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Fig. 3 in Molecular phylogenetics of the sucking louse genus Lemurpediculus (Insecta: Phthiraptera), ectoparasites of lemurs, with descriptions of three new species

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree based on concatenated cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI), elongation factor 1α (EF1α) and internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. Substitution models were TPM2u + F + I + G4 for COI, TIM2e for EF1α and F81 + F + I for ITS1. Values next to the branches indicate ultrafast bootstrap support. Tree scale is in substitutions/site. Abbreviations: L., Lemurpediculus.

Fig. 4 in Molecular phylogenetics of the sucking louse genus Lemurpediculus (Insecta: Phthiraptera), ectoparasites of lemurs, with descriptions of three new species

Fig. 4. Lemurpediculus zimmermanni, male, scanning electron micrographs: A, dorsal whole body. B, ventral whole body. Abbreviations sgp, subgenital plate; sp, spiracle; tc, tibiotarsal claw; tsp, thoracic sternal plate; vs, ventral head spike.

Fig. 1 in Molecular phylogenetics of the sucking louse genus Lemurpediculus (Insecta: Phthiraptera), ectoparasites of lemurs, with descriptions of three new species

Fig. 1. Sampling sites where cheirogaleids were trapped for collection of lice. Different colours/symbols correspond to the sampled host species/populations, with different shades of blue and green indicating different populations of M. murinus and M. gerpi, respectively. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 12 in Molecular phylogenetics of the sucking louse genus Lemurpediculus (Insecta: Phthiraptera), ectoparasites of lemurs, with descriptions of three new species

Fig. 12. Identifying morphological characters of male genitalia for previously described species of Lemurpediculus, A: Lemurpediculus petterorum Paulian, 1958. B: Lemurpediculus verruculosus (Ward, 1951). C: Lemurpediculus claytoni Durden et al., 2017. D: Lemurpediculus robbinsi Durden et al., 2017. E: Lemurpediculus madagascariensis Durden et al. (2018). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: as, accessory sclerite; ba, basal apodeme; p, paramere; ndomere; ps, pseudopenis.

Fig. 11. Lemurpediculus tsinamanpesotsae, A in Molecular phylogenetics of the sucking louse genus Lemurpediculus (Insecta: Phthiraptera), ectoparasites of lemurs, with descriptions of three new species

Fig. 11. Lemurpediculus tsinamanpesotsae, A: Ventral head of male Holotype, B: Thoracic sternal plate of Holotype male, C: Genitalia of male Holotype, D: Subgenital plate of female Allotype. Abbreviations: ae, anterior endomere; aen, aedeagal endomere; ba, basal apodeme; p, paramere; pe, posterior endomere; ps, pseudopenis.

Fig. 9. Lemurpediculus gerpi, A in Molecular phylogenetics of the sucking louse genus Lemurpediculus (Insecta: Phthiraptera), ectoparasites of lemurs, with descriptions of three new species

Fig. 9. Lemurpediculus gerpi, A: Ventral head of male Holotype, B: Thoracic sternal plate of Holotype male, C: Genitalia of male Holotype. Abbreviations: ae, anterior endomere; aen, aedeagal endomere; ba, basal apodeme; p, paramere; pe, posterior endomere; ps, pseudopenis.

Fig. 4 in Surveys on Baylisascaris procyonis in two of the three French wild raccoon populations

Fig. 4. Results of the analysis of the population genetic structure of raccoon roundworms in north-western Europe. The three genetic clusters were inferred by the program BAPS, taking geographic coordinates into account. Different colors represent different genetic populations. Pie charts represent the genetic populations of origin of the individuals and their size is indicative of the number of samples included. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 1 in Surveys on Baylisascaris procyonis in two of the three French wild raccoon populations

Fig. 1. Distribution of the raccoons sampled in zone A (program 1 green dots and program 2 purple dots), zone B (program 3, orange dots) and zone C (program 4, in pink dots). The red star-spot correspond to the raccoon found infected by Baylisascaris procyonis. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3 in Surveys on Baylisascaris procyonis in two of the three French wild raccoon populations

Fig. 3. Factorial correspondence analysis of the microsatellite-based genetic profiles of raccoons and raccoon roundworms from northwestern Europe. A) Raccoon populations were pre-defined based on the clustering results generated by the spatial version of program BAPS (see Fig. 2). Different colors represent different genetic populations. The colors and the populations correspond to those illustrated on the map in Fig. 2. The six animals that each formed a distinct genetic cluster were omitted from the plot. The percentage of the total variation explained by each of the three axes is indicated. B) Raccoon roundworm populations were pre-defined based on the clustering results generated by the spatial version of program BAPS (see Fig. 3A). Different colors represent different genetic populations. The colors and the populations correspond to those illustrated on the map in Fig. 4. The percentage of the total variation explained by each of the three axes is indicated. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Surveys on Baylisascaris procyonis in two of the three French wild raccoon populations

Fig. 2. Results of the analysis of the population genetic structure of raccoons in north-western Europe. The 11 genetic clusters were inferred by the program BAPS, taking geographic coordinates into account. The locations of six clusters that were each composed of a single individual are not shown. Different colors represent different genetic populations. Pie charts represent the genetic populations of origin of the individuals and their size is indicative of the number of samples included. The names of the genetic clusters are the same as those in (7) and (8). Inset: Focus on the clustering results from the region indicated by a black square in the main map. The arrow indicates the sampling location of the raccoon that was positive for B. procyonis. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

FIGURE 5 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis of 3D fixed and semi landmarks. 1, PC 1 vs PC 2; point size represents relative centroid size of specimen. 2-4, Landmark configuration of shape represented by low PC 1 score, typical of largest specimens, in dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, respectively. 5-7, Landmark configuration of shape represented by high PC 1 score, typical of smallest specimens, in dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, respectively.

