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Figures 22–24 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 22–24: Alexandrium margalefii, LM. (22) General outline of a cell. (23) An empty cell in ventral view showing 1′ and 6″ and the ventral pore (arrow) in the first apical plate (1′). (24) Hypotheca with plate tabulation.

Figures 12–19 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 12–19: Alexandrium globosum, LM. (12) Cell outline, with the central nucleus arrowed. (13, 14) Two different cells in ventro-lateral and ventral views, respectively, showing some plates of the epitheca and the sulcus. (15) Epitheca with plate tabulation, arrow indicates the location of the ventral pore in the first apical plate (1′). (16) Hypotheca showing plate tabulation. (17) Po plate. (18) Posterior sulcal plate (Sp). (19) Detail of some precingular, cingular and sulcal plates.

Figures 53–66 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figures 53–66: Alexandrium tamiyavanichii, LM and SEM. (53) Chain of 6 cells,LM. (54) Detail of two cells with cellular content of a chain, LM. (55) Cells in ventral view showing the anterior sulcal plate (Sa), LM. (56) Two cells slightly twisted in a chain, SEM. (57) Cell in ventral view showing plates of the ventral area, LM. (58) Empty cell in ventral view showing plate tabulation, the ventral pore is arrowed, LM. (59) Epitheca in ventro-lateral view with plate tabulation, the left sulcal list is arrowed, SEM. (60, 61) Hypotheca with plate tabulation and pore at the posterior sulcal plate (Sp),SEM.(62, 63) Po and plates around it; the ventral pore is arrowed, LM. (64) Posterior sulcal plate (Sp) with pore (arrow), LM. (65, 66) Anterior sulcal plate, LM.

Figure 71 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figure 71: Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from ITS sequences of Alexandrium. ML bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probabilities values are shown at branches. Bold letters indicate newly generated sequences in this study. Bootstrap values <50 and posterior probabilities <0.50 are not shown.

Figure 70 in Diversity and distribution of species of the planktonic dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium (Dinophyta) from the tropical and subtropical Mexican Pacific Ocean

Figure 70: Maximum-likelihood (ML) tree inferred from D1-D2 LSU rDNA sequences of Alexandrium. ML bootstrap and Bayesian posterior probabilities values are shown at branches. Bold letters indicate newly generated sequences in this study. Bootstrap values <50 and posterior probabilities <0.50 are not shown.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2024View details →

Seasonal orographic effect of North American Mountain Range at different levels and its remote control on tropical climate

<a name="OLE_LINK36"></a><a name="OLE_LINK37"></a><a name="OLE_LINK81"></a><a name="OLE_LINK6"></a>Orography significantly influences global climate patterns. <a name="OLE_LINK32"></a><a name="OLE_LINK33"></a>Previous studies show the North American Mountain Range (NAMR) impacts regional climates seasonally but have not thoroughly illustrated the seasonally different atmospheric responses in the lower and upper troposphere, respectively. Using the Community Earth System Model version 1.2 with a slab ocean configuration, we investigate the NAMR’s seasonal impacts by simulating scenarios with and without the mountain range. Our findings reveal that the NAMR induces contrasting responses in sea surface temperature (SST) and precipitation off California in different seasons, indicating different underlying mechanisms. Through analysis of large-scale circulation and local energy budgets, we find that in summer, the NAMR reinforces the North Pacific High causing SST cooling and drying off California. This cooling propagates to the equatorial Pacific via anomalous northeasterlies, influencing the Intertropical Convergence Zone and initiating a climatic signal through the Pacific Meridional Mode, which crosses the equator and affects Southern Hemisphere temperatures. In winter, the NAMR reduces wind speed and evaporation, leading to SST warming off California, amplified by SST-cloud feedback. In the upper troposphere, we observe seasonal shifts in jet stream patterns: during winter, a weakened, equatorward-shifted jet over the Pacific and a strengthened, poleward-shifted branch over the Atlantic; in summer, the jet stream intensifies over and downstream of the mountains while weakening upstream. Our research highlights distinct seasonal mechanisms by which the NAMR influence climate patterns, linking mid-latitude climate variations to equatorial, cross-hemispheric and global changes.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

