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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Data from: Integration and modularity of teleostean pectoral fin shape and its role in the diversification of acanthomorph fishes
Phenotypic integration and modularity describe the strength and pattern of interdependencies between traits. Integration and modularity have been proposed to influence the trajectory of evolution, either acting as constraints or facilitators. Here, we examine trends in the integration and modularity of pectoral fin morphology in teleost fishes using geometric morphometrics. We compare the fin shapes of the highly diverse radiation of acanthomorph fishes to lower teleosts. Integration and modularity are measured using two-block partial least squares analysis and the covariance ratio coefficient between the radial bones and lepidotrichia of the pectoral fins. We show that the fins of acanthomorph fishes are more tightly integrated but also more morphologically diverse and faster evolving compared to non-acanthomorph fishes. The main pattern of shape covariation in non-acanthomorphs is concordant with the main trajectory of evolution between non-acanthomorphs and acanthomorphs. Our findings support a facilitating role for integration during the acanthomorph diversification. Potential functional consequences and developmental mechanisms of fin integration are discussed.
Data from: Disentangling the roles of natural selection and genetic drift in shaping variation at MHC immunity genes
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) forms an integral component of the vertebrate immune response, and, due to strong selection pressures, is one of the most polymorphic regions of the entire genome. Despite over 15 years of research, empirical studies offer highly contradictory explanations of the relative roles of opposing evolutionary forces, selection and genetic drift, acting on MHC genes during population bottlenecks. Here, we take a meta-analytical approach to quantify the results of studies into the effects of bottlenecks on MHC polymorphism. We show that the consequences of selection acting on MHC loci prior to a bottleneck event, combined with drift during the bottleneck, will result in overall loss of MHC polymorphism that is approximately 15% greater than loss of neutral genetic diversity. These results are counter to general expectations that selection should maintain MHC polymorphism, but do agree with the results of recent simulation models and at least two empirical studies. Notably, our results suggest that negative frequency-dependent selection could be more important than overdominance for maintaining high MHC polymorphism in pre-bottlenecked populations.
Data from: Body shape convergence driven by small size optimum in marine angelfishes
Convergent evolution of small body size occurs across many vertebrate clades and may reflect an evolutionary response to shared selective pressures. However it remains unclear if other aspects of phenotype undergo convergent evolution in miniaturized lineages. Here we present a comparative analysis of body size and shape evolution in marine angelfishes (Pomacanthidae), a reef fish family characterized by repeated transitions to small body size. We ask if lineages that evolve small sizes show convergent evolution in body shape. Our results reveal that angelfish lineages evolved three different stable size optima with one corresponding to the group of pygmy angelfishes (Centropyge). Then, we test if the observed shifts in body size are associated with changes to new adaptive peaks in shape. Our data suggest that independent evolution to small size optima have induced repeated convergence upon deeper body and steeper head profile in Centropyge. These traits may favour manoeuvrability and visual awareness in these cryptic species living among corals, illustrating that functional demands on small size may be related to habitat specialization and predator avoidance. The absence of shape convergence in large marine angelfishes also suggests that more severe requirements exist for small than for large size optima.
Data from: The perceptual shaping of anticipatory actions
Humans display anticipatory motor responses to minimize the adverse effects of predictable perturbations. A widely accepted explanation for this behavior relies on the notion of an inverse model that, learning from motor errors, anticipates corrective responses. Here, we propose and validate the alternative hypothesis that anticipatory control can be realized through a cascade of purely sensory predictions that drive the motor system, reflecting the causal sequence of the perceptual events preceding the error. We compare both hypotheses in a simulated anticipatory postural adjustment task. We observe that adaptation in the sensory domain, but not in the motor one, supports the robust and generalizable anticipatory control characteristic of biological systems. Our proposal unites the neurobiology of the cerebellum with the theory of active inference and provides a concrete implementation of its core tenets with great relevance both to our understanding of biological control systems and, possibly, to their emulation in complex artefacts.
