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3,709 results for “urbanization.”
Stress in the city: meta-analysis indicates no overall evidence for stress in urban vertebrates
<p>As cities continue to grow it is increasingly important to understand the long-term responses of wildlife to urban environments. There have been increased efforts to determine whether urbanization imposes chronic stress on wild animals, but empirical evidence is mixed. Here we conduct a meta-analysis to test whether there is, on average, a detrimental effect of urbanisation based on baseline and stress-induced glucocorticoid levels of wild vertebrates. We found no effect of urbanisation on glucocorticoid levels, and neither sex, season, life stage, taxon, size of the city nor methodology accounted for variation in the observed effect sizes. At face value our results suggest that urban areas are no more stressful for wildlife than rural or non-urban areas, but we offer a few reasons why this conclusion could be premature. We propose that refining methods of data collection will improve our understanding of how urbanization affects the health and survival of wildlife.</p>
Application of Different Building Representation Techniques in HEC-RAS 2-D for Urban Flood Modeling Using the Toce River Experimental Case
<p>The output of numerical simulation in HEC-RAS 2-D</p>
Public health and economic benefits of spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) in a peri-urban system
<p>Species that depend on anthropogenic waste for food can remove pathogens that pose health risks to humans and livestock, thereby saving lives and money. Quantifying these benefits is rare, yet can lead to innovative conservation solutions.</p> <p>To assess these benefits, we examined the feeding ecology and population size of peri-urban spotted hyenas (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>) in Mekelle, Ethiopia. We integrated these field data into a disease transmission model to predict: a) the number of anthrax and bovine tuberculosis (bTB) infections arising in humans and livestock from infected carcass waste, and b) the costs associated with treating these infections and losing livestock. We compared these public health and economic outcomes under two scenarios: a) hyenas are present, and b) the counterfactual, hyenas are absent.</p> <p>We estimated that hyenas annually remove 4.2% (207 tonnes) of the total carcass waste disposed of by residents and businesses in Mekelle. Furthermore, the scavenging behaviour of hyenas annually prevents five infections of anthrax and bTB in humans, and 140 infections in cattle, sheep and goats. This disease control service potentially saves USD 52,165 due to the treatment costs and livestock loss avoided.</p> <p><i>Synthesis and applications</i>. This human-hyena interaction in Ethiopia is evidence that large carnivores can contribute to human health and economy. To retain these benefits and maintain tolerance of hyenas, we recommend: introducing education programs to promote safe outdoor behaviour around hyenas, training watchdogs to alert residents of hyena presence, constructing bomas to protect livestock from hyena attacks, and preserving the hyenas' access to carcass waste to reduce their dependency on livestock predation. With humans and carnivores coming more frequently into contact, understanding and communicating how these species can benefit humanity will be critical to motivating human-carnivore coexistence worldwide.</p>
Urbanization mediates the effects of water quality and climate on a model aerial insectivorous bird
<p>Aerial insectivorous birds have experienced alarming population declines in eastern North America. Meanwhile, urbanization continues to increase rapidly, with urban land use comprising 69.4 million acres, or 3.6% of total land area, in the contiguous United States. Multiple environmental changes are associated with urbanization, including alterations to local climate, changes in habitat structure, and potential shifts in both terrestrial and emergent aquatic flying insects on which aerial insectivorous birds rely. Here, we investigated the linkages between urbanization, water quality, and Tree Swallow (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>) reproductive success and body condition at seven river-riparian sites representing urban and protected land use in Columbus, Ohio over five consecutive years (2014-2018). Tree Swallows at urban and protected sites relied on emergent aquatic insects for 37.4 and 30.8% (SD = 28.4 and 24.1%) of their nutritional subsidies, respectively. Despite the loss of environmental quality generally attributed to cities, Tree Swallows exhibited greater reproductive success in urban settings where climate was more amenable to egg and nestling survival, and the breeding season was longer. Urban-nesting Tree Swallows initiated laying 7.9 days earlier and fledged 35% more young per nest than those at protected sites. Multiple characteristics of urban sites appeared to drive these patterns, including differences in mean and