Data and scripts for: Island geography drives evolution of rattan palms in tropical Asian rainforests

This repository contains data and scripts for the research paper "Island geography drives evolution of rattan palms in tropical Asian rainforests". Authors: Benedikt G. Kuhnhäuser, Christopher D. Bates, John Dransfield, Connie Geri, Andrew Henderson, Sang Julia, Jun Ying Lim, Robert J. Morley, Himmah Rustiami, Rowan J. Schley, Sidonie Bellot, Guillaume Chomicki, Wolf L. Eiserhardt, Simon J. Hiscock, William J. Baker Corresponding authors: <a href="mailto:b.kuhnhaeuser@kew.org">b.kuhnhaeuser@kew.org</a>, <a href="mailto:w.baker@kew.org">w.baker@kew.org</a> <h3> </h3> The repository contains the following data, scripts, supplementary figures, and supplementary tables: 1. Phylogenomic analyses - Alignments - Gene trees - Species trees - README file 2. Divergence time estimation - .xml files (containing both sequence data and analysis parameters) - dated trees - README file 3. Ancestral range estimation - input data - scripts - input data, intermediate data and scripts for the best model - README file 4. Downstream biogeographic analyses - input data - script - README file 5. Supplementary Figures 6. Supplementary Tables

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2024View details →

Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production and Emission Pathways in the Belowground and Draining Water Bodies of a Tropical Peatland Plantation Forest

This is the data repository for the second version (revised) of the manuscript "Methane and Carbon Dioxide Production and Emission Pathways in the Belowground and Draining Water Bodies of a Tropical Peatland Plantation Forest" submitted to Geophysical Research Letters on 10 January 2025.

dryad40/100

Data from: Environmental variation associated with topography explains butterfly diversity along a tropical elevation gradient

Few studies have evaluated the role of topography on the diversity patterns of biological communities along elevation gradients. We evaluated the influence of microclimate and vegetation structure associated with topographic variation on the richness and composition of species of different families of butterflies on a mountain located in a dry enclave (Chicamocha River Canyon) in the northern Andes, Colombia. We captured butterflies over four months at 18 elevations (300 to 1500 m a.s.l.) in two topographic positions (riverbed and hillslope) using an entomological net and traps baited with fermented fruit. In general, butterfly richness increased with elevation in both topographic positions. However, the richness-elevation relationship changed with butterfly family. The riverbed and hillslope sites host different assemblages of butterflies, and this pattern that was consistent for most families. In the riverbed, two sets of species are recognized along the elevation gradient (one below 700 m a.s.l. and the other above 1000 m a.s.l.), mainly owing to species replacement. On the hillslopes there was no clear pattern of grouping associated with elevation. Microclimate differences between the riverbed and hillslope sites along the elevation gradient were related to the vegetation structure and explained the variation in butterfly species composition. Our results highlight the role of topography not only by explaining the response of species richness and composition to environmental variation determined by elevation, but also as a factor that must be considered in the planning and management of biodiversity conservation in the mountains.

opencc-zeroNov 2021View details →

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Data from: Using model analysis to unveil hidden patterns in tropical forest structures

Data set of the article entitled: Using model analysis to unveil hidden patterns in tropical forest structures This data set gives the following structural attributes for 133 forest plots at 9 sites in the tropics: <ul> <li>tree density (ha-1)</li> <li>basal area (m2 ha-1)</li> <li>mean diametere (cm)</li> <li>equivalent diameter (cm)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 10-30 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 30-60 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees with dbh ≥ 60 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>aboveground dry biomass (Mg ha-1)</li> <li>fraction of the biomass of trees with dbh ≥ 60 cm</li> <li>weighted mean wood density (g cm-3)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 10-20 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 20-30 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 30-40 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 40-50 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 50-60 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 60-70 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 70-80 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 80-90 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 90-100 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 100-110 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 110-120 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees in the dbh class 120-130 cm (ha-1)</li> <li>density of trees with dbh ≥ 130 cm (ha-1)</li> </ul>

Fig. 7 in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 7. – Sabicea uniflora Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké. A. Flowering stem; B. Node and stipules. C. Inflorescence; D. Longitudinal section of flower; E. Inflorescence (corolla removed).

