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Fig. 5 in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Cluster analysis of fish abundance on mode Q, showing the three zones in the Paraíba do Sul river, in 1997/98. In x-axis = 1: Z I; 2: Z II; 3: Z III.

Fig. 4 in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Number of species per geometric classes (x 2) in the three zones of the rio Paraíba do Sul, in 1997/99.

Fig. 2 in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. ABC curves for fish species in the three zones of the rio Paraíba do Sul, in 1997/99. Round marks - abundance; triangle marks - biomass. ABC-indexes indicated for each zone.

Fig. 3. K in Effects of the proximity from an industrial plant on fish assemblages in the rio Paraíba do Sul, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. K-dominance curves for the fish species in the three zones of the rio Paraíba do Sul, in 1997/99.

Fig. 8 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 8. Cladogram of traditionally accepted phylogenetic relationships among Loricariidae subfamilies (modified from de Pinna, 1988: 304), showing the phylogenetic position of the studied loricariid species, an example of ecomorphological adaptive divergence in the studied riffles. According to Armbruster (2004), Ancistrinae is currently considered a distinct tribe within Hypostominae.

Fig. 7 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 7. Imparfinis minutus specimen sheltering itself from current among rocks in the riffles bottom, during daytime (photo: Ricardo M.C. Castro).

Fig. 5 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Characidium zebra specimen using its expanded and horizontally orientated paired fins to hold its position against the current in the riffles substrate, during daytime (photo: Ricardo M.C. Castro).

Fig. 4 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Cladogram of phylogenetic relationships among selected characiform fishes (modified from Buckup, 1998: 134), showing the phylogenetic position of the studied Characidiinae and Parodontidae species, an example of ecomorphological adaptive convergence in the studied riffles.

Fig. 3 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Dendrogram of ecomorphological relationships of the 14 resident fish species in the upper rio São Francisco studied riffles, southeastern Brazil.

Fig. 2 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 2. Projection of the two first principal components of the 14 resident fish species in the upper rio São Francisco studied riffles, southeastern Brazil: Astriv, Astyanax rivularis; Brystr, Bryconamericus stramineus; Brysp, Bryconamericus sp.; Chafas, Characidium fasciatum; Chazeb, Characidium zebra; Apaibi, Apareiodon ibitiensis; Parhil, Parodon hilarii; Cetihe, Cetopsorhamdia iheringi; Impmin, Imparfinis minutus; Rhaque, Rhamdia quelen; Trisp, Trichomycterus sp.; Hissp, Hisonotus sp.; Hypgar, Hypostomus garmani; Harsp, Harttia sp.

Fig. 1 in Testing the ecomorphological hypothesis in a headwater riffles fish assemblage of the rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. General view of the studied riffle stretch (20º30'S 46º50'W) in the upper rio São Francisco, southeastern Brazil (photo: Ricardo M.C. Castro).

Fig. 8 in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 8. Dorsal view of the posterolateral portions of the skull of Otothyropsis marapoama, Paratype, LIRP 5641, 29.0 mm SL. Arrows indicate the internal limits of the swimbladder capsule seen by transparency in c&s specimens. Note that supraoccipital contributes to dorsal wall of swimbladder capsule. Anterior at top.

Fig. 5. Otothyropsis marapoama, a in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 5. Otothyropsis marapoama, a) branchial skeleton in dorsal view, except for upper elements of right side in ventral view, anterior to top, paratype, LIRP 5641, 24.2.mm SL; b) Upper pharyngeal toothplate in lateral view, showing its reduced condition relative to fourth infra-pharyngobranchial, Anterior to left paratype LIRP 4621, 27.6 mm SL (see Schaefer, 1991, fig. 5 a, b and c for comparisons).

Fig. 6 in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 6. Skull of Otothyropsis marapoama, paratype LIRP 5641, 29.0 mm SL, in lateral view. Dermal plates of the dorsal snout anterior to the frontals removed. Anterior to right.

Fig. 3 in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 3. Skull of Otothyropsis marapoama, paratype, LIRP 5641, 29.0 mm SL, a) dorsal view; b) lateral view.

Fig. 1 in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 1. Otothyropsis marapoama, holotype, LIRP 5640, 38.5 mm SL. Brazil, São Paulo, rio Tietê basin, Município de Marapoama, ribeirão Cubatão, off the road between Marapoara and Elisiário (21º11'35"S 49º07'22"W). Dorsal (a), lateral (b), and ventral (c) views.

Fig. 7 in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 7. Comparative morphology of the compound pteroticsupracleithrum-posttemporal, a) Schizolecis guntheri, LIRP 555, 38 mm SL;, b) Otothyropsis marapoama, Paratype LIRP 5641, 29.0 mm SL, c) Pseudotothyris obtusa, LIRP 525, 27.4 mm SL, and d) Otothyris lophophanes, MZUSP 80205, 22 mm SL. Numbers 1 to 4 correspond to homologous fenestrae. Arrows indicate the homologous pores of the lateral line system. (I) opening of the preopercular latero-sensory canal and (II) opening of the posterolateral latero-sensory canal.

Fig. 4 in Description and relationships of Otothyropsis marapoama, a new genus and species of Hypoptopomatine catfish (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from rio Tietê basin, southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Otothyropsis marapoama, paratype, LIRP 5641, 29.0 mm SL, a) pectoral girdle and abdominal platelets in ventral view, anterior to top; b) basipterygium in dorsal view, anterior to top.

Fig. 4 in Two new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the rio Ribeira de Iguape Basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 4. Trichomycterus tupinamba, holotype, MZUSP 62382, 86.5 mm, dorsal view of the head. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 6 in Two new species of the catfish genus Trichomycterus (Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae) from the rio Ribeira de Iguape Basin, Southeastern Brazil

Fig. 6. Trichomycterus jacupiranga, holotype, MZUSP 67818, 57.4 mm, dorsal view of the head. Scale bar = 5 mm.