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Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. flavigula Boddaert, 1785 — Bangladesh, Bhutan, C, E & S China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. M. f. borealis Radde, 1862 — NE China, North and South Korea, and Russia. M. f. chrysospila Swinhoe, 1866 — Taiwan. M. f. indochinensis Kloss, 1916 — Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. M. f. perunsularis Bonhote, 1901 — Borneo, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. M. f. robinsoni Pocock, 1936 — Java. in Mustelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. f. flavigula Boddaert, 1785 — Bangladesh, Bhutan, C, E & S China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan. M. f. borealis Radde, 1862 — NE China, North and South Korea, and Russia. M. f. chrysospila Swinhoe, 1866 — Taiwan. M. f. indochinensis Kloss, 1916 — Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. M. f. perunsularis Bonhote, 1901 — Borneo, Malay Peninsula, and Sumatra. M. f. robinsoni Pocock, 1936 — Java.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.moschiferusLinnaeus,1758—ERussia(Altairegion,NalongtheYenisei,reaching69°N,thendowntothemiddleflowoftheLena;E&SEslopesoftheVerkhoyanskRange;StanovoyRange,butdoesnotreachtheSeaofOkhotskorthefloodzonesoftheAmur),EKazakhstan,Mongolia,andNChina(NENeiMongol&NWHeilongjiang,formerlyalsoinNXinjiangbutsupposedlyextincttheresinceearly20"century). M.m.parvipesHollister,1911—RussianFarEast,KoreanPeninsula,andNEChina(SHeilongjiang,EJilin,ELiaoning,Hebei&Shanxi). M. m. sachalinensis Flerov, 1929 — Sakhalin. in Moschidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.moschiferusLinnaeus,1758—ERussia(Altairegion,NalongtheYenisei,reaching69°N,thendowntothemiddleflowoftheLena;E&SEslopesoftheVerkhoyanskRange;StanovoyRange,butdoesnotreachtheSeaofOkhotskorthefloodzonesoftheAmur),EKazakhstan,Mongolia,andNChina(NENeiMongol&NWHeilongjiang,formerlyalsoinNXinjiangbutsupposedlyextincttheresinceearly20"century). M.m.parvipesHollister,1911—RussianFarEast,KoreanPeninsula,andNEChina(SHeilongjiang,EJilin,ELiaoning,Hebei&Shanxi). M. m. sachalinensis Flerov, 1929 — Sakhalin.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.p.pentadactylaLinnaeus,1758—TaiwanI. M.p.auritaHodgson,1836—fromtheHimalayanfoothillsinENepal,Bhutan,andNEIndiatoextremeNEBangladesh,N&CMyanmar,extremeNThailand,NLaos,NVietnam,andChinasouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Limitsofrangearepoorlyknown. M. p. pusilla].A. Allen, 1906 — Hainan I. in Manidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.p.pentadactylaLinnaeus,1758—TaiwanI. M.p.auritaHodgson,1836—fromtheHimalayanfoothillsinENepal,Bhutan,andNEIndiatoextremeNEBangladesh,N&CMyanmar,extremeNThailand,NLaos,NVietnam,andChinasouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Limitsofrangearepoorlyknown. M. p. pusilla].A. Allen, 1906 — Hainan I.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.c.chrysogasterHodgson,1839—alpinezoneat2800-4000mofNIndia(includingSikkim),Nepal,andBhutan. M. c. sifanicus Büchner, 1891 — alpine zone at 3500-4800 m of C & S China (S Ningxia, Qinghai, S Gansu, W Sichuan, SE Xizang & NW Yunnan). in Moschidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.c.chrysogasterHodgson,1839—alpinezoneat2800-4000mofNIndia(includingSikkim),Nepal,andBhutan. M. c. sifanicus Büchner, 1891 — alpine zone at 3500-4800 m of C & S China (S Ningxia, Qinghai, S Gansu, W Sichuan, SE Xizang & NW Yunnan).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.b.berezovskiiFlerov,1929—SNingxia,SGansu,SEQuinghai,SShaanxi,WHenan,Sichuan,andSXizang;between500and2500m. M.b.bijiangensisWang&Li,1993—NWYunnantoSEXizang(ZayuCounty). M. b. caobangis Dao, 1969 — S Yunnan (Mile County & Nujiang Langcang), Guangxi, Guangdong, and N Vietnam (Cao Bang Province); between 50 m and 400 m. Presence uncertain in N Laos. M. b. yunguiensis Wang & Ma, 1993 — from the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau margins NE to W Hubei (Yichang). in Moschidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.b.berezovskiiFlerov,1929—SNingxia,SGansu,SEQuinghai,SShaanxi,WHenan,Sichuan,andSXizang;between500and2500m. M.b.bijiangensisWang&Li,1993—NWYunnantoSEXizang(ZayuCounty). M. b. caobangis Dao, 1969 — S Yunnan (Mile County & Nujiang Langcang), Guangxi, Guangdong, and N Vietnam (Cao Bang Province); between 50 m and 400 m. Presence uncertain in N Laos. M. b. yunguiensis Wang & Ma, 1993 — from the Yunnan-Guizhou plateau margins NE to W Hubei (Yichang).

