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Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis. Molecular analyses identified the specimens collected from CBW2 and CBW3 in Crassicaudiasis in three geographically and chronologically distant Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded off Brazil

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis. Molecular analyses identified the specimens collected from CBW2 and CBW3 as Crassicauda anthonyi, based on the ITS2 region, and supported by phylogenetic analysis. Analysis was performed by MEGA X 10.1 using the maximum likelihood method (1,000 bootstrap replicates) and included Habronema muscae as outgroup. GenBank accession numbers are listed along the species names. Branches with bootstrap support lower than 50% were collapsed. *Sequences obtained in this study.

Fig. 2 in Crassicaudiasis in three geographically and chronologically distant Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded off Brazil

Fig. 2. The kidneys are heavily infected (A [CBW-2], B [CBW-1]) by male and female adult Crassicauda sp., which penetrate the wall of the renicular calyces, ureters, and adjacent vasculature. (C) Renal granuloma (ex situ) with coiled (sectioned) adult Crassicauda nematode segments. (D) Posterior extremity of female (upper specimen) and male (lower specimen; characteristic coiled tail).

Fig. 1 in Crassicaudiasis in three geographically and chronologically distant Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded off Brazil

Fig. 1. Macroscopic features of arterial and renal crassicaudiasis in Cuvier's beaked whales (CBW; Ziphius cavirostris). (1) CBW-2. The mesenteric arteries (A, B) and caudal abdominal aorta (C) are hard, non-collapsible, tortuous, and dilated. Aa, abdominal aorta; Ma, mesenteric artery; Lu, lung.

Fig. 5 in Crassicaudiasis in three geographically and chronologically distant Cuvier's beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) stranded off Brazil

Fig. 5. Records of Crassicauda sp. in cetaceans stranded along the coast of Brazil including the three Cuvier beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris) from this study, a pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) (Carvalho et al., 2010), and a Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis) (Carvalho V.L., personal communication).

Fig. 4 in Feeding behavior and activity period of three Neotropical bat species (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) on Musa paradisiaca inflorescences (Zingiberales: Musaceae)

Fig. 4. Activity period of (A) two glossophagine species (Anoura caudifer + Glossophaga soricina) and Phyllostomus discolor on Musa paradisiaca inflorescence, and of (B) two approaching strategies (upside landing and hovering) performed by two glossophagine species in an orchard located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Fig. 3 in Feeding behavior and activity period of three Neotropical bat species (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) on Musa paradisiaca inflorescences (Zingiberales: Musaceae)

Fig. 3. Phyllostomus discolor (Wagner, 1843) with its wings completely open and its head directed toward the flowers performing the downside landing strategy on the banana inflorescence in an orchard located in the state of SÃo Paulo, Brazil. Photo: Wilson Uieda.

Fig. 2 in Feeding behavior and activity period of three Neotropical bat species (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) on Musa paradisiaca inflorescences (Zingiberales: Musaceae)

Fig. 2. Glossophaga soricina (Pallas, 1766) with its wings folded alongside the body performing the upside landing strategy on the banana inflorescence in an orchard located in the state of SÃo Paulo, Brazil. Photo: Wilson Uieda.

Fig. 1 in Feeding behavior and activity period of three Neotropical bat species (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) on Musa paradisiaca inflorescences (Zingiberales: Musaceae)

Fig. 1. Anoura caudifer (É. Geoffroy, 1818) with its snout partially inserted in floral tube performing the hovering strategy on the banana inflorescence in an orchard located in the state of SÃo Paulo, Brazil. Photo: Wilson Uieda.

Fig. 2 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 2. Percentage of Chironomidae larvae consumed by Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 in low, intermediate and high habitat complexities in the presence and in the absence of the piscivore Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829).

Fig. 4 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 4. Correlation between the percentages of Chironomidae larvae consumed by Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 and the percentage of individuals of M. forestii consumed by Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) in the all levels of habitat complexity.

Fig. 5 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 5. Conceptual scheme describing prey consumption by Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) and Moenkhausi forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 reported in this experimental study. Bold solid arrows represent trophic interactions and thin solid arrows represent direct effects. Dashed arrow represents indirect effects. Habitat complexity, represented by macrophytes density, affects prey capture strategy of H. unitaeniatus and indirectly affects invertivore foraging.

Fig. 1 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 1. The experimental design. The (A) axis represents habitat complexity [(a) low, (b) intermediate and (c) high] and the (B) axis represents the piscivore [(d) absence and (e) presence]. Numbers in the aquaria represent the number of replicates for each treatment combination.

Fig. 3 in Habitat complexity does not influence prey consumption in an experimental three-level trophic chain

Fig. 3. Percentage of Moenkhausia forestii Benine, Mariguela & C. de Oliveira, 2009 individuals consumed by Hoplerythrinus unitaeniatus (Spix & Agassiz 1829) in low, intermediate and high habitat complexities.

Fig. 11 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 11. Vertical displacement after circular and pressure-shaped curvilinear quadrilateral. A. Vertical displacement after a circular pressure. B. Vertical displacement after a pressure-shaped curvilinear quadrilateral with concave and convex alternate sides.

Fig. 10 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 10. Deformed mesh and vertical displacement in layer 1, scaled 20 times. A. Deformed small footprint, mesh after footfall (surface of layer 1); scaled up 20 times. B. Vertical displacements after footfall (surface of layer 1); scale in mm. C. Vertical displacements after footfall (surface of layer 2); scale in mm. D. Deformed mesh after the footfall (surface of layer 1); at true scale.

Fig. 9 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 9. Deformed mesh and vertical displacement in layer 2. A. Deformed big footprint, mesh after footfall (surface of layer 2); at true scale. B. Vertical displacements after the footfall (surface of layer 2); scale in mm.

Fig. 8 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 8. Deformed mesh and vertical displacement in layer 1. A. Deformed mesh after a footfall in a plastic layer 1; at true scale. B. Vertical displacement after the footfall (surface of the plastic layer 1); scale in mm.

Fig. 7 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 7. Results of the calculation model. A. Calculation model for big footprint after the footfall. B. Deformed mesh (at true scale) after the footfall (surface of layer 1). C. Detail of simulation model with phreatic level. D. Vertical displacement after the footfall (surface of layer 1); scale in mm. E. Position of the vertical section. F. Vertical displacements of the section shown in E.

Fig. 5. Track 95 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 5. Track 95 in layer VIII-B of the Miraflores I tracksite, Berriasian (Early Cretaceous), Soria, Spain, showing footprint section. Scale 120 mm.

Fig. 4. Tracks 86 and 95 in Three-dimensional elasto-plastic soil modelling and analysis of sauropod tracks

Fig. 4. Tracks 86 and 95 in the Miraflores I tracksite. A. Plan view of the autopod, without toe marks, that formed tracks 86 and 95; horizontal line indicates the zone where the section was made. B. Section of the track/ footprint to be reproduced, with mean values of the vertical displacements and measurements of thickness, both in mm.