extreme air temperatures and measures of water quality (e.g., water temperature, nutrient concentrations, turbidity). However, chronic effects of elevated Hg concentrations – which were 482% greater in adult swallow blood at urban sites than at protected sites where swallows exhibited a 17.4% lower trophic position – may disadvantage individuals in other ways. Further, although Tree Swallows are a good model aerial insectivore bird species, characteristics of urban landscapes that benefit Tree Swallows may not advantage other aerial insectivorous birds owing to differences in life-history and foraging strategies. These findings implicate urbanization, local climate, and water quality as important considerations in the conservation of aerial insectivorous birds.</p>
Selecting the Most Feasible Construction Phasing Plans for Urban Highway Rehabilitation Projects
<p>Despite the abundance of research that has aimed to understand the effects of highway work zones, very little definitive<br> information is available concerning the determination of work zone length (WZL). Quantitative studies that holistically<br> model WZL are very rare. To fill this gap, this study identifies critical factors affecting WZL and develops decision<br> support models that determine the optimal WZL in a balanced tradeoff between motorists’ inconvenience due to traffic<br> disruption and their opportunity cost. A high-confidence dataset was created by conducting a series of scheduling and<br> traffic simulations and analyses. The results revealed that traffic loading and work zone duration are critical factors,<br> with traffic loading at approximately 41,000 vehicles-per-day being an important benchmarking point. Based on these<br> findings, a decision support model was developed to determine the most feasible WZL. As the first of its kind, this<br> study will help state transportation agencies devise sounder construction phasing plans by providing a point of<br> reference when establishing WZL in a viable way to minimize traffic disruption during construction.</p>
Characteristics of wintertime VOCs in urban Beijing: composition and source apportionment
<p>Ambient measurement campaign took place during winter 2017 in Beijing, China. The sources of volatile organic compounds were disclosed measured by proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometers (PTR-ToF-MS). Ten VOC families showed clear dependence on the VOC concentration. The application of the novel positive matrix factorization receptor model enables the identification of anthropogenic and OVOC sources. Besides, a detailed comparison of VOC and OA source composition provided new proofs on SOA formation.</p>
Data from: Urbanization-driven climate change increases invertebrate lipid demand, relative to protein—a response to dehydration
<p>1. Climatic change alters not only animal energy balance, but also water balance, but this latter topic has received less attention. Water can be obtained through consumption of moist food and metabolism of dry food. The breakdown of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins can produce metabolic water. Metabolism of lipids produces large amounts of water, whereas excretion of nitrogenous waste related to protein metabolism requires water losses.</p> <p>2. Here we tested the hypothesis that climatic shifts associated with urbanization influences animal lipid demand relative to protein, due to shifts in water balance.</p> <p>3. We placed artificial diets high in lipid or protein, and either with or without supplemented water, at 16 pairs of sites along an urbanization gradient in Toledo, OH, USA.</p> <p>4. Lipid consumption, relative to protein, increased with urbanization and mean temperature, but water supplementation reduced the magnitude of this association. Ants were ~50% of the observed consumers.</p> <p>5. These results suggest that shifts in nutritional demand with climatic change are partially predictable from physiological first principles related to water balance and nutrient metabolism. Because ants and other arthropods play key roles in many food webs and ecosystems, increased demand for lipids with urbanization or climate change could have major consequences for ecosystem services (e.g. urban waste removal, seed predation). Overall, our results suggest that warming related to urbanization increases animal demand for lipids, in part to maintain water balance, and this could have important implications for both animal health and ecosystem services.</p>
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Sphaerotheca Günther, 1859 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the degraded urban ecosystems of Bengaluru, Deccan Plateau, India
FIGURE 3. (A) Sphaerotheca bengaluru sp. nov. and (B) S. breviceps in life from the type locality.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Sphaerotheca Günther, 1859 (Anura: Dicroglossidae) from the degraded urban ecosystems of Bengaluru, Deccan Plateau, India
FIGURE 1. Map showing type localities of extant species of Sphaerotheca in South Asia.
