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6,175 results for “Composite”
Script and results of the Bayesian analyses of environmental and phylogenetic effects of leaf composition
<p>These are the script and results of the Bayesian analysis of an article published in Ecology. In this study, we tested the suitability of biogeochemical niche hypothesis in a set of forestal tree rainforest species in a French Guiana forest. <span>Biogeochemical niche hypothesis (BN) aims to relate species/genotype elemental composition with its niche based </span>o<span>n the fact that different elements are involved differentially in distinct plant functions. </span></p> <p>These are the results of the models that allow us to analyze the effects of experimental independent variables (season, site and topography) on dependent variables (foliar traits) taking into account as random factors phylogeny of the distinct studied species and also taxonomy effects not linked to phylogeny such as convergence and divergence evolutive processes. <span>This script provides all the necessary information to conduct this type of analyses including the R-packages necessaries to conduct it.</span></p> <p><span>We observed strong legacy (phylogenic+species) signals in the species-specific foliar elemental composition (elementome) and, for the first time, provide empirical evidence for a relationship between species-specific foliar elementome and functional traits. Our study thus supports the BN hypothesis and confirm</span>s the<span> general niche segregation process through which the species-specific use of bio-elements drives the high levels of </span>a<span>-diversity in this tropical forest.</span></p>
Figure data of "Variation in chemical composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol in different rural, urban, and mountain environments"
<p>This dataset involves the data that is used for the figures in "Variation in chemical composition and volatility of oxygenated organic aerosol in different rural, urban, and mountain environments".</p>
Data from: Influence of abiotic and biotic factors on benthic marine community composition, structure and stability: a multidisciplinary approach to molluscan assemblages from the Miocene of northern Germany
<p><span>The Miocene mica-clay deposits of Groß Pampau (northern Germany) are well known for their diverse assemblages of marine mammals, particularly whales. Despite numerous systematic and biostratigraphic studies, an in-depth palaeoecological analysis of its diverse molluscan assemblages and a comprehensive palaeoenvironmental reconstruction are lacking. Here, we integrated new faunal, sedimentological, and geochemical data to reconstruct the marine palaeo-ecosystem of the late Miocene sedimentary succession of Groß Pampau, and to identify the drivers controlling the composition, ecological structure and temporal dynamics of its macrobenthic molluscan assemblages. Fossil evidence, coupled with analyses of clay mineral composition, grain size distribution, and geochemical data (total organic carbon, total nitrogen, δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>18</sup>O, δ<sup>15</sup>N of sediment and shells), suggest a warm-temperate, mesotrophic, low-energy, offshore marine setting mostly below storm wave base and a pronounced surface-to-bottom water temperature gradient. Low variability in sedimentological and geochemical signals indicates generally stable physico-chemical conditions, whereas occurrences of opportunistic species (<em>Varicorbula</em> <em>gibba</em>) point at </span><span>occasionally less favourable bottom conditions, possibly related to transient hypoxia</span><span>. Canonical correspondence analysis reveals that the distribution of molluscan assemblages correlates with total organic carbon and nitrogen content, suggesting organic matter availability at the seafloor as a controlling factor. A pattern of repetitive punctuated stasis of molluscan assemblages is defined by the temporal persistence in taxonomic and ecological composition, occasionally interrupted by shifts to a different faunal configuration. We suggest that both stable environmental conditions and biotic interactions, i.e. the top-down control exerted by carnivorous gastropods and environmental modification by ubiquitous burrowing deposit feeders, probably contributed to the observed temporal stability. Whereas comparison with Miocene molluscan assemblages of Gram, Denmark, revealed differences in the presence and relative abundance of genera, functional congruence indicates that offshore benthic ecosystems of the southern North Sea Basin functioned similarly.</span></p>
Composition variations in Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 solar cells: not a gradient, but an interlaced network of two phases