Data from: Combining and Comparing Morphometric Shape Descriptors with a Molecular Phylogeny: The Case of Fruit Type Evolution in Bornean Lithocarpus (Fagaceae)
Fruit type in the genus Lithocarpus (Fagaceae) includes both classic oak acorns and novel modifications. Bornean taxa with modified fruits can be separated into two sections (Synaedrys and Lithocarpus) based on subtle shape differences. Following strict criteria for homology and representation, this variation in shape can be captured and the sections distinguished using elliptic Fourier or eigenshape analysis. Phenograms of fruit shape, constructed using restricted maximum likelihood techniques and these morphometric descriptors, were incorporated into combined and comparative analyses with molecular sequence data from the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA using branch-weighted matrix representation. The combined analysis strongly suggested independent derivation of the novel fruit type in the two sections from different acorn-like ancestors, while the comparative analysis indicated frequent decoupling between the molecular and morphological change as inferred at well-supported nodes. The acorn fruit type has undergone little modification between ingroup and outgroup, despite large molecular distance. Greater morphological than molecular change was inferred at critical transitions between acorn and novel fruit types, particularly for section Lithocarpus. The combination of these two different types of data improved our understanding of the macroevolution of fruit type in this difficult group and the comparative analysis highlighted the significant incongruities in evolutionary pattern between the two datasets.
Data from: Soil management shapes ecosystem service provision and trade-offs in agricultural landscapes
Agroecosystems are principally managed to maximize food provisioning even if they receive a large array of supporting and regulating ecosystem services (ESs). Hence, comprehensive studies investigating the effects of local management and landscape composition on the provision of and trade-offs between multiple ESs are urgently needed. We explored the effects of conservation tillage, nitrogen fertilization and landscape composition on six ESs (crop production, disease control, soil fertility, water quality regulation, weed and pest control) in winter cereals. Conservation tillage enhanced soil fertility and pest control, decreased water quality regulation and weed control, without affecting crop production and disease control. Fertilization only influenced crop production by increasing grain yield. Landscape intensification reduced the provision of disease and pest control. We also found tillage and landscape composition to interactively affect water quality regulation and weed control. Under N fertilization, conventional tillage resulted in more trade-offs between ESs than conservation tillage. Our results demonstrate that soil management and landscape composition affect the provision of several ESs and that soil management potentially shapes the trade-offs between them
Figure 5 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 5 Intersexual differences of antennal shape in B. troglobius illustrated using Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA). Position and size of the vectors' influence on a thin-plate spline deformation grid and illustration of the pattern of intersexual differences of antennal shape (white bars indicate females; grey bars indicate males).
Figure 2 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 2 Distribution of B. troglobius (yellow circle- Lazareva Pećina Cave, and purple circles- literature records of B. troglobius).
Figure 1 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 1 Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 A male photographed in Lazareva Pećina Cave B male C female. Photo credit: D. Antić (A), V. Vujić and B. Ilić (B, C). Scale bar: 1 mm (B, C).
Figure 7 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 7 Intersexual differences of leg shape in B. troglobius illustrated using Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA). Position and size of the vectors' influence on a thin-plate spline deformation grid and illustration of the pattern of intersexual differences of leg shape (white bars indicate females; grey bars indicate males).
Figure 3 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 3 Position of landmarks and semi-landmarks (3, 4, 6, 7, 9–12 on the picture of head) on the analysed morphological structures A antenna B head C leg.
Figure 6 from: Vujić V, Lučić L, Pavković-Lučić S, Ilić B, Jovanović Z, Makarov S, Dudić B (2020) Sexual size and shape dimorphism in Brachydesmus troglobius Daday, 1889 (Diplopoda, Polydesmida). In: Korsós Z, Dányi L (Eds) Proceedings of the 18th International Congress of Myriapodology, Budapest, Hungary. ZooKeys 930: 75-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.930.48285
Figure 6 Intersexual differences of head shape in B. troglobius illustrated using Canonical Variate Analysis (CVA). Position and size of the vectors' influence on a thin-plate spline deformation grid and illustration of the pattern of intersexual differences of head shape (white bars indicate females; grey bars indicate males).