Thermal tolerance of Lasius americanus across urbanization and geographical gradients
<p class="CxSpFirst"><span>Cities are emerging as a new venue to overcome the challenges of obtaining data on compensatory responses to climatic warming through phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary change. In this review, we highlight how cities can be used to explore physiological trait responses to experimental warming and also how cities can be used as human-made space-for-time substitutions. We synthesized the current literature and found evidence for significant plasticity and evolution in thermal tolerance trait responses to urban heat islands. For those studies that reported both plastic and evolved components of thermal tolerance, we found evidence that both mechanisms contributed to phenotypic shifts in thermal tolerance, rather than plastic responses precluding or limiting evolved responses. Interestingly though, for a broader range of studies, we found that the magnitude of evolved shifts in thermal tolerance was not significantly different from the magnitude of shift in those studies that only reported phenotypic results, which could be a product of evolution, plasticity, or both. Regardless, the magnitude of shifts in urban thermal tolerance phenotypes was comparable to more traditional space-for-time substitutions across latitudinal and altitudinal clines in environmental temperature. We conclude by considering how urban-derived estimates of plasticity and evolution of thermal tolerance traits can be used to improve forecasting methods including macrophysiological models and species distribution modelling approaches. Finally, we consider areas for further exploration including sub-lethal performance traits and thermal performance curves, assessing the adaptive nature of trait shifts, and taking more full advantage of the environmental thermal variation that cities generate.</span></p>
Urban specialization reduces habitat connectivity by a highly mobile wading bird
<p>Background</p> <p>Mobile animals transport nutrients and propagules across habitats, and are crucial for the functioning of food webs and for ecosystem services. Human activities such as urbanization can alter animal movement behavior, including site fidelity and resource use. Because many urban areas are adjacent to natural sites, mobile animals might connect natural and urban habitats. More generally, understanding animal movement patterns in urban areas can help predict how urban expansion will affect the roles of highly mobile animals in ecological processes.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Here, we examined movements by a seasonally nomadic wading bird, the American white ibis (Eudocimus albus), in South Florida, USA. White ibis are colonial wading birds that forage on aquatic prey; in recent years, some ibis have shifted their behavior to forage in urban parks, where they are fed by people. We used a spatial network approach to investigate how individual movement patterns influence connectivity between urban and non-urban sites. We built a network of habitat connectivity using GPS tracking data from ibis during their non-breeding season and compared this network to simulated networks that assumed individuals moved indiscriminately with respect to habitat type.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that the observed network was less connected than the simulated networks, that urban-urban and natural-natural connections were strong, and that individuals using urban sites had the least-variable habitat use. Importantly, the few ibis that used both urban and natural habitats contributed the most to connectivity.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Habitat specialization in urban-acclimated wildlife could reduce the exchange of propagules and nutrients between urban and natural areas, which has consequences both for beneficial effects of connectivity such as gene flow and for detrimental effects such as the spread of contaminants or pathogens.</p>
Urban versus rural? The effects of residential status on species identification skills and connection to nature
<p>1. Urbanization and urban lifestyles increasingly disconnect people from nature in a process that was termed the 'extinction of experience'. This loss of human-nature interactions can undermine both cognitive (ecological knowledge) and affective (emotional connection to nature) relations to nature, further impacting capabilities to experience, care for, benefit from and act to protect nature. Yet, the extent to which the urban life influences both cognitive and affective relations to nature, remains poorly understood and research is confined to a few countries and cultures.</p> <p>2. We explored how cognitive and affective relations to nature can be related to people's childhood and current place of residency. We expected that urban dwellers, who have less opportunities to experience nature than their rural counterparts, will be less connected to nature and demonstrate lower ecological knowledge than their rural counterparts.