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Record efficiency in chalcopyrite-based solar cells Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)<sub>2</sub> is achieved using a gallium gradient to increase the band gap of the absorber towards the back side. Although this structure has successfully reduced recombination at the back contact, we demonstrate that in industrial absorbers grown in the pilot line of Avancis, the back part is a source of non-radiative recombination. Depth-resolved photoluminescence (PL) measurements reveal two main radiative recombination paths at 1.04 eV and 1.5-1.6 eV, attributed to two phases of low and high band gap material, respectively. Instead of a continuous change in the band gap throughout the thickness of the absorber, we propose a model where discrete band gap phases interlace, creating an apparent gradient. Cathodoluminescence and Raman scattering spectroscopy confirm this result.</p> <p>Additionally, deep defects associated to the high gap phase reduce the absorber performance. Etching away the back part of the absorber leads to an increase of one order of magnitude in the PL intensity, i.e., 60 meV in quasi Fermi level splitting. Non-radiative voltage losses correlate linearly with the relative contribution of the high energy PL peak, suggesting that reducing the high gap phase could increase the open circuit voltage by up to 180 mV.</p>
Elastic properties of fibre reinforced composites
<pre><code class="language-markdown">## Structure of the datasets The data set contains the transverse elastic properties of uni-directional composite materials with the following details. ### Datasets: D1, D2, D3 and D4 | | Dataset: D1 | Dataset: D2 | Dataset: D3 | Dataset: D4 | |----------------- |------------------------|-----------------------|------------------------|------------------------| | **vf** range | [25, 75] | [25, 75] | [10, 25] | [10, 25] | | **Ecr** range | [5, 250] | [250, 500] | [250, 500] | [5, 250] | | **X_train** shape| (80, 250, 256, 256, 1) | - | - | - | | **y_train** shape| (80, 250, 8) | - | - | - | | **X_test** shape | (40, 250, 256, 256, 1) | (20, 250, 256, 256, 1)| ( 6, 250, 256, 256, 1) | (15, 200, 256, 256, 1) | | **y_test** shape | (40, 250, 8) | (20, 250, 8) | ( 6, 250, 8) | (15, 200, 8) | Here, + vf: fibre volume fraction + Ecr: Elastic moduli contrast, the ratio of fibre elastic moduls to that of the matrix + Each of the label arrays contain 8 columns, which are + column index => label `0 => Vf`, Fibre volume fraction `1 => Em`, Matrix elastic modulus `2 => NUm`, Matrix Poisson's ratio `3 => Ef`, Fibre elastic modulus `4 => NUf`, Fibre Poisson's ratio `5 => E22/Em` `6 => E33/Em` `7 => G23/Gm` </code></pre> <p>rse elastic properties of uni-directional composite materials with the following details.</p>
compositional data for "Chromium isotope behavior during serpentinite dehydration in oceanic subduction zones"
<p>Table 1 refer to the Cr isotope results for the meta-serpentinite in this study. Table S1 shows the major and trace element compositions of the studied samples. Table S2 compiles the available Cr isotope compositions of low-grade serpentinites.</p>
Replication package for "Competition and Product Composition: Evidence from Hollywood"
<p>This replication package contains the data and the code to generate the results in "Competition and Product Composition: Evidence from Hollywood" by Joseph Kuehn and Ryan Lampe, to be published in the <em>International Journal of Industrial Organization</em>. </p>
High-time-resolution chemical composition and source apportionment of PM2.5 in northern Chinese cities: implications for policy
<p>Three real-time measurement campaigns were conducted in Xi’an, Shijiazhuang, and Beijing to investigate the chemical characteristics and source contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and explore the formation progress of heavy pollution for policy implications. Chemeical components of PM<sub>2.5</sub> including OA, NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup>, NH<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, Cl-, BC, and elements were monitored by Q-ACSM, AE33, and Xact, respectively. The results show that chemical compositions of PM<sub>2.5 </sub>in the three cities are all dominated by organic aerosol (OA) and nitrate (NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup>). And results of source apportionment analyzed by the hybrid environmental receptor model (HERM) show that the secondary nitrate plus sulfate contributed higher to PM<sub>2.5</sub> compared to other primary sources. Morevoer, the potential formation mechanisms of secondary aerosol in three cities were further explored by establishing the correlations between secondary nitrate plus sulfate and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC), and O<em><sub>x</sub></em> (O<sub>3</sub> + NO<sub>2</sub>). The results show that photochemical oxidation and aqueous-phase reaction were two important pathways of secondary aerosol fromation. Additionally, this study compared the changes in chemical composition and source contributions of PM<sub>2.5</sub> in past decades, and suggested that not only the activities of clean energy replacements for the rural household is urgently enhanced to reduce the primary source emissions in northern China, but also collaborative control ozone and particulate matter need to be contiouslty promoted to weaken the atmosphere oxidation capacity for reducing secondary aerosol formation.</p>
