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5,990 results for “reproduction.”
Reproductive maturity in boreal trees, Northwest Territories, Canada
<p>In boreal North America, much of the landscape is covered by fire-adapted forests dominated by serotinous conifers. For these forests, reductions in fire return interval could limit reproductive success, owing to insufficient time for stands to reach reproductive maturity i.e., to initiate cone production. Improved understanding of the drivers of reproductive maturity can provide important information about the capacity of these forests to self-replace following fire. Here, we assessed the drivers of reproductive maturity in two dominant and widespread conifers, semi-serotinous black spruce and serotinous jack pine. Presence or absence of female cones were recorded in approximately 15,000 individuals within old and recently burned stands in two distinct ecozones of the Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. Our results show that reproductive maturity was triggered by a minimum tree size threshold rather than an age threshold, with trees reaching reproductive maturity at smaller sizes where environmental conditions were more stressful. The number of reproductive trees per plot increased with stem density, basal area, and at higher latitudes (colder locations). The harsh climatic conditions present at these higher latitudes, however, limited the recruitment of jack pine at the treeline ecotone. The number of reproductive black spruce trees increased with deeper soils, whereas the number of reproductive jack pine trees increased where soils were shallower. We examined the reproductive efficiency i.e., the number of seedlings recruited per reproductive tree, linking pre-fire reproductive maturity of recently burned stands and post-fire seedling recruitment (recorded up to 4 years after the fires) and found that a reproductive jack pine can recruit on average three times more seedlings than a reproductive black spruce. We suggest that the higher reproductive efficiency of jack pine can explain the greater resilience of this species to wildfire compared with black spruce. Overall, these results help link life history characteristics such as reproductive maturity to variation in post-fire recruitment of dominant serotinous conifers.</p>
Data from: What ecological factors favor parthenogenesis over sexual reproduction? A study on the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus in natural populations
<p>Different reproductive modes are characterized by costs and benefits which depend on ecological contexts. For example, sex can provide benefits under complex biotic interactions, while its costs increase under mate limitation. Furthermore, ecological contexts often vary along abiotic gradients. Here, we study how these factors simultaneously influence the frequency of sex in the facultatively parthenogenetic mayfly Alainites muticus . We first verified that parthenogenesis translates into female-biased population sex ratios. We then measured the density of individuals (a proxy for mate limitation) and community diversity (biotic interaction complexity) for 159 A. muticus populations covering a broad altitudinal gradient and used structural equation modeling to investigate their direct and indirect influences on sex ratios. We found no effect of community diversity or altitude on sex ratios. Furthermore, even when females can reproduce parthenogenetically, they generally reproduce sexually, indicating that the benefits of sex exceed its costs in most situations. Sex ratios only become female-biased under low population densities, as expected if mate limitation was the main factor selecting for parthenogenesis. Mate limitation might be widespread in mayflies because of their short adult lifespan and limited dispersal, which can generate strong selection for reproductive assurance and may provide a stepping-stone towards obligate parthenogenesis.</p>
Long-term experimental drought alters floral scent and pollinator visits in a Mediterranean plant community despite overall limited impacts on plant phenotype and reproduction
<p>Pollinators are declining globally, with climate change implicated as an important driver. Climate change can induce phenological shifts and reduce floral resources for pollinators, but little is known about its effects on floral attractiveness and how this might cascade to affect pollinators, pollination functions and plant fitness. We used an in situ long-term drought experiment to investigate multiple impacts of reduced precipitation in a natural Mediterranean shrubland, a habitat where climate change is predicted to increase the frequency and intensity of droughts. Focusing on three insect-pollinated plant species that provide abundant rewards and support a diversity of pollinators (<em>Cistus</em> <em>albidus</em>, <em>Salvia</em> <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>Thymus</em> <em>vulgaris</em>), we investigated the effects of drought on a suite of floral traits including nectar production and floral scent. We also measured the impact of reduced rainfall on pollinator visits, fruit set and germination in <em>S</em>. <em>rosmarinus</em> and <em>C</em>. <em>albidus</em>. Drought altered floral emissions of all three plant species qualitatively, and reduced nectar production in <em>T</em>. <em>vulgaris</em> only. <em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em> and <em>Bombus</em> gr. <em>terrestris</em> visited more flowers in control plots than drought plots, while small wild bees visited more flowers in drought plots than control plots. Pollinator species richness did not differ significantly between treatments. Fruit set and seed set in <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and <em>C. albidus </em>did not differ significantly between control and drought plots, but seeds from drought plots had slower germination for <em>S. rosmarinus</em> and marginally lower germination success in <em>C. albidus</em>.