</p> <p>3. We conducted four surveys in Israel, in urban and rural settings between 2015 and 2018 (N= 1706) to measure and compare (urban vs. rural) the following variables: (1) species identification skills (correctly identified); (2) familiarity (recognized), as two measures of cognitive relation with nature and (3) nature relatedness, as a measure of emotional connection to nature.</p> <p>4. The ability to identify common plant, bird and butterfly species was poor in general (Av.=3.83 out of 12), and lower for urban dwellers (Av.=2.48) compared to their rural counterparts (Av.=6.56). Differences in correct species identifications between urban and rural dwellers varied with taxa and peaked for butterflies (only 26 respondents managed to identify one species or more). We also identified an important gap between familiarity and species identification skills, especially for urban residents. Finally, people who currently live or used to live in rural areas during their childhood had higher scores of nature relatedness than their urban counterparts.</p> <p>5. Our results highlight that decreased opportunity to interact with nature reduces cognitive and affective relations to nature. Such reductions can affect the overall preferences for human-nature relationships and exacerbate a pervasive negative cycle that modifies relational values such as, care for nature, sense of belonging, place and identity that influence both humans well-being and environmental stewardship. </p>
Abundance of trees and seedlings, climatic, and soil variables in 36 20x20 m permanent plots in peri-urban Andean forests of Colombia
<p>The study was conducted on the Eastern Andean Cordillera of Colombia, in remnant forests occurring in the high-plain where Bogotá lies, one of the largest cities in Latin America. The high-plain covers an area of about 185,000 ha at an average altitude of 2600 meters above sea level (m a.s.l.). We selected six study sites, distributed in the Eastern and Western slopes of the mountain range that surrounds the high-plain, which exhibit different climatic and edaphic characteristics. Five of the sites were located in the suburban municipalities of Soacha (So), San Francisco (Sf), Guasca (Gu), Tabio (Ta), and the last one, Torca (To), located in a large forest fragment at the periphery of Bogotá. Sites were selected so that they encompassed both early- and late-successional or old-growth forest patches. <br> Within each site, we established three 20 m x 20 m plots in early-successional forests (E) and three 20 m x 20 m plots in late-successional (L) for a total of 36 permanent plots. Here, we present climatic and soil variables for each plot and also the abundances of all tree, shrub, palm, and tree-fern individuals with DAH> 5 cm included in each plot. For simplicity we refer to these as "trees" (-t). Within each plot, we additionally established four subplots of 2 m x 2 m, where we tagged and measured all seedlings> 5 cm in height and DAH ≤ 1 cm; we also present the abundances of the seedlings (-s).</p> <p>Vouchers were collected for each tree and seedling species or morphospecies and identified with the help of an expert botanist and using the resources of the herbarium of the Bogotá Botanical Garden (JBB). Vouchers specimens were stored at the herbarium of the Alexander von Humboldt Biological Resources Research Institute (FMB). Overall, we recorded Vouchers that were not identified to species were assigned a standardized morphospecies and were all included in the analyzes.</p>
Saproxylic insects and fungi in deciduous forests along a rural–urban gradient
<p>Urbanisation is increasing worldwide and is regarded a major threat to biodiversity in forests. As consequences of intensive human use, the vegetation structure of naturally growing urban forests and their amount of deadwood can be reduced. Deadwood is an essential resource for various saproxylic insects and fungi. We assessed the effects of urbanisation and forest characteristics on saproxylic insects and fungi. We exposed standardized bundles consisting of each three fresh-cut beech and oak branches in 25 forests along a rural–urban gradient in Basel (Switzerland). After an exposure of 8 months, we extracted the saproxylic insects for 10 months using an emergence trap for each bundle. We used drilling chips from each branch to determine fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs). 193,534 insect individuals emerged from the experimental bundles. Our study showed that the abundance of total saproxylic insects, bark beetles, longhorn beetles, total flies, moths and ichneumonid wasps decreased with increasing degree of urbanisation, but not their species richness. However, the taxonomic composition of all insect groups combined was altered by wood moisture of branches and that of saproxylic beetles was influenced by the degree of urbanisation. Unexpectedly, forest size and local forest characteristics had a minor effect on saproxylic insects. ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer of rDNA) analysis with fungal specific primers revealed a total of 97 fungal OTUs on the bundles. The number of total fungal OTUs decreased with increasing degree of urbanisation and was affected by the volume of naturally occurring fine woody debris. The composition of fungal OTUs was altered by the degree of urbanisation and pH of the branch wood. As a consequence of the altered compositions of saproxylics, the association between total saproxylic insects and fungi changed along the rural–urban gradient. Our study shows that urbanisation can negatively impact saproxylic insects and fungi.</p>
