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opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURES 44–68 in Taxonomy and host-plant relationships of the psyllid genus Mitrapsylla (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae) in Brazil

FIGURES 44–68. Mitrapsylla spp., male terminalia, lateral view: 44–46, 48, 50–52, 55, 58, 60, 63. Paramere, outer surface; 53, 56, 59, 61, 64–68. Paramere, inner surface; 47, 49, 54, 57, 62. Distal segment of aedeagus. 44. M. melanothorax sp. nov.; 45. M. pterogynis sp. nov.; 46–47. M. holocalycis sp. nov.; 48–49. M. itacoatiara sp. nov.; 50. M. hamata sp. nov.; 51. M. securigera sp. nov.; 52–54. M. domahovskii sp. nov.; 55–57. M. halbertae sp. nov.; 58–59. M. machaerii sp. nov.; 60–62. M. clavata sp. nov.; 63–64. M. andirae sp. nov.; 65. M. itaparica sp. nov.; 66. M. soror sp. nov.; 67. M. cujabensis sp. nov.; 68. M. villosi sp. nov. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

opennotspecifiedNov 2020View details →

FIGURES 69–92 in Taxonomy and host-plant relationships of the psyllid genus Mitrapsylla (Hemiptera: Psylloidea: Psyllidae) in Brazil

FIGURES 69–92. Mitrapsylla spp., male terminalia, lateral view: 69, 71, 76, 77, 79, 81, 83–85, 87, 89, 91. Paramere, outer surface; 70, 72–75. Paramere, inner surface; 78, 80, 82, 86, 88, 90, 92. Distal segment of aedeagus. 69–70. M. periandrae sp. nov.; 71–72. M. aeschynomenis sp. nov.; 73. M. aurantia sp. nov.; 74. M. cubana Crawford; 75. M. didyma sp. nov.; 76. M. truncata sp. nov.; 77–78. M. brevigenis sp. nov.; 79–80. M. ceplaciensis (White & Hodkinson); 81–82. M. pterodontis sp. nov.; 83. M. ochra sp. nov.; 84. M. amazonica sp. nov.; 85–86. M. xanthoptera sp. nov.; 87–88. M. cassiae sp. nov.; 89–90. M. cuspidata sp. nov.; 91–92. M. pallida sp. nov. Scale bar = 0.05 mm.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Wolbachia infection in wild mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae): Implications for transmission modes and host-endosymbiont associations in Singapore

Background: Wolbachia are intracellular bacterial endosymbionts found in most insect lineages. In mosquitoes, the influence of these endosymbionts on host reproduction and arboviral transmission has spurred numerous studies aimed at using Wolbachia infection as a vector control technique. However, there are several knowledge gaps in the literature and little is known about natural Wolbachia infection across species, their transmission modes, or associations between various Wolbachia lineages and their hosts. This study aims to address these gaps by exploring mosquito-Wolbachia associations and their evolutionary implications. Methods: We conducted tissue-specific polymerase chain reaction screening for Wolbachia infection in the leg, gut and reproductive tissues of wild mosquitoes from Singapore using the Wolbachia surface protein gene (wsp) molecular marker. Mosquito-Wolbachia associations were explored using three methods— tanglegram, distance-based, and event-based methods—and by inferred instances of vertical transmission and host shifts. Results: Adult mosquitoes (271 specimens) representing 14 genera and 40 species were screened for Wolbachia. Overall, 21 species (51.2%) were found positive for Wolbachia, including five in the genus Aedes and five in the genus Culex. To our knowledge, Wolbachia infections have not been previously reported in seven of these 21 species: Aedes nr. fumidus, Aedes annandalei, Uranotaenia obscura, Uranotaenia trilineata, Verrallina butleri, Verrallina sp. and Zeugnomyia gracilis. Wolbachia were predominantly detected in the reproductive tissues, which is an indication of vertical transmission. However, Wolbachia infection rates varied widely within a mosquito host species. There was no clear signal of cophylogeny between the mosquito hosts and the 12 putative Wolbachia strains observed in this study. Host shift events were also observed. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the mosquito-Wolbachia relationship is complex and that combinations of transmission modes and multiple evolutionary events likely explain the observed distribution of Wolbachia diversity across mosquito hosts. These findings have implications for a better understanding of the diversity and ecology of Wolbachia and for their utility as biocontrol agents.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Taxon pulse dynamics, episodic dispersal, and host colonization across Beringia drive diversification of a holarctic tapeworm assemblage