Database of the mechanical properties of FRP composites subjected to different environmental effects
<p>The database is established by collecting FRP aging test data from various published literature, with a uniform record format to ensure consistency. The database comprises two main categories: accelerated aging and natural aging. The recorded accelerated aging data were further sorted into five types: water immersion aging, alkaline solution aging, acidic solution aging, high-temperature aging, and ultraviolet radiation aging. </p>
Data from: Warming-induced functional shifts in the decomposer community interact with plant community compositional shifts to impact litter decomposition
<ol> <li>Climate warming is altering plant and soil microbial communities, with important implications for ecosystem processes like litter decomposition. As warming alters plant community composition, quality of litter will change. Further, shifts in microbial community activity and/or composition will alter microbial function. However, it is not yet completely understood how these shifts will interact to drive decomposition.</li> <li>We explored how changes in plant and microbial communities interact to influence litter decomposition using a 15-year-old grassland warming experiment. Previous studies within this system have shown that warming shifted the microbial community in ways that accelerate litter decomposition while simultaneously shifting the plant community in ways that may slow decomposition. Specifically, warming increased abundance of <em>Sorghastrum</em> <em>nutans</em>, while decreasing abundance of the previously dominant <em>Schizachyrium</em> <em>scoparium</em>. Using a series of lab-based microcosm experiments, we examined the rate at which eight common grasses and, separately, varying abundances of <em>S. nutans </em>and<em> S. scoparium </em>decomposed. Using litter and soil from the warming experiment, we then incubated soils from warmed or control plots with different abundances of <em>S. nutans </em>and<em> S. scoparium</em> in a reciprocal design.</li> <li>We found <em>S. nutans</em> to be the slowest-decomposing grass in our system. Further, decomposition slowed as <em>S. nutans</em> increased and <em>S. scoparium</em> decreased. When examining the interaction of plant and microbial communities, decomposition was generally greater early in our experiment as the relative abundance of <em>S. scoparium </em>increased. However, soil microbial community origin and litter composition interacted significantly. Specifically, decomposition increased with greater relative abundance of <em>S. scoparium</em> on soils derived from control plots, while litter composition did not shape rates of decomposition on soils from warmed plots. The influence of litter species on decomposition waned in the later stages of the experiment when decomposition was driven by microbial community origin.</li> <li>These results suggest that warming-induced changes in microbial community function may interact with changes in plant litter composition to mitigate the impacts of warming on rates of decomposition. This emphasizes the importance of considering concurrent warming-induced changes in both plant and microbial communities on ecosystem processes like decomposition.</li> </ol>
Kinesin and Myosin Motors Compete to Drive Rich Multi-Phase Dynamics in Programmable Cytoskeletal Composites
<p>Raw confocal microscopy data for '<strong>Kinesin and Myosin Motors Compete to Drive Rich Multi-Phase Dynamics in Programmable Cytoskeletal Composites' </strong></p>
TSOTSATable dataset: a dataset of food and its composition
<p>TSOTSATable dataset aims to be the reference Food Composition Table dataset. The current version contains tables extracted from papers published in the "Journal of Food Composition and Analysis". The tables extracted are annotated using FoodOn and Wikidata. Concerning the annotation of the scientific papers from which tables are extracted, we used Open Research Knowledge Graph, a Scholarly Knowledge Graph. The annotations involve Column Entity Annotation, Column Type Annotation, Column Property Annotation, Irrelevant Table Detection.</p>
Estimating Compositions and Nutritional Values of Seed Mixes based on Vision Transformers