</p> <p><em>Synthesis</em>. Overall, we found limited but consistent impacts of a moderate experimental drought on floral phenotype, plant reproduction and pollinator visits. Increased aridity under climate change is predicted to be stronger than the level assessed in the present study. Drought impacts will likely be stronger and this could profoundly affect the structure and functioning of plant-pollinator networks in Mediterranean ecosystems.</p>
Fig. 4 in Spatio-Temporal Structure And Reproductive Success In A Rook (Corvus Frugilegus) Colony
Fig. 4. Distance of the newly built nests from the centre of the colony, from the edge of the colony (metres) and number of neighbouring nests within 6 metres (medians, full circles) and those of the randomly selected points (medians, empty squares) at each sampling date. 100 random points were selected for each date, sample sizes of the observed nests are shown above the medians. In the marked (*) cases the values of the observed nests dif- fered significantly from the values of the ran- dom points (Mann-Whitney test, P <0.05)
Reproduction package for the paper "Investigating the detection rates and inference of gravitational-wave and radio emission from black hole-neutron star mergers"
<p>This is a basic reproduction package for the paper "Investigating the detection rates and inference of gravitational-wave and radio emission from black hole neutron star mergers".</p>
Reproduction package for the paper "The effects of surface fossil magnetic fields on massive star evolution: IV. Grids of models at Solar, LMC, and SMC metallicities"
<p>This is a reproduction package for the paper "The effects of surface fossil magnetic fields on massive star evolution - IV. Grids of models at Solar, LMC, and SMC metallicities" by <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac2598">Keszthelyi et al. (2022).</a></p>
Optimal vaccination at high reproductive numbers: sharp transitions and counterintuitive allocations
Optimization of vaccine allocations among different segments of a heterogeneous population is important for enhancing the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns in reducing the burden of epidemics. Intuitively, it would seem that allocations designed to minimize infections should prioritize those with the highest risk of being infected and infecting others. This prescription is well supported by vaccination theory, e.g. when the vaccination campaign aims to reach herd immunity. In this work, we show, however, that for vaccines providing partial protection (leaky vaccines) and for sufficiently high values of the basic reproduction number, intuition is overturned: the optimal allocation minimizing the number of infections prioritizes the vaccination of those who are least likely to be infected. The work combines numerical investigations, asymptotic analysis for a general model, and complete mathematical analysis in a two-group model. The results point to important considerations in managing vaccination campaigns for infections with high transmissibility.
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Normapolles flowers/fruits from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Budvaricarpus serialis, aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by a common bract (br – bract, hp – hypanthium), no. NM-F 3160; b: Budvaricarpus sp., aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by several bracts, no. NM-F 3619; c: Caryanthus trebecnsis, reproductive unit consists of three bisexual, epigynous flowers/young fruits, no. NM-F 3286; d: Dahlergeniantus sp., hypogynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4495; e: Calathiocarpus sp., epigynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4631; f: Caryanthus sp. 1, ribbed fruit–nut of deltoid shape, no. NM-F 3208; g: Zlivifructus vachae, bisymmetrical flower with four tepals and four stamens, no. NM-F 3172; h: Taxon 3, ribbed fruit of Normapolles affinity, no. NM-F 3724. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron micrographs of Normapolles flowers/fruits from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a: Budvaricarpus serialis, aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by a common bract (br – bract, hp – hypanthium), no. NM-F 3160; b: Budvaricarpus sp., aggregation of laterally fused fruits supported by several bracts, no. NM-F 3619; c: Caryanthus trebecnsis, reproductive unit consists of three bisexual, epigynous flowers/young fruits, no. NM-F 3286; d: Dahlergeniantus sp., hypogynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4495; e: Calathiocarpus sp., epigynous flower with radial symmetry, no. NM-F 4631; f: Caryanthus sp. 1, ribbed fruit–nut of deltoid shape, no. NM-F 3208; g: Zlivifructus vachae, bisymmetrical flower with four tepals and four stamens, no. NM-F 3172; h: Taxon 3, ribbed fruit of Normapolles affinity, no. NM-F 3724.