Fig. 6 in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 6. – Sabicea jongkindii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké. A. Flowering stem; B. Node and stipules; C. Node with inflorescences; D. Flower; E. Flower, longitudinal section; F. infructescence with two fruits. [A, C–D:Jongkind & Blyden 5349, WAG; B, E–F: Jongkind et al. 12457, BR] [Drawing: A. Fernandez]

Fig. 5 in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 5. – Sabicea ezangae Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké. A. Flowering stem; B. Detail of lower leaf surface; C. Node and stipules; D. Inflorescence; E. Flower; F. Flower, longitudinal section.

Fig. 4 in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 4. – Geographic distribution of Sabicea desseinii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké (circles), S. ezangae Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké (squares), S. jongkindii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké (triangles) and S. uniflora Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké (pentagon).

Fig. 1. – A. Sabicea desseinii Zemagho, O in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 1. – A. Sabicea desseinii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké: inflorescence; B. Sabicea desseinii: immature fruits; C. Sabicea desseinii: mature fruits; D. Sabicea ezangae Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké: flowering stem; E. Sabicea ezangae: detail of lower leaf surface; F. Sabicea ezangae: inflorescence. [A–B: Texier et al. 1895; C: Sonké & Simo 5004; D–F: Lachenaud et al. 1544] [Photos: A–B: N. Texier; C: B. Sonké; D-F: O. Lachenaud]

Fig. 3 in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 3. – Seeds of Sabicea spp. viewed in electron microscopy. A. Sabicea desseinii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké: entire seed; B. Sabicea desseinii: detail of seed surface; C. Sabicea jongkindii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké: entire seed; D. Sabicea jongkindii: detail of seed surface. [A–B: J. & A. Raynal 9859, P; C–D: Jongkind et al. 12457, BR] [Photos: I. van der Beeten]

Fig. 2 in Four new species of Sabicea (Rubiaceae) from tropical Africa, with additional notes on the genus

Fig. 2. – Sabicea desseinii Zemagho, O. Lachenaud & Sonké. A. Leafy stem; B. Inflorescence and portion of old stem; C. Longitudinal section of flower (short-styled); D. Fruit, lateral view (left) and cross-section (right). [A–C: J.J.F.E. de Wilde 7648A, WAG; D–E: Sonké et al. 2498, BRLU] [Drawing: S. Bellanger]

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2013View details →

Figs 26–33. Meoneura species, male genitalia. 26–29 in New Species And Records Of Meoneura Rondani, 1856 From The Old World Tropics (Diptera, Carnidae)

Figs 26–33. Meoneura species, male genitalia. 26–29 = M. biseta Deeming, male terminalia: 26 = abdominal sternites 3 to 5, ventral view, 27 = left surstylus in broadest extension, a sublateral, slightly subventral view, 28 = epandrium, basal part of hypandrium, right surstylus and contours of subepandrial sclerite laterally, 29 = postgonite in broadest extension (a sublateral view). 30–33 = M. nigrohalterata sp. n., paratype male: 30 = contours of epandrium, cerci and subepandrial sclerite, caudal view (subepandrial sclerite dashed, epandrial setae omitted), 31 = surstylus in broadest extension, sublateral view, 32 = same, inner (medial)

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2019View details →

Fig. 4 in Ikedosoma (Annelida: Echiura: Thalassematidae) from the Tropical Pacific, with Description of a New Species

Fig. 4. Ikedosoma sp. collected from Dam Bay, Nha Trang, Vietnam (CBM-ZW 1100). A, dorsal view of dissected trunk showing musculature (with aid of light box); B, magnified trunk wall showing two longitudinal muscle bands (marked by asterisks) and a continuous oblique muscle layer between them. Scales: A, 1 cm; B, 1 mm.