FIGURE 4 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 4. Slice through volume rendering of Cryptolithus tesselatus (AMNH FI-101479), shown in dorsal view in inset. Red line in inset shows the orientation of the slice across the specimen. Bright white area is sediment trapped within the bilaminar structure of the cephalon. Blue arrows point to suture between upper and lower lamellae; red arrows point to fringe-pits.

FIGURE 1 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 1. Cephalon of Cryptolithus tesselatus (AMNH FI-101479) showing morphological terms used in this paper, following Whittington (1968) and Hughes et al. (1975). Concentric arcs are labeled according to their placement relative to the girder (expressed on the ventral side): E = external; I = internal. "Fringe-pits" are circled in yellow; the "F-pits" represent a subset of these interior to the labeled concentric arcs. Specimen is 6.6 mm long.

FIGURE 8 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 8. Length vs width of Cryptolithus tesselatus cephala, coded for the number of concentric arcs of fringe-pits expressed in each specimen. The first three concentric arcs (E, I1, and I2) are complete when first expressed. Based on clustering, I3 is likely completed over three molts, first by only 1-3 fringe-pits, then 8-10 fringe-pits, then 13-15 fringe-pits with the anteriormost in line with the 10th radial rows of fringe-pits in arcs E-I. The dataset includes the 23 2 specimens, which were CT-scanned as well as 31 additional silicified specimens from the collection; specimens that were CT-scanned are outlined in red. Arrows indicate the specimens shown in Figures 1 and 7. Inset in upper right corner is a magnified view of the specimens in the dashed box. The scaling component describing the relationship between length and width is 1.153 (1 = isometric growth).

FIGURE 7 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 7. Additions of fringe-pits associated with early meraspid stages of ontogeny in Cryptolithus tesselatus. 1, meraspid stage 2 showing two concentric arcs of fringe-pits, AMNH FI-101498, x35. 2, meraspid stage 2 showing two concentric arcs of fringe-pits, AMNH FI-101499, x35. 3, merapid stage 3 showing three concentric arcs of fringe-pits and first few fringe-pits of I3, FI-101496, x20. 4, later meraspid stage showing complete set of fringe-pits, AMNH FI- 101494, x15. Scale bars are 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 3. Placement of points defining patch on glabella. Points in red are redundant to fixed landmarks as described in the text and Appendix 2. After the surface landmarks were extracted using Landmark Editor, the redundant landmarks were removed from the final data file. Specimen shown is AMNH FI-101482; specimen is 7.1 mm long.

FIGURE 10 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 10. Allometry in the cranidia/cephala of other trilobite species as described by 2D geometric morphometrics. 1, Marrolithus bureaui, data from figure 5 of Delabroye and Crônier (2008), breakpoint shown is at 2.8, which was the best supported threshold model (Table 2). 2, Aulacopleura koninckii, data from figure 3 of Hong et al. (2014), breakpoint set at 2.0. 3, Triarthrus becki, data from figure 6 of Kim et al. (2002); breakpoint at 0.6. 4, Zacanthopsis palmeri, data from figure 13 of Hopkins and Webster (2009), breakpoint set at 0.8. 5, Haniwa quadrata, data from figure 5 of Park and Choi (2011b), breakpoint set at 1.4. 6, Liostracina tangwangzhaiensis, data from figure 3 of Park et al. (2014), breakpoint set at 1.55. 7, Apatokephalus latilimbatus, data from figure 4 of Park and Kihm (2015), breakpoint set at 0.85. 8, Olenellus gilberti, data from figure 23B of Webster (2015), breakpoint set at 1.0. Breakpoints are all in units of natural log of centroid size. Red lines = linear regression models; blue lines = threshold models.

FIGURE 2 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 2. Different views of 3D surface model rendering of Cryptolithus tesselatus showing placement of fixed landmarks. All landmarks are indicated at least once, with the exception of 11 (paired with 12). Unpaired landmarks = 17– 20; paired landmarks = 1–16, 21–23, 42; semi-landmarks along first internal list shown by dashed line and represented by landmarks 24–41. See Appendix 2 for full description of all landmarks. Surface reconstruction is of AMNH FI-101479.

FIGURE 9 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 9. Ontogeny of Cryptolithus tesselatus based on 2D geometric morphometrics. 1, Fixed landmarks consistently recognizable in dorsal view. Red dashed line shows curve described by first internal list along which were placed 21 semi-landmarks. Specimen shown is AMNH FI- 101479; specimen is 6.7 mm long. 2, Principal components analysis of 2D fixed- and semi-landmarks. Point size represents relative centroid size of specimen. Insets are deformation plots showing shapes represented by largest and smallest PC 1 values. 3, Allometric curve; amount of shape change represented by the Procrustes distance between each specimen and the smallest specimen. Red solid line = linear regression model; blue solid line = threshold model 1; thin black dashed line = threshold model 2; thick black dashed line = threshold model 3. Threshold model 1 is the best supported model (Table 1).

FIGURE 6 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 6. Allometric growth in Cryptolithus tesselatus. Size (x-axis) is represented by the natural log of centroid size. Change in shape (y-axis) is represented by the Procrustes distance between each specimen and the smallest specimen in the dataset; the Procrustes distances in this case represent the relative amount of change that specimens underwent during development. Red solid line = linear regression model; blue solid line = threshold model 1; thin black dashed line = threshold model 2; thick black dashed line = threshold model 3. Threshold model 1 is the best supported model.