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Fig. 2 in Age and growth of the four-spotted megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii Risso, 1810) from Saros Bay (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey)
Fig. 2: Blind side (a) otolith; ocular side (b) otolith and nucleus (N).
Fig. 1 in Age and growth of the four-spotted megrim (Lepidorhombus boscii Risso, 1810) from Saros Bay (Northern Aegean Sea, Turkey)
Fig. 1: Saros Bay and sampling stations.
Fig. 1 in Occurrence Of Dactylogyrus Infection Linked To Seasonal Changes And Host Fish Size On Four Cyprinid Fishes In Lake Manyas, Turkey
Fig. 1. Location of Lake Manyas in Northwest Turkey
Fig. 14. – Memecylon iantarense R.D. Stone. A in Twenty-four new species of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) from Madagascar
Fig. 14. – Memecylon iantarense R.D. Stone. A. Flowering branch; B. Leaf; C. Floral bud; D. Fruit.
Fig. 1. – Memecylon albocoronatum R.D. Stone. A in Twenty-four new species of Memecylon (Melastomataceae) from Madagascar
Fig. 1. – Memecylon albocoronatum R.D. Stone. A. Fruiting branch; B. Leaf; C, D. Fruits.
Fig 2 in Four new species of Capsicum (Solanaceae) from the tropical Andes and an update on the phylogeny of the genus
Fig 2. Distribution of Capsicum species. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209792.g002
Ungulate herbivores promote beta diversity and drive stochastic plant community assembly by selective defoliation and trampling: From a four-year simulation experiment
<p>Ungulate herbivores shape grassland plant communities at multiple scales, ultimately affecting ecosystem function. However, ungulates have complex effects on grasslands, including defoliation, trampling, excreta return, and their interactions. Moreover, the effects of ungulate density on grasslands are regulated by these three mechanisms. Nevertheless, how these three mechanisms affect biodiversity at multiple scales and community assembly remains poorly understood.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a 4-year novel field experiment to disentangle the effects of defoliation, trampling, and excreta return by ungulates on plant community assembly in a temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. This experiment set two different scenarios: moderate ungulate density (Moderate, characterised by selective defoliation and moderate trampling) and high ungulate density (Intense, characterised by non-selective defoliation and heavy trampling), including different combinations of defoliation, trampling, and excreta return in each scenario.</p> <p>We found that defoliation and trampling increased stochasticity in community assembly and promoted alpha and beta diversity under both scenarios. Specifically, defoliation promoted the coexistence of species with multiple resource acquisition strategies (higher functional trait diversity) by reducing interspecific competition; trampling tended to facilitate random species colonisation. Conversely, excreta return favoured grasses, promoting deterministic assembly and impacting species coexistence. Notably, selective defoliation in the moderate scenario led to a dominance of stochastic processes during community assembly, whereas non-selective defoliation still did not change the dominance of deterministic processes. Further, communities subject to selective defoliation were insensitive to changes in soil properties caused by trampling and excreta return, maintaining a high-level beta diversity and the stochastic of community assembly.</p> <p><em>Synthesis:</em></p> <p>Our study provides important insights into the mechanisms by which ungulate herbivores influence plant community assembly, suggesting that defoliation and trampling have the potential to drive stochastic processes, while excreta return plays the opposite role. Our study also suggests that selective foraging by ungulates acts as stronger stochastic forces during community assembly compared to non-selective defoliation. These results imply that considering ungulate feeding preferences and foraging behaviour in grassland management will help prevent biodiversity loss and biotic homogenisation.</p>
Fig. 47 in Four new species of the planthopper genus Catonidia Uhler, 1896 from China (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Achilidae)
Fig. 47. Geographic distributions of species of Catonidia Uhler, 1896.
Hainan four-eyed turtles actively select suitable stones to masquerade according to their own morphology
<p>Masquerade is a form of camouflage in which animals use their body size, shape, and coloration to resemble inanimate objects in their environment to deceive predators. However, there is a lack of experimental evidence to show that animals actively choose objects that match these body parameters. To explore how the Hainan four-eyed turtle, <em>Sacalia insulensis </em>masquerades using suitable stones, we used indoor video surveillance technology to study the preferences of juvenile <em>S. insulensis</em> for stones of different sizes, shapes, and colors. The results indicated that under normal conditions, during the day, juvenile <em>S. insulensis </em>preferred larger oval or round stones, while at night, they preferred oval stones that were closer to their own size, with no significant preference for stone color during either time. When disturbed (by a researcher swinging their arm back and forth above the experimental setup every hour to mimic a predator), the turtles showed a preference for brown stones that were closer to their size and oval in shape. These findings suggest that juvenile <em>S. insulensis</em> prefer stones that resemble their carapace size and shape to masquerade when undisturbed, and that this preference is reinforced when they masquerade to reduce the risk of predation. The preference for stones that resemble their carapace color is significant only when there is a disturbance. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide evidence that vertebrates can selectively choose objects that resemble their own morphology for masquerading to reduce predation risk.</p>
Fig. 49 in The sumatrana species group of the genus Platyja with descriptions of four new species (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)
Fig. 49 – Male genitalia of Platyja sumatrana, Sumatra, Lebong Tandai. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Fig. 2. Four Ficus benjamina plants inside a in Host specificity studies on Gynaikothrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) associated with leaf galls of cultivated Ficus (Rosales: Moraceae) trees
Fig. 2. Four Ficus benjamina plants inside a collapsible cage.
Figure 125 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 125: Hottentotta trilineatus, dorsal view, female lectotype of Buthus eminii.
Figure 120 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 120: Hottentotta tamulus, dorsal view, female from India, Behr, Mongyo Dist., FKCP.
Figure 122 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 122: Hottentotta trilineatus, dorsal view, male from Kenya, Magadi, Lake Magadi env., FKCP.
Figure 117 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 117: Hottentotta tamulus, ventral view, female lectotype of Buthus tamulus gujaratensis.
Figure 127 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 127: Hottentotta zagrosensis, ventral view, male holotype.
Figure 114 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 114: Hottentotta tamulus, dorsal view, male lectotype of Buthus tamulus concanensis.
Figure 123 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 123: Hottentotta trilineatus, ventral view, male from Kenya, Magadi, Lake Magadi env., FKCP.
Figure 119 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 119: Hottentotta tamulus, dorsal view, male lectotype of Buthus tamulus sindicus.
Figure 113 in A revision of the genus Hottentotta Birula, 1908, with descriptions of four new species (Scorpiones, Buthidae)
Figure 113: Hottentotta stockwelli, sp. nov., ventral view, female holotype.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.