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FIGURE 4 in Antennal ultrastructure of Leptidea Billberg, 1820 (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae: Leptideini) and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 4 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea duponcheli. a. Antennal club ♂ (x150). b. Antennal club ♀ (x110). c. Distal antennomere that is equal to three (?) fused (arrow) ♂ (x300). d. Same as c but in ♀ (x300). e. Central sulcus ♂ (x1.00 k). f. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrow), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (m) (x5.00 k).
FIGURE 8. A in Antennal ultrastructure of Leptidea Billberg, 1820 (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae: Leptideini) and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 8. A photographic composition of the male antenna of Leptidea amurensis japona (x150). The arrow indicates the scaleless area on the antennal club.
FIGURE 5 in Antennal ultrastructure of Leptidea Billberg, 1820 (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae: Leptideini) and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 5 (a–f). Antennal club of Leptidea morsei. a. Antennal club ♂ (x200); b. Antennal club ♀ (x100); c. Distal antennomere that equals two fused ♂ (x350); d. Dorsal view of the distal antennomere ♀ (x300); e. Central sulcus ♂ (x750); f. Trichoid sensilla ♀ (arrows), surrounded by microtrichia m1 (x3.50 k).
FIGURE 6 in Antennal ultrastructure of Leptidea Billberg, 1820 (Pieridae: Dismorphiinae: Leptideini) and its taxonomic implications
FIGURE 6 (g–l). Sensilla of the antennal club of Leptidea amurensis amurensis. g. Trichoid sensilla ♂ (arrows) and microtrichia m1 (x5.00 k); h. Chaetic sensilla ♂ with bumps in the longitudinal grooves (arrows) and microtrichia m2 (m) (x4.00 k); i. Auriculate sensilla ♀ (arrow) (x8.50 k); j. Sc1 sensilla ♀ (arrow) (x11.00 k); k. Campaniform sensilla ♂ (arrow) (x7.00 k); l. Styloconic sensilla without stylus ♂ (arrow) (x5.50 k).
A new species of Eogruidae (Aves: Gruiformes) from the Miocene of the Linxia Basin, Gansu, China: Evolutionary and climatic implications
<p>Despite having one of the most robust fossil records within core-gruiform birds (rails, cranes, and allies), the biogeographic history of Gruidae (cranes) and key drivers of diversification within this group remain largely unknown. The Eogruidae of Eurasia represent some of the earliest known crane-like fossils. Here, we present description of a new species represented by a well-preserved specimen of a foot from the late Miocene (7–6.5 mya) Liushu Formation of Linxia Basin, Gansu, China. It is the only eogruid fossil that has been found in this formation and is the first eogruid known from northwest China. Linxia Basin is located along the margin of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, which allows for new insight into Miocene dispersal of the Eogruidae and potential climatological and geological connections. It is also the first specimen with an associated tarsometatarsus and nearly complete phalanges, including a claw, which provides further morphological information on this taxon. Referral of the new specimen to Eogruidae is based on extreme reduction of the trochlea of metatarsal II, which is most similar to the condition present in the eogruid subclade traditionally termed Ergilornithidae.</p>
Data from: Friction of Longmaxi shale gouges and implications for seismicity during hydraulic fracturing
<p>Longmaxi formation shales are the major target reservoir for shale gas extraction in the Sichuan Basin, southwest China. Swarms of earthquakes accompanying hydraulic fracturing are observed at depths typified by the Longmaxi formation. Mineral composition varies broadly through the stratigraphic section due to different depositional environments. The section is generally tectosilicate-poor and phyllosilicate-rich with a minor portion (~5 <i>wt</i>.%) the converse. We measure the frictional and stability properties of shale gouges taken from the full stratigraphic section at hydrothermal conditions. Velocity-stepping experiments were performed on representative shale gouges at <i>σ<sub>c</sub></i> = 60 <i>MPa</i>, <i>P<sub>f</sub></i> = 30 <i>MPa</i> and <i>T</i> =150 <i>℃</i>. Results show that the gouges are generally frictionally strong with friction coefficients spanning a range of 0.50-0.75. Two phyllosilicate+TOC-poor gouges exhibited higher frictional strength and velocity weakening behavior, capable of potentially unstable fault slips, while only velocity strengthening behavior was observed for the remaining phyllosilicate+TOC-rich gouges. These results confirm that the frictional and stability properties are mainly controlled by phyllosilicate+TOC content. Elevating the temperature further weakens the gouges and drives it towards velocity weakening. The presence of observed seismicity in majority velocity strengthening materials suggest the importance of the minority velocity weakening materials. We suggest a model where seismicity is triggered when high pore fluid pressures drive aseismic slip in the near-field and triggers seismic slip on adjacent faults. Our results have important implications in understanding the physics of earthquakes in Sichuan Basin and highlights the importance of identifying the location and characteristics of faults prior to hydraulic fracturing.</p>