<p>The cultivation of seed mixtures for local pastures is a traditional mixed cropping techniques of cereals and legumes for producing at a low production cost, a balanced animal feed in energy and protein in livestock systems. By considerably improving the autonomy and safety of agricultural systems, as well as reducing their impact on the environment, it is a type of crop that responds favorably both to the evolution of the European regulations on the use phyto-sanitary products, and the expectations of consumers who wish to increase their consumption of organic products. However, farmers find it difficult to adopt it because cereals and legumes do not ripen synchronously and the harvested seeds are heterogeneous, making it more difficult to assess their nutritional value. Many efforts therefore remain to be made to acquire and aggregate technical and economical references to evaluate to what extent the cultivation of seed mixtures could positively contribute to secure and reduce costs on herd feeding. The work presented in this paper proposes to evaluate recent deep learning techniques that could be transferred to an online or smartphone application to automatically estimate the nutritive value of harvested seed mixes to help farmers better managing the yield and thus engage them to promote and contribute to better knowledge of this type of cultivation. For this purpose, we have built an original image dataset containing 4,749 images of seed mixes, covering 11 seed varieties, with which we have compared 2 types of deep learning models. Our results highlight the potential of this method, and show that the best performing model is a recent state-of-the-art Vision Transformer pre-trained with self-supervision (BeiT). It allows an estimation of the nutritive value of seed mixtures with a coefficient of determination <span class="math-tex">\(R^2\)</span> Score of 0.91, which demonstrates the interest of this type of approach, for its possible use on a large scale.</p>
New insights on micro-scale variations of geochemical and oxygen isotope compositions in conodont and shark tooth bioapatite: Datasets
<p>The files contain the Research Data for the article entitled <strong>'New insights on micro-scale variations of geochemical and oxygen isotope compositions in conodont and shark tooth bioapatite'</strong>. A table of contents is provided. In summary, the files are: the raw geochemical data (scanning electron microscopy, electron microprobe analysis, stable isotope analysis), and profilometer images showing samples’ topography (please consult the README file) used in the referred article. The data normalisation was given as Supplementary Data in the publication. Any doubt or question about these are welcomed by me (Zoneibe Luz) for discussion or further considerations.</p>
Contrast compositions of kimberlites - genetic conclusions (Kuoyka field, Yakutia)
<p>The compositions (mineralogy, major- and trace-element chemistry of rocks and minerals, as well as Sr-Nd-Hf isotope systematics) of two kimberlite bodies, the Obnazhennaya pipe and the Velikan dyke from the Kuoyka field, Yakutian kimberlite province (YaKP), located close to each other (the distance is 1 km) and having the same Upper Jurassic age. The kimberlites of the two bodies are contrastingly different in composition. The Obnazhennaya pipe is composed of pyroclastic kimberlite of high-Mg, low-Ti of composition, characterized by high saturation of clastic material of the lithospheric mantle (CMLM). Pyroclastic kimberlite contains rare inclusions of coherent kimberlite from previous intrusion phases. The Velikan dyke is represented by coherent kimberlite of relatively high-Fe, high-Ti composition, having neither mantle xenoliths nor olivine xenocrysts. The similarity of isotope-geochemical characteristics for kimberlites of both bodies, and their spatial and temporal proximity suggests that their formation is associated with the presence of a single primary magmatic source located in the asthenosphere. It is assumed that the asthenospheric melt differentiated into two parts: 1) predominantly substantially carbonate composition and 2) carbonate-silicate compositions, which formed respectively 1) high-Mg and 2) Mg-Fe and Fe-Ti petrochemical types of kimberlites. Both parts of the melt had different disintegrating abilities. The higher ability to destroy and subsequently capture CMLM belongs to the melt, which formed a high-Mg type of kimberlite and which, according to the structural-textural classification, more often corresponded to the pyroclastic kimberlite. It has been suggested that the primary kimberlite melt of asthenospheric origin, having a high-Fe, high-Ti composition, is similar to the coherent kimberlite composition from the Velikan dyke (in wt.%: SiO<sub>2</sub> - 21.8, TiO<sub>2</sub> - 3.5, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> - 4.0, FeO - 10.6, MnO - 0.19, MgO -21.0 , CaO - 17.2, Na<sub>2</sub>O - 0.24, K<sub>2</sub>O - 0.78, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> - 0.99, CO<sub>2</sub> - 12.6). It is concluded that if the pyroclastic kimberlite contains only xenogenic Ol, then a part of the Ol macrocrysts with a high content of FeO in the coherent kimberlite crystallized from the melt. The similarity of the Sr-Nd-Hf isotope systematics and trace element compositions for kimberlites of different ages (from Devonian to Upper Jurassic) in different parts of the YaKP (in Kuoyka, Daldyn and Mirninsky fields) indicates a single long-lived homogeneous magmatic asthenospheric source.</p>
