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336 results for “sparrow”
Data from: Extra-pair paternity and the variance in male fitness in song sparrows (Melospiza melodia)
The variance in fitness across population members can influence major evolutionary processes. In socially monogamous but genetically polygynandrous species, extra-pair paternity (EPP) is widely hypothesized to increase the variance in male fitness compared to that arising given the socially monogamous mating system. This hypothesis has not been definitively tested because comprehensive data describing males' apparent (social) and realized (genetic) fitness have been lacking. We used 16 years of comprehensive social and genetic paternity data for an entire free-living song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) population to quantify and compare variances in male apparent and realized fitness, and to quantify the contribution of the variances in within-pair and extra-pair reproductive success and their covariance to the variance in realized fitness. Overall, EPP increased the variance in male fitness by only 0-27% across different fitness and variance measures. This relatively small effect reflected the presence of socially unpaired males with zero apparent and low realized fitness, small covariance between within- and extra-pair reproductive success and large variance in within-pair reproductive success that was relatively unaffected by EPP. Therefore, although EPP altered individual males' contributions to future generations, its impact on population-level parameters such as the opportunity for selection and effective population size was limited.
Data from: Pre-basic molt, feather quality and modulation of the adrenocortical response to stress in two populations of Rufous-collared sparrows, Zonotrichia capensis
Molt is an energetically expensive process in which birds may allocate 25% or more of their body protein mass to the production of new feathers. Stressful events can interfere with feather growth via the adrenal hormone corticosterone, which is released in response to environmental stress. Corticosterone release, in turn, regulates gluconeogenesis which could directly inhibit protein synthesis and deposition during molt when feathers are growing, which potentially could reduce feather quality dramatically. Thus, many species suppress the adrenocortical stress response, and therefore maintain lower corticosterone levels during molt. In this study we assessed the relationship between plasma corticosterone levels and feather quality in rufous-collared sparrow inhabiting the valleys of the Atacama Desert – one of the most stable and aseasonal environments in the world, and in the semiarid and seasonal Fray Jorge National Park in the north of Chile. We tested two hypotheses; i) feather quality is positively related to the amount of corticosterone suppression during molt, relative to corticosterone levels during other life history stages; and, ii) feather quality is negatively related to the absolute levels of corticosterone. We found negative associations between corticosterone levels and feather quality. However, these effects were stronger in the Atacama Desert where birds showed minimal corticosterone suppression and overall low feather quality. Although we found better feather quality in Fray Jorge, corticosterone suppression in these birds was relatively low in comparison with other species inhabiting higher latitudes. It is possible that birds in a highly variable environment face a stronger trade-off between feather quality and the stress-response. Our results suggest that the strength of the trade-off between feather quality and corticosterone levels could be dependent on energetic demands, seasonality, and unpredictable events.
Data from: Song sparrows Melospiza melodia have a home-field advantage in defending against sympatric malarial parasites
Hosts and parasites interact on both evolutionary and ecological timescales. The outcome of these interactions, specifically whether hosts are more resistant to their local parasites (sympatric) than to parasites from another location (allopatric), is likely to affect the spread of infectious disease and the fitness consequences of host dispersal. We conducted a cross-infection experiment to determine whether song sparrows (Melospiza melodia) have an advantage in dealing with sympatric parasites. We captured birds from two breeding sites 437 km apart, and inoculated them with avian malaria (Plasmodium spp.) cultured either from their capture site or from the other site. Infection risk was lower for birds exposed to sympatric than to allopatric Plasmodium lineages, suggesting that song sparrows may have a home-field advantage in defending against local parasite strains. This pattern was more pronounced at one capture site than at the other, consistent with mosaic models of host–parasite interactions. Home-field advantage may arise from evolutionary processes, whereby host populations become adapted to their local parasites, and/or from ecological interactions, whereby host individuals develop resistance to the local parasites through previous immune exposure. Our findings suggest that greater susceptibility to novel parasites may represent a fitness consequence of natal dispersal.