Figs 20–31. Reproductive System. 20–22 in A morphological study on reproductive system of Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova Walker (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Figs 20–31. Reproductive System. 20–22, Semen pump, lateral view. 23–27. Vaginal apodeme and sternite IX. 28–31. Vaginal apodeme. 20. T. stackelbergi (after Salmela, 2012). 21. T. pruinosa (after Salmela, 2012). 22. T. pierrei (after Stary and Martinovsky, 1969). 23. T. stackelbergi (after Salmela, 2012). 24. T. chonsaniana (after Salmela, 2012). 25. T. freyana (after Salmela, 2012). 26. T. pruinosa (after Salmela, 2012). 27. T. moesta (after Salmela, 2012). 28. T. tephrocephala (after Frommer, 1963). 29. T. spernax (after Frommer, 1963). 30. T. furca (after Frommer, 1963). 31. T. tricolor (after Frommer, 1963).
Figs 12–19. Reproductive System. 12–16 in A morphological study on reproductive system of Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova Walker (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Figs 12–19. Reproductive System. 12–16. Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova. 17–19. Semen pump, dorsal view. 12. Cercus, caudal view. 13. Hypovalva, dorsal view. 14. Vaginal apodeme and sternite IX, dorsal view. 15. Female internal reproductive system. 16. Egg. 17. T. stackelbergi (after Salmela, 2012). 18. T. pruinosa (after Salmela, 2012). 19. T. pierrei (after Stary and Martinovsky, 1969). Scale bars: 12–13 = 1.0 mm, 14–15 = 0.5 mm, 16 = 0.25 mm.
Figs 1–7 in A morphological study on reproductive system of Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova Walker (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Figs 1–7. Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova. 1. Male hypopygium, lateral view. 2. Male hypopygium, caudal view. 3. Male tergite IX, dorsal view. 4. Inner gonostylus, lateral view. 5. Outer gonostylus, lateral view. 6. Semen pump, lateral view. 7. Semen pump, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1–2 = 1.0 mm; 3, 6–7 = 0.5 mm; 4–5 = 0.25 mm.
Figs 8–11 in A morphological study on reproductive system of Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova Walker (Diptera: Tipulidae)
Figs 8–11. Tipula (Yamatotipula) nova. 8. Male internal reproductive system. 9. Female internal reproductive system, lateral view. 10. Ovipositor, lateral view. 11. Ovipositor, dorsal view. Scale bars: 8, 10 = 0.5 mm; 9, 11 = 1.0 mm.
FAIR Data sharing à la FBM : garantie d'une recherche plus transparente et reproductible
<p>Nouveaux services développés à la FBM UNIL/CHUV pour répondre aux principes FAIR/ Open Research Data</p>
Reproductive compensation and selection among viable embryos drive the evolution of polyembryony
<p>Simple polyembryony -- where one gametophyte produces multiple embryos with different sires but the same maternal haplotype -- is common among vascular plants. We develop an infinite-site, forward population genetics model showing that together polyembryony's two benefits -- "reproductive compensation" achieved by providing a backup for inviable embryos, and the opportunity to favor the fitter of surviving embryos, can favor its evolution. Our model tests how these factors can favor the evolution of polyembryony, and how these underlying benefits of polyembryony shape the genetic load under a range of biological parameters. While these two benefits are difficult to disentangle in nature, we construct variant models of polyembryony that either only include or only exclude the opportunity for reproductive compensation. We find that reproductive compensation strongly favors the evolution of polyembryony, and that polyembryony is favored much more weekly in its absence, suggesting that the benefit of a backup embryo is a major force favoring polyembryony. Remarkably we find nearly identical results in cases in which mutations impact either embryo or post-embryonic fitness (no pleiotropy), and in cases in which mutations have identical fitness effects embryo or post-embryonic fitness (extreme pleiotropy). Finally, we find that the consequences of polyembryony depends on its function – polyembryony results in a decrease in mean embryonic fitness when acting as a mechanism of embryo compensation, and ultimately increases mean embryonic fitness when we exclude this potential benefit.</p>
Supplementary material 2 from: Bonnett G, Kushner J, Saltonstall K (2014) The reproductive biology of Saccharum spontaneum L.: implications for management of this invasive weed in Panama. NeoBiota 20: 61-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.20.6163
Proportion of seeds that germinated each week between September and December from samples taken at 12 sites. 100 seeds were germinated from each of three replicate samples and tested for germination in laboratory conditions. Results are presented as the mean and the error bar represents the standard error of the mean.