Grazing intensity effects on herbaceous community composition in burned sagebrush-steppe
<p>There is limited knowledge on grazing impacts to long-term plant community dynamics following fire in sagebrush steppe, This study evaluated vegetation response to different intensities of deferred rotation cattle grazing over 16 years (2007–2022) on burned Wyoming big sagebrush steppe in eastern Oregon. Treatments were applied in a randomized complete block, including on grazing on burned (Non-use, n=5) and unburned (Control, n=5) steppe; and cattle grazing at low (Low, n=4), moderate (Moderate, n=4), and high (High, n=4) intensities on burned steppe. Vegetation dynamics were evaluated by repeated measures analysis of canopy cover and density of shrub and herbaceous species and functional groups. Herbaceosus functional groups were an early season bunchgrass (one species, Sandberg bluegrass), tall perennial bunchgrass, perennial forbs, annual grass (one species, cheatgrass) and annual forbs. Tall perennial bunchgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, and perennial forb cover and density did not differ among the treatments but did decrease over time in all treatments. Cover of several tall bunchgrass species were generally less in the High treatment, mainly, Idaho fescue, and Thurber's needlegrass. Cover of cheatgrass and annual forbs varied across years but were greater among the burned grazed and Non-use treatments than the Control. Native plant cover in the burned treatments (grazed and Non-use) represented 77 to 85 % of total herbaceous cover versus the Control where natives comprised 91% of the total. Annual weather variability appears to account for most of the compositional dynamics measured in the various grazed and ungrazed treatments.</p>
Fig. 4 in Assessing the diversity of anthocyanin composition in various tissues of purple corn (Zea mays L.)
Fig. 4. Chromatograms of tissue extracts representing the diversity in maize pigment production. Compound identities correspond to Table 2.
Fig. 1 in Assessing the diversity of anthocyanin composition in various tissues of purple corn (Zea mays L.)
Fig. 1. Anthocyanin pigmentation in the various tissue types of pigmented maize. A) Genetic stock 320 N demonstrating the a3 phenotype. Husks, tassels, and leaf sheaths are intensely purple. B) Apache Red Cob (PI 213730) with weak leaf sheath, silk, and tassel pigmentation. C) Member of the Apache Red Cob × 320 N population demonstrating the a3 phenotype with intense leaf sheath, anther, husk, tassel, and silk pigmentation. D) Member of the Apache Red Cob × 320 N population with silk and anther pigmentation, but weak stalk and tassel pigmentation. E) Ear with the a3 phenotype and dark silks. F) Ear with dark silks and weak husk pigmentation. G) Typical a3 husk. H) Tassel with the a3 phenotype and dark anthers. I) Pigmented anther tissue. J) Purple corn. K) Purple cobs. L) Purple seedling. Photo Credit A–K UI Public Affairs: L. Brian Stauffer. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 6 in Assessing the diversity of anthocyanin composition in various tissues of purple corn (Zea mays L.)
Fig. 6. Tristimulus color values for extracts representing the diversity in anthocyanin composition in maize tissues. Color squares are from representative extracts of clusters determined by Ward's Minimum Variance Method compared to cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G), pelargonidin 3-glucoside (Pg3G), and FD&C Red No. 40. Each sample was adjusted to a pH of 1, 3, or 6 and normalized to 50 μg mL 1. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Assessing the diversity of anthocyanin composition in various tissues of purple corn (Zea mays L.)
Fig. 2. Structure of the newly described anthocyanin cyanidin 3-6′′-phenylacetylglucoside with fragmentation patterns. The structure of cyanidin 3-6′′-phenylacetylglucoside is shown with molecule positions labeled. Ion fragmentation pattern by LC-MS/MS results in cyanidin. Spontaneous degradation of cyanidin 3-6′′- phenylacetylglucoside results in phenylacetic acid and cyanidin 3-glucoside.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.