Data from: Direct and indirect genetic and fine-scale location effects on breeding date in song sparrows
Quantifying direct and indirect genetic effects of interacting females and males on variation in jointly expressed life-history traits is central to predicting microevolutionary dynamics. However, accurately estimating sex-specific additive genetic variances in such traits remains difficult in wild populations, especially if related individuals inhabit similar fine-scale environments. Breeding date is a key life-history trait that responds to environmental phenology and mediates individual and population responses to environmental change. However, no studies have estimated female (direct) and male (indirect) additive genetic and inbreeding effects on breeding date, and estimated the cross-sex genetic correlation, while simultaneously accounting for fine-scale environmental effects of breeding locations, impeding prediction of microevolutionary dynamics. We fitted animal models to 38 years of song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) phenology and pedigree data to estimate sex-specific additive genetic variances in breeding date, and the cross-sex genetic correlation, thereby estimating the total additive genetic variance while simultaneously estimating sex-specific inbreeding depression. We further fitted three forms of spatial animal model to explicitly estimate variance in breeding date attributable to breeding location, overlap among breeding locations and spatial autocorrelation. We thereby quantified fine-scale location variances in breeding date and quantified the degree to which estimating such variances affected the estimated additive genetic variances. The non-spatial animal model estimated nonzero female and male additive genetic variances in breeding date (sex-specific heritabilities: 0·07 and 0·02, respectively) and a strong, positive cross-sex genetic correlation (0·99), creating substantial total additive genetic variance (0·18). Breeding date varied with female, but not male inbreeding coefficient, revealing direct, but not indirect, inbreeding depression. All three spatial animal models estimated small location variance in breeding date, but because relatedness and breeding location were virtually uncorrelated, modelling location variance did not alter the estimated additive genetic variances. Our results show that sex-specific additive genetic effects on breeding date can be strongly positively correlated, which would affect any predicted rates of microevolutionary change in response to sexually antagonistic or congruent selection. Further, we show that inbreeding effects on breeding date can also be sex specific and that genetic effects can exceed phenotypic variation stemming from fine-scale location-based variation within a wild population.
FIGURE 3 in Two new quill mite species of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata) parasitising the house sparrow Passer domesticus (L.) (Aves: Passeriformes)
FIGURE 3. Picobia passeri sp. nov., male. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.
FIGURE 1 in Two new quill mite species of the family Syringophilidae (Acari: Prostigmata) parasitising the house sparrow Passer domesticus (L.) (Aves: Passeriformes)
FIGURE 1. Picobia passeri sp. nov., female. A, dorsal view; B, ventral view.
Supplementary Tables of Whole Genome Sequencing and Assembly of the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus
<h2>Abstract</h2> <p>The common house sparrow, <em>Passer domesticus</em> is a small bird belonging to Passeridae. We provide here a high-quality whole genome sequencing and assembly for the house sparrow, The final genome assembly was made using a Shovill/SPAdes which consisted of contigs spanning 268193 bases. We employed rigorous statistical thresholds to check the coverage as the Passer genome showed considerable similarity with <em>Gallus gallus</em> (chicken) and <em>Taeniopygia guttata</em> (Zebra finch) genomes providing a functional annotation. This new annotated genome assembly will be a valuable resource as a reference for comparative and population genomic analyses of passerine, avian, and vertebrate evolution</p> <div> <p><strong>Significance</strong> Avian evolution has been of great interest in the context of extinction. Annotating the genomes such as Passerines would be a significant interest as we could understand the behavior/foraging traits and further explore their evolutionary landscape. In this work, we provide a full genome sequence of Indian house sparrow, <em>viz. Passer domesticus</em> which will serve as a useful resource in understanding the adaptability, evolution, geography, Allee effects and circadian rhythms.</p> </div>
Supplementary material 1 from: Martín-Forés I, Guerin GR, Lewis D, Gallagher RV, Vilà M, Catford JA, Pauchard A, Sparrow B (2024) Towards integrating and harmonising information on plant invasions across Australia. NeoBiota 92: 61-83. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.92.113013
Supplementary information
Microsatellite genotyping data for habitat-linked genetic structure for white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys): local factors shape population genetic structure
<p>Ecological, environmental, and geographic factors all influence genetic structure. Species with broad distributions are ideal systems because they cover a range of ecological and environmental conditions allowing us to test which components predict genetic structure. This study presents a novel, broad geographic approach using molecular markers, morphology, and habitat modelling to investigate rangewide and local barriers causing contemporary genetic differentiation within the geographical range of three white-crowned sparrow (<i>Zonotrichia leucophrys</i>) subspecies: <i>Z. l. gambelii, Z. l. oriantha, </i>and <i>Z. l. pugetensis</i>. Three types of genetic markers showed geographic distance between sampling sites, elevation, and ecosystem type are key factors contributing to population genetic structure. Microsatellite markers revealed white-crowned<i> </i>sparrows<i> </i>do not group by subspecies, but instead indicated four groupings at a rangewide scale and two groupings based on coniferous and deciduous ecosystems at a local scale. Our analyses of morphological variation also revealed habitat differences; sparrows from deciduous ecosystems are larger than individuals from coniferous ecosystems based on principal component analyses. Habitat modeling showed isolation by distance was prevalent in describing genetic structure, but isolation by resistance also had a small but significant influence. Not only do these findings have implications concerning the accuracy of subspecies delineations, they also highlight the critical role of local factors such as habitat in shaping contemporary population genetic structure of species with high dispersal ability.</p>
Fig. 1. A in Intersexual Size And Plumage Differences In Tree Sparrows (Passer Montanus) - A Morphological Study Based On Molecular Sex Determination
Fig. 1. A photography of the badge used for measurements; hatched area shows the badge area as measured with the image analyzing software (see text)
FIGURE 5 in Two new feather mite species of the family Analgidae (Acariformes: Analgoidea) from the Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes: Passerellidae)
FIGURE 5. Strelkoviacarus brasiliensis sp. nov., female. A—dorsal view, B—ventral view.