The post-embryonic ontogeny of the early Cambrian trilobite Estaingia bilobata from South Australia: trunk development and phylogenetic implications
<p>Trilobites are one of the most diverse and abundant fossil groups from the early Palaeozoic, and as such are useful for answering important questions about early animal evolution, including developmental processes. Ontogenetic information for a large number of trilobite species has been published, but cases where multiple articulated specimens are known across the full range of developmental stages are rare. The early Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) Emu Bay Shale biota from Kangaroo Island (South Australia) is numerically dominated by trilobites, particularly articulated specimens of the ellipsocephaloid <i>Estaingia bilobata</i>, which are present in densities of >600 individuals per square metre on certain bedding planes. Here we describe the essentially complete post-embryonic ontogenetic series of <i>E. bilobata</i> from the Emu Bay Shale, and investigate patterns of growth relating to articulation and segmentation in this early Cambrian arthropod. <i>Estaingia bilobata</i> exhibits the hypoprotomeric mode of growth, with the epimorphic phase (the cessation of trunk segment generation) reached prior to the onset of the holaspid period. The meraspid pygidium had an extended equilibrium period where anterior segment release into the thorax was matched by sub-terminal segment generation. Previously undocumented morphological features of <i>E. bilobata</i>, including the hypostome and bispinose pleural tips in holaspides, are also described. The growth characteristics and morphological features of <i>E. bilobata </i>documented herein strengthen close phylogenetic relationships between the Estaingiidae, Ellipsocephalidae and Xystriduridae.</p>
Figure 3 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 3. Models: right lateral view. See Figure 2ı but skeleton scans/models are ordered from top to bottom. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g003
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 5. Muscle mass reconstruction method for M. caudofemoralis longus (see Methods); Carnegie specimen depicted. Dorsal and right lateral views are shown on topı and in the bottom row are caudal views of the right femur and then caudal vertebrae (8th and 17th). Red shaded volumes are the M. caudofemoralis longus reconstruction. Note a small space for M. caudofemoralis brevis (not reconstructed) is left around the ilium/sacrum and lateral to the CFL insertion. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g005
Figure 2 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 2. Models: cranial view. From left to right for each specimen: 3D scan of skeleton (not shown for Jane due to copyright issues)ı minimal modelı and maximal model. Not to scale. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g002
Figure 1 in A Computational Analysis of Limb and Body Dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with Implications for Locomotion, Ontogeny, and Growth
Figure 1. Modelling procedureı showing the Carnegie specimen. From left to rightı top to bottom these show the scannedı reconstructedı and straightened skeleton; the skeleton with elliptical hoops that define fleshy boundaries; the air spaces representing pharynxı sinusesı lungs and other airways including air sacs; and the final meshed reconstruction used for mass and COM estimates. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037.g001
COP21: Results and Implications for Pathways and Policies for Low Emissions European Societies