Aim: We test the predictions of the Stockholm Paradigm, a synthesis of eco-evolutionary theory explaining the nature of faunal assembly, host range and parasite diversification. Faunal diversification and assembly, manifested in patterns of host colonization, co-adaptation and parasite speciation, is predicted to emerge as a consequence of alternating episodes of ecological disruption and stability. Specifically, for a diverse cestode genus (Arostrilepis), we evaluate the number and direction of Pleistocene dispersal events across Beringia, the number and relative timing of host colonization events, and the relationship between host and parasite biogeographic histories and associations through time. Location: Beringia and adjacent temperate to arctic biomes in North America and Eurasia. Taxon: Arostrilepis (Cyclophyllidea: Hymenolepididae) and its rodent hosts. Methods: Multi-locus phylogenetic reconstruction and biogeographic ancestral range estimation. Results: Arostrilepis lineages crossed Beringia eastward into North America a minimum of four times and westward into Asia twice in association with temporally disjunct geographic expansions of three major tribes of cricetid rodents (Arvicolini, Myodini, Lemmini). Inferences of ancestral host associations support at least nine instances of host-colonization involving shifts from one rodent tribe or family to another. Several previously unrecognized lineages of Arostrilepis are revealed. Main conclusions: Consistent with expectations of the Stockholm Paradigm, episodes of intercontinental dispersal were both frequent in the history of Arostrilepis and preceded a majority of inferred host-colonization events. Events of historical geographic expansion created numerous opportunities for development of novel host-parasite associations through ecological fitting, as parasites tracked historically conserved resources available across diverse host taxa. Beringia played a major role in shaping rodent/parasite assemblages by mediating dispersal between the northern continents during glacial episodes of the Pleistocene, rather than by serving as a zone of refugial isolation.

Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants

Adoption of novel host plants by herbivorous insects can require new adaptations and may entail loss of adaptation to ancestral hosts. We examined relationships between an endangered subspecies of the butterfly Euphydryas editha (Taylor's checkerspot) and three host plant species. Two of the hosts (Castilleja hispida, Castilleja levisecta) were used ancestrally while the other, Plantago lanceolata, is exotic and was adopted more recently. We measured oviposition preference, neonate preference, larval growth, and secondary chemical uptake on all three hosts. Adult females readily laid eggs on all hosts but favored Plantago and tended to avoid C. levisecta. Oviposition preference changed over time. Neonates had no preference among host species, but consistently chose bracts over leaves within both Castilleja species. Larvae developed successfully on all species and grew to similar size on all of them unless they ate only Castilleja leaves (rather than bracts) which limited their growth. Diet strongly influenced secondary chemical uptake by larvae. Larvae that ate Plantago or C. hispida leaves contained the highest concentrations of iridoid glycosides, and iridoid glycoside composition varied with host species and tissue type. Despite having largely switched to a novel exotic host and generally performing better on it, this population has retained breadth in preference and ability to use other hosts.

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Empirical evidence of different egg morphs that match host eggs in the brush cuckoo (Cacomantis variolosus)

One of the most efficient defences against obligate brood parasitism in birds is egg ejection, where a host recognises and removes the parasitic egg from the nest. This defence often selects for egg mimicry in parasitic species to reduce the likelihood of egg ejection. If a parasite uses multiple host species with distinctive egg types, this could lead to the evolution of egg gentes (host-specific egg types) in the parasite. There is observational evidence that the brood parasitic Brush Cuckoo (Cacomantis variolosus) might exhibit egg gentes, but there has been no objective study conducted to determine how closely eggs of this cuckoo species resemble those of its hosts from a bird's visual perspective. Using objective measurements to quantify egg appearance, we found that Brush Cuckoos exhibit at least two egg morphs that closely match the eggs of two of its primary hosts in colour, luminance and volume. While the determination of actual egg gentes in the Brush Cuckoo was beyond the scope of our study, our results are a first and necessary step in determining whether egg gentes might exist in this species. We suggest at least a third egg morph matching another primary host (or at least the genus of that host) might exist, but more data would be necessary to confirm this. Additionally, we provide a mechanism researchers can use to help distinguish between Brush Cuckoo eggs that are closely matched to their host eggs for future studies in this system.