FIGURE 4 in Two new feather mite species of the family Analgidae (Acariformes: Analgoidea) from the Rufous-collared Sparrow Zonotrichia capensis (Müller, 1776) (Passeriformes: Passerellidae)
FIGURE 4. Strelkoviacarus brasiliensis sp. nov., male. A—dorsal view, B—ventral view.
Data from: Song structure, not high-frequency song content, determines high-frequency auditory sensitivity in nine species of New World sparrows (Passeriformes: Emberizidae)
1. The evolution of vocal signals can be constrained by a host of factors including habitat effects on sound propagation, morphology of sound-producing structures, and phylogenetic relationships among species. Here, we asked whether auditory sensitivity over a broad range of frequencies correlates with the spectral content of conspecific vocalizations, or whether it is constrained by the overall structure of vocalizations, habitat effects on sound propagation, or relatedness among species. 2. We studied nine New World sparrows (Passeriformes: Emberizidae) including three open-habitat species, three scrub-like habitat species, and three forest species. For each habitat, one species had pure trilled songs, another had tonal songs, and another had complex songs with tones, trills, and amplitude-modulated buzzes. 3. As predicted by the acoustic adaptation hypothesis, song spectral properties (specifically frequency and entropy) had the highest values in open-habitat species and the lowest values in forest species. 4. Based on our results from song analyses, and the sender-receiver matching hypothesis, we predicted that open-habitat species would be more sensitive to high-frequency sounds compared to forest species. Contrary to this prediction, habitat and high-frequency song content had little effect on audiogram shape. Song type, however, had a strong effect, with species that produce complex songs showing higher sensitivity to high-frequency sounds than all other species. 5. Our results suggest that the use of song frequency by receivers depends on song structure and not necessarily on song spectral content. Therefore, our current understanding of how signal-processing mechanisms should match signal properties appears to be too simple. When thinking about the evolution of signal-processing mechanisms, the multidimensionality of signals, and how the different dimensions can interact, should be considered.
Sequence structure mining, white browed sparrow weaver
<p class="BodyA">This dataset contains data for sequence analysis described in the paper: "Lemazina et al., (2021) The multifaceted vocal duets of White-browed sparrow weavers are based on complex duetting rules. Journal of Avian Biology, doi: 10.1111/jav.02703". </p> <p class="BodyA"><span>In our study, we recorded duet songs produced by six wild <i>P. mahali</i> pairs in South Africa. Our study further reveals the existence of answering rules in <i>P. mahali, </i>adhered to by both sexes. <a name="_Hlk59629153">Even though answering rules can be shared between pairs of different colonies, pair-specificity in ordering of syllable types within the most commonly used duet trains exists.</a> Most importantly, we found that a single answering rule was never used twice in one <i>P. mahali</i> duet song, but answering rules switched constantly, which contrasts the song structure in this species with the song structure of most other duetting bird species studied so far. </span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span>For sequence analysis, we used KOE (https://koe.io.ac.nz). Koe discoveres commonly-occurring transitions between syllables in a database using the cSPADE (<b>c</b>onstrained <b>S</b>equential <b>Pa</b>ttern <b>D</b>iscovery using <b>E</b>quivalence classes) algorithm (Zaki 2001). The credibility of sequence rules is asserted via the following factors: S<i>upport</i> (proportion of songs in the database that contain a certain sequence at least once), C<i>onfidence</i> (strength of association; the proportion of songs containing the syllable A that also contain the sequence A⇒B), and <i>Lift</i> (measure of the strength of the association relative to chance; ratio of the proportion of songs in which the transition A⇒B occurred versus the proportion of songs expected to contain the transition A⇒B by chance). <em>Chain length</em> referees to the number of items in the current squence, while <em>Count</em> refers to the occurance number of each particular sequence.</span></p> <p class="BodyA"><span>Our study further reveals the existence of answering rules in <i>P. mahali, </i>adhered to by both sexes. <a name="_Hlk59629153">Even though answering rules can be shared between pairs of different colonies, pair-specificity in ordering of syllable types within the most commonly used duet trains exists.</a> Most importantly, we found that a single answering rule was never used twice in one <i>P. mahali</i> duet song, but answering rules switched constantly, which contrasts the song structure in this species with the song structure of most other duetting bird species studied so far.</span></p>