Diversity and factors shaping bird species abundance in a hilly region of Makawanpur district, Nepal
<p>Birds play a major role in seed dispersal through pollination, nutrient cycle, and pest control. Understanding contributing factors (both ecological and anthropogenic), and their influence on the diversity of birds is crucial to sustain ecosystem balance and prosperity. We investigated the diversity and associated factors of bird species in a hilly region of Makawanpur district, Nepal. The field survey was conducted throughout the winter season (December-February 2021) using the point count method (radius=30 m). Within the study area, we established 22 sampling plots between the elevations of 431 m above sea level to 2503 m asl. We used generalized linear model to investigate the role of different factors in shaping the species richness pattern. A total of 1860 independent observations of 172 bird species were made during the study where the majority of the species were common and belonged to order Passeriformes. We observed a decrease in bird diversity with increase in elevation. The quantity of invasive plant species (IAPS) cover, disturbance and the slope of the area substantially impacted the diversity of bird species. Research on diversified bird species and their associations with many factors require a more detailed and long-term survey to investigate more species as well as other patterns and processes throughout the elevational gradient.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Identifying Neogobius species from the southern Caspian Sea by otolith shape (Teleostei: Gobiidae)
FIGURE 4. Linear regression between total length and otolith area in three species of Neogobius.
FIGURE 9. Geometric morphometric shape change vectors for Principal Component 1 in Silversides of the genus Labidesthes (Atheriniformes: Atherinopsidae)
FIGURE 9. Geometric morphometric shape change vectors for Principal Component 1.
Fig. 3. Shape PCA for exploring female variation within Anisopteromalus calandrae and A in Morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of Anisopteromalus Ruschka (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae) - an integrative approach
Fig. 3. Shape PCA for exploring female variation within Anisopteromalus calandrae and A. quinarius using all variables except gaster breadth. The analyses included three cultured laboratory strains for each OTU. (A) Scatterplot of first against second shape PC of A. calandrae: cross, strain Bamberg USA; plus signs, strain Savannah USA; open circles, strain Slough (ICSP) UK. (B) Scatterplot of first against second shape PC of A. quinarius: cross, strain Moscow (MSU) Russia; plus signs, strain Michurinsk Russia; open squares, strain Fresno USA. The variance explained by each shape PC is given in parentheses.
How Ethnic Discrimination Shapes Political Reintegration After War
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How is copepod functional diversity shaped by 2015-2016 El Niño and seasonal water masses in a coastal ecosystem of Southwest Atlantic?
<p>Figure S1: a) El Niño-Southern Oscillation episodes. Index values (Oceanic Niño Index - ONI) of +0.5 or higher indicate El Niño; values of -0.5 or lower indicate La Niña (dotted line). Transparent gray shade represents the period of interest (2014-2016), b) Pixel contour plots show satellite-based sea surface temperature monthly means in the Arvoredo MPA surroundings. Data visualization standard plots from the zooplankton time series adopted by SCOR WG125 (Mackas et al., 2012) and performed at http://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/copepod/.</p><p>Table S1 – Taxa code and functional traits of copepod species during the summer and winter of 2014, 2015, and 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA surroundings.</p><p>Table S2 – Total and mean abundance (ind. m-3), standard deviation (SD), relative abundance (RA %), and frequency of occurrence (FO %) of copepod species during the summer and winter of 2014, 2015, and 2016 in the Arvoredo MPA surroundings.</p><p> </p>
Leveraging Machine Learning for Size and Shape Analysis of Nanoparticles: A Shortcut to Electron Microscopy
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Supplementary material 1 from: Guo X, Liu X-Y, Jiang S-Y, Guo S-X, Wang J-F, Hu Y, Li S-M, Li H-M, Wang T, Sun Y-K, Li M-Y (2023) Allelopathy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions shape plant invasion outcomes. NeoBiota 89: 187-207. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.110737
Responses of the aboveground biomass of native plant species to the allelopathy (n = 10)
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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