lateral view. Scale bars in mm.

FIGURES 27–31 in A new species of Apatenia Pascoe (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) from central Madagascar, with a key to species, additions to the distribution of rare species of the genus, and general notes about threats to anthribid diversity

FIGURES 27–31. Malagasy Apatenia species, habitus in dorsal view. 27, A. longiclava Wolfrum, 1955 (male); 28, A. fallax Frieser, 2010 (female); 29–31, A. mesostigma Wolfrum, 1961 (female): 29, habitus in dorsal view; 30 and 31, colour of elytral spot in different viewing angles.