Transcriptome-wide comparisons and virulence gene polymorphisms of host-associated genotypes of the cnidarian parasite Ceratonova shasta in salmonids

Ceratonova shasta is an important myxozoan pathogen affecting the health of salmonid fishes in the Pacific Northwest of North America. C. shasta exists as a complex of host-specific genotypes, some with low to moderate virulence, and one that causes a profound, lethal infection in susceptible hosts. High throughput sequencing methods are powerful tools for discovering the genetic basis of these host/virulence differences, but deep sequencing of myxozoans has been challenging due to extremely fast molecular evolution of this group, yielding strongly divergent sequences that are difficult to identify, and unavoidable host contamination. We designed and optimized different bioinformatic pipelines to address these challenges. We obtained a unique set of comprehensive, host-free myxozoan RNA-seq data from C. shasta genotypes of varying virulence from different salmonid hosts. Analyses of transcriptome-wide genetic distances and maximum likelihood multigene phylogenies elucidated the evolutionary relationship between lineages and demonstrated the limited resolution of the established Internal Transcribed Spacer marker for C. shasta genotype identification, as this marker fails to differentiate between biologically distinct genotype II lineages from coho salmon and rainbow trout. We further analyzed the datasets based on polymorphisms in two gene groups related to virulence: cell migration and proteolytic enzymes including their inhibitors. The developed SNP-calling pipeline identified polymorphisms between genotypes and demonstrated that variations in both motility and protease genes were associated with different levels of virulence of C. shasta in its salmonid hosts. The prospective use of proteolytic enzymes as promising candidates for targeted interventions against myxozoans in aquaculture is discussed. We developed host-free transcriptomes of a myxozoan model organism from strains that exhibited different degrees of virulence, as a unique source of data that will foster functional gene analyses and serve as a base for the development of potential therapeutics for efficient control of these parasites.

In vivo transcriptome of Lactobacillus acidophilus and colonization impact on murine host intestinal gene expression

Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM is a probiotic strain commonly used in dairy products and dietary supplements. Post-genome in vitro studies of NCFM thus far have linked potential key genotypes to its probiotic-relevant attributes including gut survival, prebiotic utilization, host interactions and immunomodulatory activities. To corroborate and extend beyond previous in vivo and in vitro functional studies, we employed a dual RNA-seq transcriptomic approach to identify genes potentially driving the gut fitness and activities of L. acidophilus NCFM in vivo, and in parallel, examine the ileal transcriptional response of its murine hosts during monocolonization. Spatial expression profiling of NCFM from the ileum through the colon revealed a set of 134 core genes that were consistently overexpressed during gut transit. These in vivo core genes are predominantly involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides, along with mucus-binding proteins and adhesion factors, confirming their functionally important roles in nutrient acquisition and gut retention. Functional characterization of the highly expressed major S-layer encoding gene established its indispensable role as a cell shape determinant and maintenance of cell surface integrity, essential for viability and probiotic attributes. Host colonization by L. acidophilus resulted in significant down-regulation of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and tight junction proteins. Genes related to redox signaling, mucin glycosylation and circadian rhythm modulation were induced, suggesting impacts on intestinal development and immune functions. Metagenomic analysis of NCFM populations post-colonization demonstrated the genomic stability of L. acidophilus as a gut transient and further established its safety as a probiotic and biotherapeutic delivery platform.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2020View details →

Experimental warming influences species abundances in a Drosophila host community through direct effects on species performance rather than altered competition and parasitism