Supplementary material 1 from: Bonnett G, Kushner J, Saltonstall K (2014) The reproductive biology of Saccharum spontaneum L.: implications for management of this invasive weed in Panama. NeoBiota 20: 61-79. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.20.6163
The table gives the latitude and longitude, description and number of genotypes found among the 3 plants of Saccharum spontaneum tested from each of 22 Sites. Sites 1–12 were used to assess seed germinability through time.
Code to reproduce the figures in the paper 'Listener Preference for Different Reproduction Systems and Mixes in Popular Music'
<p>In this upload you find all the scripts and data you need in order to reproduce<br> the figure from the paper Wierstorf et al., "Listener Preference for Different<br> Reproduction Systems and Mixes in Popular Music" [1].</p> <p>Software Requirements<br> ---------------------</p> <p>For the statistic analysis you will need [python](https://www.python.org) and<br> [R](https://www.r-project.org). I have used python 3.5.2 and R 3.2.3 for<br> published analysis.</p> <p>Under R you need to install the [eba](https://cran.r-project.org/package=eba)<br> package, which implements the Bradley-Terry-Luce model. You can install it in R<br> by running `install.packages("eba")`.</p> <p>Under python you have to install pandas and numpy.</p> <p>Reproduce figures<br> -----------------</p> <p>All figures were plotted using gnuplot 5.0. Every figure folder has an<br> ``figXX.plt`` (replace ``XX`` by the figure number) file that you can execute<br> and you will get the resulting pdf file. For Fig. 5 up to Fig. 9, also a<br> ``figXX.sh`` file is provided, that will rerun the statistical analysis of the<br> data presented in the figures.</p> <p>References<br> ----------</p> <p>[1] H. Wierstorf, C. Hold, A. Raake, "Listener Preference for Different<br> Reproduction Systems and Mixes in Popular Music," J. Audio. Eng. Soc, submitted. <br> </p>
F I G U R E A 2 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)
F I G U R E A 2 Scopelogadus mizolepis ovarian development. Reproductive phases based on Table 1. Macroscopic development of female gonads (left panels) and histological cross-sections of ovaries (right panels). CA, cortical alveoli oocyte; GVM, germinal vesicle migration oocyte; nu, nucleus; PG, primary growth oocyte; Vtg1–3, primary to tertiary vitellogenic oocyte; yg, yolk granules; yv, yolk vesicle. Photography by A. Knorrn.
F I G U R E 2 in Reproductive biology of the electric lanternfish Electrona risso (Myctophidae) and the bigscale fishes Melamphaes polylepis and Scopelogadus mizolepis (Melamphaidae)
F I G U R E 2 Length–frequency distributions of (a) Electrona risso, (b) Melamphaes polylepis, and (c) Scopelogadus mizolepis by sex (upper panels, females; lower panels, males).
Reproductive data Fagus sylvatica: Widespread masting breakdown in beech
<p>Climate change effects on tree reproduction are poorly understood even though the resilience of populations relies on sufficient regeneration to balance increasing rates of mortality. Forest-forming tree species often mast, i.e. reproduce through synchronised year-to-year variation in seed production, which improves pollination and reduces seed predation. Recent observations in European beech show, however, that current climate change can dampen interannual variation and synchrony of seed production, and that this masting breakdown drastically reduces the viability of seed crops. Importantly, it is unclear under which conditions masting breakdown occurs, and how widespread breakdown is in this pan-European species. Here, we analysed 50 long-term datasets of population-level seed production, sampled across the distribution of European beech, and identified increasing summer temperatures as the general driver of masting breakdown. Specifically, increases in site-specific mean maximum temperatures during June and July were observed across most of the species range, while the interannual variability of population-level seed production (CVp) decreased. The declines in CVp were greatest where temperatures increased most rapidly. Additionally, the occurrence of crop failures and low-seed years has decreased during the last four decades, signalling altered starvation effects of masting on seed predators. Notably, CVp did not vary among sites according to site mean summer temperature. Instead, masting breakdown occurs in response to warming local temperatures (i.e. increasing relative temperatures), such that the risk is not restricted to populations growing in warm average conditions. As lowered CVp can reduce viable seed production despite the overall increase in seed count, our results warn that a covert mechanism is underway that may hinder the regeneration potential of European beech under climate change, with great potential to alter forest functioning and community dynamics.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.