<p>This database contains national and global level modelling scenario results produced under the COP21:RIPPLES project <a href="https://www.cop21ripples.eu/">https://www.cop21ripples.eu/</a></p> <p>The data is also hosted in the IIASA RIPPLES Scenario Explorer <a href="https://data.ene.iiasa.ac.at/cop21ripples/#/login">https://data.ene.iiasa.ac.at/cop21ripples/#/login</a></p> <p>The National Determined Contributions (NDCs) provide important indications regarding the future GHG emissions and related policies, in relation to the international energy market, technological, economic, trade and financial context. This key information on the development trajectories of major economies is essential for EU policy development as it will determine the global context in which EU policies will evolve. Nevertheless, the NDCs adopt a medium-term horizon and do not provide all the required information to fully characterize the detailed energy system pathways that meet the Paris Agreement (PA) goals. NDCs therefore fall short of characterizing the global trajectories at a sufficiently granular and long-term perspective for informing EU policies.</p> <p>To close this knowledge gap, COP21:RIPPLES aims at analysing the underlying transformations required in the different sectors of the economy to meet the PA mitigation targets. To this purpose, COP21:RIPPLES uses existing scenarios as well as a number of new national and global scenarios. These new scenarios are not conceived themselves as an output of the project but rather as methodological tool to answer specific questions across different Work Packages. For description of the models and scenarios included in each Excel file, see the documentation "RIPPLES_ScenarioExplorer_Doc_v4.docx".</p> <p>For more information on these models and scenarios, see the COP21:RIPPLES Deliverables D2.6, D3.2 and D3.5.</p>
Data from: Behavioral constraints on local adaptation and counter-gradient variation: implications for climate change
<p>Resource allocation to growth, reproduction, and body maintenance varies within species along latitudinal gradients. Two hypotheses explaining this variation are local adaptation and counter-gradient variation. The local adaptation hypothesis proposes that populations are adapted to local environmental conditions and are therefore less adapted to environmental conditions at other locations. The counter-gradient variation hypothesis proposes that one population out performs others across an environmental gradient because its source location has greater selective pressure than other locations. Our study had two goals. First, we tested the local adaptation and counter-gradient variation hypotheses by measuring effects of environmental temperature on phenotypic expression of reproductive traits in the burying beetle, <i>Nicrophorus orbicollis</i> Say, from three populations along a latitudinal gradient in a common garden experimental design. Second, we compared patterns of variation to evaluate whether traits co-vary or whether local adaptation of traits preclude adaptive responses by others. Across a latitudinal range, <i>N. orbicollis</i> exhibits variation in initiating reproduction and brood sizes. Consistent with local adaptation, (1) beetles were less likely to initiate breeding at extreme temperatures, especially when that temperature represents their source range; (2) once beetles initiate reproduction, source populations produce relatively larger broods at temperatures consistent with their local environment. Consistent with counter-gradient variation, lower latitude populations were more successful at producing offspring at lower temperatures. We found no evidence for adaptive variation in other adult or offspring performance traits. This suite of traits does not appear to coevolve along the latitudinal gradient. Rather, response to selection to breed within a narrow temperature range may preclude selection on other traits. Our study highlights that <i>N. orbicollis</i> uses temperature as an environmental cue to determine whether to initiate reproduction, providing insight into how behavior is modified to avoid costly reproductive attempts. Furthermore, our results suggest a temperature constraint that shapes reproductive behavior.</p>
Data from: Fruit traits of pioneer trees structure seed dispersal across distances on tropical deforested landscapes: implications for restoration
<ol> <li>Pioneer trees with fleshy fruits are typically planted in restoration projects to attract frugivores as a mean to increase dispersal and accelerate forest regeneration. However, differences in fruit traits of pioneer trees can potentially influence dispersal and their restoration outcomes.</li> <li>Here we investigated the effects of bird and plant traits, and distance to forest fragments, on the seed rain using a tree-planting experiment replicated in 12 deforested sites in Brazil. Factors were fruit traits of pioneer trees (wind-dispersed, bird-dispersed with lipids or with carbohydrates, and controls) and distance (10, 50, 300 m) from forest fragments.</li> <li>We found that density and richness of birds and seeds decreased exponentially with distance from fragments, yet these effects were minor compared to the effects of fruit traits on the structure of the seed rain.