Current global warming trends are expected to have direct effects on species through their sensitivity to temperature, as well as on their biotic interactions, with cascading indirect effects on species, communities, and entire ecosystems. To predict the community-level consequences of global change we need to understand the relative roles of both the direct and indirect effects of warming. We used a laboratory experiment to investigate how warming affects a tropical community of three species of Drosophila hosts interacting with two species of parasitoids over a single generation. Our experimental design allowed us to distinguish between the direct effects of temperature on host species performance, and indirect effects through altered biotic interactions (competition among hosts and parasitism by parasitoid wasps). Although experimental warming significantly decreased parasitism for all host-parasitoid pairs, the effects of parasitism and competition on host communities did not vary across temperatures. Instead, effects on host relative abundances were species-specific, with one host species dominating the community at warmer temperatures, independently of parasitism and competition treatments. Our results show that temperature shaped a Drosophila host community directly through differences in species’ thermal performance, and not via its influences on biotic interactions.

Co-infection best predicts respiratory viral infection in a wild host

1) The dynamics of directly transmitted pathogens in natural populations are likely to result from the combined effects of host traits, pathogen biology and interactions among pathogens within a host. Discovering how these factors work in concert to shape variation in pathogen dynamics in natural host – multi‐pathogen systems is fundamental to understanding population health. 2) Here, we describe temporal variation in incidence and then elucidate the effect of hosts trait, season, and pathogen co‐occurrence on host infection risk using one of the most comprehensive studies of co‐infection in a wild population: a suite of seven directly‐transmitted, viral and bacterial, respiratory infections from a four‐year study of 200 free‐ranging African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). 3) Incidence of upper respiratory infections was common throughout the study – five out of the seven pathogens appeared to be consistently circulating throughout our study population. One pathogen exhibited clear outbreak dynamics in our final study year and another was rarely detected. 4) Co‐infection was also common in this system. The strongest indicator of pathogen occurrence for respiratory viruses was, in fact, the presence of other viral respiratory infections. Host traits had minimal effects on odds of pathogen occurrence but did modify pathogen‐pathogen associations. In contrast, only season predicted bacterial pathogen occurrence. 5) Though a combination of environmental, behavioral, and physiological factors work together to shape disease dynamics, we found pathogen associations best determined infection risk. Our study demonstrates that, in absence of very fine‐scale data, the intricate changes among these factors are best represented by co‐infection.

Limits to host colonisation and speciation in a radiation of parasitic finches

Parasite lineages vary widely in species richness. In some clades, speciation is linked to the colonisation of new hosts. This is the case in the indigobirds and whydahs (Vidua), brood-parasitic finches whose nestlings mimic the phenotypes of their specific hosts. To understand the factors limiting host colonisation, and therefore speciation, we simulated the colonisation of a host using cross-fostering experiments in the field. Despite DNA barcoding suggesting that host species feed their chicks similar diets, nestling Vidua had low survival in their new host environment. Nestling Vidua did not alter their begging calls plastically to match those of the new hosts, and were fed less compared to both host chicks and to Vidua chicks in their natural host nests. This suggests that a key hurdle in colonising new hosts is obtaining the right amount rather than the right type of food from host parents. This highlights the importance of mimetic nestling phenotypes in soliciting feeding from foster parents and may explain why successful colonisations tend to be of hosts closely-related to the ancestral one. That non-mimetic chicks are fed less but not actively rejected by host parents suggests how selection from hosts can be sufficiently intense to cause parasite adaptation, yet sufficiently relaxed that parasitic chicks can sometimes survive in and colonise new host environments even if they lack accurate mimetic phenotypes. The difficulties of soliciting sufficient food from novel foster parents, together with habitat filters, likely limit the colonisation of new hosts, and therefore speciation, in this parasite radiation.

Supplemented nutrition decreases helminth burden and increases drug efficacy in a natural host-helminth system

Gastrointestinal helminths are common parasites of humans, wildlife, and livestock, causing chronic infections. In humans and wildlife, poor nutrition or limited resources can compromise individuals' immune response, predisposing them to higher helminth burdens. This relationship has been tested in laboratory models by investigating infection outcomes following reductions of specific nutrients. However, much less is known about how diet supplementation can impact susceptibility to infection, acquisition of immunity, and drug efficacy in natural host-helminth systems. We experimentally supplemented the diet of wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus) with high quality nutrition and measured resistance to the common gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus. To test whether diet can enhance immunity to reinfection, we also administered anthelmintic treatment at random in both natural and captive populations. Supplemented wood mice were more resistant to H. polygyrus infection, cleared worms more efficiently after treatment, avoided a post-treatment infection rebound, produced stronger general and parasite-specific antibody responses, and maintained better body condition. In addition, when applied in conjunction with anthelmintic treatment, supplemented nutrition significantly reduced H. polygyrus transmission potential. These results show the rapid and extensive benefits of a well-balanced diet and have important implications for both disease control and wildlife health under changing environmental conditions.