Caterpillar survival in the city: Attack rates on model lepidopteran larvae along an urban-rural gradient show no increase in predation with increasing urban intensity (Raw Data)
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Growing native plants in urban gardens is often promoted as a possible means of increasing lepidopteran populations. However, the efficacy of such efforts has not been well studied. Lepidopterans vary widely in their ability to survive in cities, and the few previous studies of caterpillar abundance or biomass across an urban-rural gradient have yielded mixed results. We placed clay caterpillar models in native plant gardens to assess whether the attack rate on these models varied with degree of urbanization (percent impervious surface within 1 km radius of each garden), and whether responses differed across predator taxa. We also examined how garden characteristics (plant biovolume density, plant species richness) affected probability of attack. Overall, attack rates on these models decreased with increasing impervious surface, although predator taxa varied in their sometimes complex responses. For parasitoid wasps, which accounted for 47% of all attacks, increasing biovolume density increased attack probability at impervious surface levels below 35%, but decreased the probability of attack at higher levels of impervious surface. In contrast, probabilities of attack by both predatory wasps and vertebrates decreased with increasing percent impervious surface, but did not vary with impervious surface for ants and spiders. Predation on caterpillars in urban gardens may be lower than in rural ones; however, this potential increase in survival may be a result of declines in some predator taxa, such as predatory wasps and insectivorous birds. More studies across an urban gradient are needed to measure factors other than predation that influence caterpillar survival in gardens.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
FIGURE 4 in Meisterfeldia bitsevi-new testate amoeba of the family Cryptodifflugiidae Jung 1942 (Amoebozoa: Arcellinida) from the tree hollow in the urban park (Moscow Russia) with a key to species of the genus Meisterfeldia
FIGURE 4. Comparison of mean shell size of different species from the genus Meisterfeldia.
Positive long-term impacts of restoration on soils in an experimental urban forest
<p>As urbanization increases worldwide, so too are investments in nature-based solutions that aim to mitigate urban stressors and counter the impacts of global climate change. Tree planting on degraded urban lands—or afforestation—is one form of nature-based solution that has been increasingly implemented in cities around the world. The benefits of afforestation are, however, contingent on the capacity of soils to support the growth of planted trees, which poses a challenge in some urban settings where unfavorable soil conditions limit tree performance. Soil-focused site treatments could help urban areas overcome impediments to afforestation, yet few studies have examined the long-term (> 5 years) effects of site treatments on soils and other management objectives. We analyzed the impacts of compost amendments, interplanting with shrubs, and tree species composition (six species vs. two species) on soil conditions and associated tree growth in 54 experimental afforestation plots in New York City, USA. We compared baseline soil conditions to conditions after six years and examined changes in the treatment effects from one to six years. Site treatments and tree planting increased soil microbial biomass, water holding capacity, and total carbon and nitrogen and reduced soil pH and bulk density relative to baseline conditions. These changes were most pronounced in compost-amended plots, and the effects of the shrub and species composition treatments were minimal. In fact, compost was key to sustaining long-term changes in soil carbon stocks, which increased by 17% in compost-amended plots but declined in unamended plots. Plots amended with compost also had 59% more nitrogen than unamended plots, which was associated with a 20% increase in the basal area of planted trees. Improvements in soil conditions after six years departed from the initial trends observed after one year, highlighting the importance of longer-term studies to quantify restoration success. Altogether, our results show that site treatments and tree planting can have long-lasting impacts on soil conditions and that these changes can support multiple urban land management objectives.</p>
Data for: Female-biased sex ratios in urban centres create a fertility trap in post war Finland