</li> <li>Overall, plots with fleshy-fruited pioneers attracted much greater bird activity and seed dispersal than plots with wind-dispersal pioneers and the controls. For instance, plots with carbohydrate-rich fruits received more than twice the average species richness and density of birds and seeds of plots with lipid-rich pioneer trees, surpassing wind-dispersed pioneers by more than 80%, and controls by over 90%. Furthermore, the fruit trait treatments resulted in morphological shifts in the average traits of visiting birds. Significant differences in bill gape and flight capacities (wing-loading) were associated with the differences in the seed rain associated with each treatments.</li> <li> <i>Synthesis and applications</i>. Understanding how trait-matching processes mediating mutualistic seed dispersal by frugivores interact with distance-dependent dispersal limitation on deforested tropical landscapes is critical for improving forest restoration efforts. This is especially relevant in the context of applied nucleation. As shown here, avian seed dispersal can thus be manipulated in restoration projects in order to increase connectivity and speed up forest recovery and the provision of the multiple ecosystem services that follow forest succession.</li> </ol>
Experiments on granular flow behavior and deposit characteristics: implications for rock avalanche kinematics
<p>Seven excel files which includes the data supporting Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7, Figure 8, Figure 10, Figure 12 and Figure 14 is uploaded saparately.</p> <p>Data Set S1. Data supporting the relationship between flow height and time in Figure 5.</p> <p>Data Set S2. Data supporting normalized velocity profiles and normalized shear rate profiles in Figures 6(a)-6(d).</p> <p>Data Set S3(a). Data supporting the relationships between mean grain size and global shear rate in Figure 7(a).</p> <p>Data Set S3(b). Data supporting the relationships between mean grain size and Savage number in Figure 7(a).</p> <p>Data Set S4(a). Data supporting the relationships between depth averaged velocity and time in Figure 8(a).</p> <p>Data Set S4(b). Data supporting the relationships between depth averaged velocity and time in Figure 8(b).</p> <p>Data Set S4(c). Data supporting the relationships between mean grain size and equivalent friction coefficient in Figure 8(c).</p> <p>Data Set S5(a). Data supporting Figures 10(a) and 10(b).</p> <p>Data Set S5(b). Data supporting the relationships between relative flow height and λ in Figure 10(c).</p> <p>Data Set S5(c). Data supporting the relationships between relative flow height and λ in Figure 10(d).</p> <p>Data Set S6(a). Data supporting the velocity profiles in Figure 12(a).</p> <p>Data Set S6(b). Data supporting the relationships between global shear rate and equivalent friction coefficient in Figure 12(b).</p> <p>Data Set S7. Data supporting the relationships between normalized flow height and Savage number in Figure 14.</p>
FIGURE 13 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 13. Mesial dentary set morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. Ld2 of FMNH PR2081 (A), Rd2 of AMNH 5027 (B), Ld3 (C), and Ld4 (D) of FMNH PR2081, all in mesial view. E, Ld2 and Rd4 of BHI 3033 in labial and lingual views (arrows mark ends of distal (Ld2) and mesial (Rd4) carinae).
FIGURE 5 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 5. Premaxillary tooth morphology in Tyrannosaurus rex. A, idealized skulls of T. rex and Dromaeosaurus in palatal view, showing variation in snout shape (after Molnar, 1998, and Currie, 1995). B, photo trace of AMNH 5027 in palatal view showing labiolingual crown longaxis orientations (teeth are schematic; dashed line is sagittal plane). C, photo trace of Allosaurus (YPM 1333) in palatal view, showing morphology and carinae of Rpm2–5. D, right premaxilla of Majungatholus (FMNH PR 2100) in occlusal view.
FIGURE 4 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 4. Crown shape comparisons and variability profiles, with respect to tooth position, for CBR (A), CHR (B), and CA (C) of Tyrannosaurus rex. See methods for units. See Supplementary Data 1, www.vertpaleo.org/jvp/JVPcontents.html, for data. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
FIGURE 17 in Heterodonty in Tyrannosaurus rex: Implications for the taxonomic and systematic utility of theropod dentitions
FIGURE 17. Between-taxon comparisons of MAVG (A), DAVG (B), DSDI (C), and DAVG2 (D) for the theropods examined in this study (data from Smith et al., in press). See methods for units. Error bars equal +/− 1 standard deviation.
Fig. 10 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior
Fig. 10. Pneumatic sinuses in the braincase of tyrannosaurs in right rostroventrolateral view (left column) and caudal view (right column). Bone is rendered semitransparent, revealing pneumatic recesses, cranial endocast, vascular elements, and the endosseous labyrinth. A, Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117); B, Gorgosaurus libratus (ROM 1247); and C, the Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541). Scale bars = 5 cm.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.