opencc-zeroJan 2021View details →

Data for: Immobilization of molecular catalysts on electrode surfaces using host–guest interactions

Anchoring molecular catalysts on electrode surfaces combines the high selectivity and activity of molecular systems with the practicality of heterogeneous systems. Molecular catalysts, however, are far less stable than traditional heterogeneous electrocatalysts, and therefore a method to easily replace anchored molecular catalysts that have degraded could make such electrosynthetic systems more attractive. Here, we apply a non-covalent 'click' chemistry approach to reversibly bind molecular electrocatalysts to electrode surfaces through host–guest complexation with surface-anchored cyclodextrins. The host–guest interaction is remarkably strong and enables the flow of electrons between the electrode and the guest catalyst. Electrosynthesis in both organic and aqueous media was demonstrated on metal oxide electrodes, with stability on the order of hours. The catalytic surfaces can be recycled by controlled release of the guest from the host cavities and readsorption of fresh guest.

FIGURE 3 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts

FIGURE 3. Species from the genus Triplumaria in drawings based from descriptions and redescriptions performed by other authors. A. T. acuticaudata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); B. T. alluvia (Ito et al. 2008); C. T. corrugata (Van Hovel et al. 1998); D. T. asiatica (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); E. T. selenica (Ito et al. 2010); F. T. fulgora (Ito et al. 2011); G. T. grypoclunis (Ito et al. 2008); H. T. hamertoni (Anette & Van Hoven, 1980); I. T. antis (Ito et al. 2011); J. T. harpagonis (Ito et al. 2011); K. T. dvoinoisi (Ito et al. 2011); L. T. izmirae (Gürelli & Ito, 2014); M. T. longinucleata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); N. T. doliiformis (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); O. T. suwako (Ito et al. 2011); P. T. sukuna (Ito et al. 2011); Q. T. solea (Ito et al. 2011); R. T. poljanskii (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); S. T. zuze (Ito et al. 2011); T. T. heterofasciculata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); U. T. ovina (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); V. T. irregularis (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995); W. T. nucleocaudata (Timoshenko & Imai, 1995). Ma: macronucleus; PK: paralabial kineties; PVP: perivestibular polybrachykinety; SP: skeletal plates; Ve: vestibulum. Bars: 100µm.

FIGURE 4. Part 2 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts

FIGURE 4. Part 2. Morphometric characterization of species which were described in the Cycloposthiidae family. The morphometric values shown in the figure refer to the mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values retrieved from the literature for each species. However, statistical data is not avalibable for all species. The species Carinoposthium caudatum, Cycloposthium plicatocaudatum and Prototapirella intestinalis were not included in the figure because their morphometric data are unavailable. 1Van Hoven et al. 1987; 2Ito et al. 2014; 3Buisson, 1923; 4Hsiung, 1930; 5Ito & Imai, 2000; 6Cunha & Muniz, 1927; 7Van Hoven et al. 1998; 8Thurston & Noirot-Timothée, 1973; 9Ito et al. 2016; 10Timoshenko & Imai, 1995; 11Ito et al. 2008; 12Ito et al. 2011; 13Hoare, 1937; 14 Gürelli & Ito, 2014; 15Ito et al. 2010.