<p>Because sex ratios are a key factor regulating mating success and subsequent fitness both across and within species, there is widespread interest in how population-wide sex ratio imbalances affect marriage markets and the formation of families in human societies. Although most modern cities have more women than men and suffer from low fertility rates, the effects of female-biased sex ratios have garnered less attention than male-biased ratios. Here, we analyze how sex ratios are linked to marriages, reproductive histories, dispersal and urbanization by taking advantage of a natural experiment in which an entire population was forcibly displaced during World War II to other local Finnish populations of varying sizes and sex ratios. Using a discrete time-event generalised linear mixed-effects model, and including factors that change across time, such as annual sex ratio, we show how sex ratios, reproduction, and migration are connected in a female-dominated environment. Young childless women migrated toward urban centers where work was available to women, and away from male-biased rural areas. In such areas where there were more females, women were less likely to start reproduction. Despite this constraint, women showed little flexibility in mate choice, with no evidence for an increase in partner age difference in female-biased areas. We propose that together these behaviours and conditions combine to generate an 'urban fertility trap' which may have important consequences for our understanding of the fertility dynamics of today including the current fertility decline across the developed world.</p>
Data from: Anthropogenic disruption of the night sky darkness in urban and rural areas
The growing emissions of artificial light to the atmosphere are producing, among other effects, a significant increase of the night sky brightness (NSB) above its expected natural values. A permanent sensor network has been deployed in Galicia (northwest of Iberian peninsula) to monitor the anthropogenic disruption of the night sky darkness in a countrywide area. The network is composed of 14 detectors integrated in automated weather stations of MeteoGalicia, the Galician public meteorological agency. Zenithal NSB readings are taken every minute and the results are openly available in real time for researchers, interested stakeholders and the public at large through a dedicated website. The measurements allow one to assess the extent of the loss of the natural night in urban, periurban, transition and dark rural sites, as well as its daily and monthly time courses. Two metrics are introduced here to characterize the disruption of the night darkness across the year: the significant magnitude (m1/3) and the moonlight modulation factor (γ). The significant magnitude shows that in clear and moonless nights the zenithal night sky in the analysed urban settings is typically 14–23 times brighter than expected from a nominal natural dark sky. This factor lies in the range 7–8 in periurban sites, 1.6–2.5 in transition regions and 0.8–1.6 in rural and mountain dark sky places. The presence of clouds in urban areas strongly enhances the amount of scattered light, easily reaching amplification factors in excess of 25, in comparison with the light scattered in the same places under clear sky conditions. The periodic NSB modulation due to the Moon, still clearly visible in transition and rural places, is barely notable at periurban locations and is practically lost at urban sites.
Data from: Impacts of urbanization on insect herbivory and plant defences in oak trees
Systematic comparisons of species interactions in urban vs. rural environments can improve our understanding of shifts in ecological processes due to urbanization. However, such studies are relatively uncommon and the mechanisms driving urbanization effects on species interactions (e.g., between plants and insect herbivores) remain elusive. Here we investigated the effects of urbanization on leaf herbivory by insect chewers and miners associated with the English oak (Quercus robur) by sampling trees in rural and urban areas throughout most of the latitudinal distribution of this species. In performing these comparisons, we also controlled for the size of the urban areas (18 cities) and gathered data on CO2 emissions. In addition, we assessed whether urbanization affected leaf chemical defences (phenolic compounds) and nutritional traits (phosphorus and nitrogen), and whether such changes correlated with herbivory levels. Urbanization significantly reduced leaf chewer damage but did not affect leaf miners. In addition, we found that leaves from urban locations had lower levels of chemical defences (condensed and hydrolysable tannins) and higher levels of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) compared to leaves in rural locations. The magnitude of urbanization effects on herbivory and leaf defences was not contingent upon city size. Importantly, while the effects of urbanization on chemical defences were associated with CO2 emissions, changes in leaf chewer damage were not associated with either leaf traits or CO2 levels. These results suggest that effects of urbanization on herbivory occur through mechanisms other than changes in the plant traits measured here. Overall, our simultaneous assessment of insect herbivory, plant traits, and abiotic correlates advances our understanding of the main drivers of urbanization effects on plant-herbivore interactions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.