Channel Islands song sparrow (Melospiza melodia) landscape genomics and adaptation to climate with gene flow dataset
<p>Disentangling the effects of neutral and adaptive processes in maintaining phenotypic variation across environmental gradients is challenging in natural populations. <span>Song sparrows (<i>Melospiza melodia</i>) on the California Channel Islands occupy a pronounced east-west climate gradient within a small spatial extent, providing a unique opportunity to examine the interaction of genetic isolation (gene flow) and the environment (selection) in driving variation</span>. We used reduced representation genomic libraries to infer the role of neutral processes (drift and restricted gene flow) and divergent selection in driving variation in thermoregulatory traits with an emphasis on the mechanisms that maintain bill divergence among islands. Analyses of 22,029 neutral SNPs confirm distinct population structure by island with restricted gene flow and relatively large effective population sizes, suggesting bill differences are likely not a product of genetic drift. Instead, we found strong support for local adaptation using 3,294 SNPs in differentiation-based and environmental association analyses coupled with genome-wide association (GWA) tests. Specifically, we identified several putatively adaptive and candidate loci in or near genes involved in bill development pathways (<i>e.g.</i>, <i>BMP</i>, <i>CaM</i>, <i>Wnt</i>), confirming the highly complex and polygenic architecture underlying bill morphology. Furthermore, we found divergence in genes associated with other thermoregulatory traits (i.e., feather structure, plumage color, and physiology). Collectively, these results suggest strong divergent selection across an island archipelago results in genomic changes in a suite of traits associated with thermal adaptation over small spatial scales. Future research should move beyond the study of univariate traits to better understand the multivariate adaptive responses to these complex climate regimes.</p>
Figure 3 from: Marshall AR, Couvreur TLP, Summers AL, Deere NJ, Luke WRQ, Ndangalasi HJ, Sparrow S, Johnson DM (2016) A new species in the tree genus Polyceratocarpus (Annonaceae) from the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. PhytoKeys 63: 63-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.6262
Figure 3 - SEM photograph of Polyceratocarpus askhambryan-iringae dried seed cross-section, showing spiniform ruminations.
Figure 2 from: Marshall AR, Couvreur TLP, Summers AL, Deere NJ, Luke WRQ, Ndangalasi HJ, Sparrow S, Johnson DM (2016) A new species in the tree genus Polyceratocarpus (Annonaceae) from the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. PhytoKeys 63: 63-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.6262
Figure 2 - Polyceratocarpus askhambryan-iringae drawings of A tree architecture B fresh fruits C fresh flower below D fresh ramiflorous flower buds E–F dry and fresh bisexual flower (one petal removed) G fresh bisexual flower above H dried stamens I–J fresh and dry carpels lacking stigmas K dried carpel with stigma, plus photographs of L fresh leaves M fruit and N flower. Drawings by Sue Sparrow, A by Andrew Marshall, E and K by Andrew Brown, from the following specimens: Marshall 2070 (B); Marshall 2117 (C-E and G-L) and Luke 11279 (F). Scale bars: 20 mm unless stated.
Figure 1 from: Marshall AR, Couvreur TLP, Summers AL, Deere NJ, Luke WRQ, Ndangalasi HJ, Sparrow S, Johnson DM (2016) A new species in the tree genus Polyceratocarpus (Annonaceae) from the Udzungwa Mountains of Tanzania. PhytoKeys 63: 63-76. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.63.6262
Figure 1 - Known distribution of Polyceratocarpus askhambryan-iringae in the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM). EAM boundary and forest cover (green) derived from Platts et al. (2011). Black boundaries within EAM boundary show protected areas. Pale green areas in the lower maps show degraded forest with canopy <10%.
Sparrow Link Neuromodulation Device for Opioid Withdrawal Management in Hospitalized Adults With Opioid Use Disorder
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07079826. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
A genome-wide linkage map for the house sparrow (Passer domesticus) provides insights into the evolutionary history of the avian genome
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