FIGURE 4. Part 1 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts

FIGURE 4. Part 1. Morphometric characterization of species which were described in the Cycloposthiidae family. The morphometric values shown in the figure refer to the mean, standard deviation and minimum and maximum values retrieved from the literature for each species. However, statistical data is not avalibable for all species. The species Carinoposthium caudatum, Cycloposthium plicatocaudatum and Prototapirella intestinalis were not included in the figure because their morphometric data are unavailable. 1Van Hoven et al. 1987; 2Ito et al. 2014; 3Buisson, 1923; 4Hsiung, 1930; 5Ito & Imai, 2000; 6Cunha & Muniz, 1927; 7Van Hoven et al. 1998; 8Thurston & Noirot-Timothée, 1973; 9Ito et al. 2016; 10Timoshenko & Imai, 1995; 11Ito et al. 2008; 12Ito et al. 2011; 13Hoare, 1937; 14 Gürelli & Ito, 2014; 15Ito et al. 2010.

FIGURE 2 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts

FIGURE 2. Species of the genera Arachnodinella, Bozasella, Lavierella, Monoposthium, Phalodinium, Prototapirella, Tricaudalia, Trifascicularia e Tripalmaria in drawings based from descriptions and redescriptions performed by other authors. A. Arachnodinella noveni (Van Hoven et al. 1987); B. Monoposthium acanthum (Thurston & Noirot-Timothe, 1973); C. Monoposthium bracchium (Van Hoven et al. 1987); D. Monoposthium latus (Van Hoven et al. 1987); E. Monoposthium cynodontum (Ito & Imai, 2000); F. Monoposthium vulgaris (Van Hoven et al. 1987); G. Phalodinium digitalis (Van Hoven et al. 1987); H. Lavierella africana (Buisson, 1923); I. Lavierella klipdrifi (Van Hoven et al. 1987); J. Prototapirella clypeata (Buisson, 1923); K. Bozasella gracilis (Ito et al. 2014); L. Bozasella rhinocerotis (Buisson, 1923); M. Prototapirella fosseyi (Ito et al. 2016); N. Tricaudalia brumpti (Buisson, 1923); O. Tripalmaria dogieli (Hsiung, 1930); P. Prototapirella cristata (Buisson, 1923); Q. Prototapirella elephantis (Buisson, 1923); R. Prototapirella rwanda (Ito et al. 2016); S. Prototapirella gorillae (Ito et al. 2016); T. Prototapirella intestinalis (Anette & Van Hoven, 1980); U. Trifascicularia cycloposthium (Strelkow, 1939). AC: adoral ciliary; Cau: caudalia; Ma: macronucleus; SP: skeletal plate. Bars: 100µm.

FIGURE 1 in Checklist of Cycloposthiidae species (Ciliophora, Entodiniomorphida), with a brief review on taxonomy, morphology and hosts

FIGURE 1. Species of the genus Cycloposthium, in drawings based from descriptions and redescriptions performed by other authors. A. C. caudatum (Ito & Imai, 2000); B. C. elongatum (Ito & Imai, 2000); C. C. hydrochoeri (Ito & Imai, 2000); D. C. affinae (Hsiung, 1930); E. C. incurvum (Ito & Imai, 2000); F. C. edentatum (Strelkow, 1939); G. C. magnum (Cunha & Muniz, 1927); H. C. lenticularis (Ito & Imai, 2000); I. C. plicatocaudatum (Strelkow, 1939); J. C. compressum (Ito & Imai, 2000); K. C. piscicauda (Strelkow, 1939); L. C. bipalmatum (Ito et al. 2002); M. C. dentiferum (Strelkow, 1939); N. C. bursa (Ito & Imai, 2000); O. C. vorax (Cunha & Muniz, 1927); P. C. minutum (Ito & Imai, 2000); Q. C. scutigerum (Hsiung, 1930); R. C. ishikawai (Strelkow, 1939); S. C. corrugatum (Strelkow, 1939); T. C. cristatum (Ito & Imai, 2000). AC: adoral ciliary; Cau: caudalia; Ma: macronucleus; PVP: perivestibular polybrachykinety; SP: skeletal plate; Ve: vestíbulum. Bars: 100µm.

opennotspecifiedOct 2020View details →

FIGURES 1–6 in Thysanoptera host-plant associations, with an account of species living on Tamarix, and a new species of Lissothrips (Phlaeothripidae)

FIGURES 1–6. Lissothrips hemingi sp.n.: (1) Adult (female); (2) Adult (male); (3) Head and pronotum; (4) Meso, metanotum and pelta (female); (5) Meso and metanotum (male); (6) Antenna.