Distribution. Llamas are found at 3800-5000 m above sea level in the Central Andes, from C Peru to W Bolivia and N Argentina. Llama distribution reached its apex during the expansion of the Inca Empire (1470-1532 ap), when pack trains were used to carry supplies for the royal armies to S Colombia and C Chile. Although originally indigenous and endemic to South America, Llamas have now been exported to countries around the world as a companion animal, featured in livestock shows, used for trekking and backpacking, cottage industry and home use ofits wool, and in North America increasingly utilized as a guard animal for protecting sheep and goats from canid predators. in Camelidae

Distribution. Llamas are found at 3800-5000 m above sea level in the Central Andes, from C Peru to W Bolivia and N Argentina. Llama distribution reached its apex during the expansion of the Inca Empire (1470-1532 ap), when pack trains were used to carry supplies for the royal armies to S Colombia and C Chile. Although originally indigenous and endemic to South America, Llamas have now been exported to countries around the world as a companion animal, featured in livestock shows, used for trekking and backpacking, cottage industry and home use ofits wool, and in North America increasingly utilized as a guard animal for protecting sheep and goats from canid predators.

Subspecies and Distribution. H.m.meinertzhageniThomas,1904—EDRCongo,Rwanda,Burundi,Uganda,Kenya,SSudan,andEthiopia.IthasnotreliablybeenrecordedfromTanzania. H.m.woriensisBouet&Neuville,1930—discontinuouspresenceinGuinea,SierraLeone(?),Liberia,IvoryCoast,andGhana;possiblyalsoinGuineaBissau,andTogo. H. m. rimator Thomas, 1906 — SE Nigeria, W & SE Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (extinct?), N Republic of the Congo, and N DR Congo. in Suidae

Subspecies and Distribution. H.m.meinertzhageniThomas,1904—EDRCongo,Rwanda,Burundi,Uganda,Kenya,SSudan,andEthiopia.IthasnotreliablybeenrecordedfromTanzania. H.m.woriensisBouet&Neuville,1930—discontinuouspresenceinGuinea,SierraLeone(?),Liberia,IvoryCoast,andGhana;possiblyalsoinGuineaBissau,andTogo. H. m. rimator Thomas, 1906 — SE Nigeria, W & SE Cameroon, Central African Republic, Gabon, Equatorial Guinea (extinct?), N Republic of the Congo, and N DR Congo.

Subspecies and Distribution. L. lL. lagothricha Humboldt, 1812 — SE Colombia, NE Ecuador, NW Brazil, and N Peru, from the Cordillera Oriental, N of the rios Napo and Amazonas, to the Rio Uva, a N bank affluent of the Rio Guaviare (Vichada Department, Colombia), E to the Rio Orinoco and upper Rio Negro to the Venezuelan border and NW Brazil; it is not known if it occurs in Venezuela. L. [. lugens Elliot, 1907 — Colombia, E of the Rio Atrato, throughout the Cordillera Oriental, W of the Rio Ariari (Meta Department), and parts of the Cordillera Central to the northernmost parts of the Serrania de San Lucas (SE Bolivar & N Antioquia departments), in some places up to elevations of 3000 m, and northward in the piedmont forest (now mostly destroyed) to the Rio Arauca (Arauca Department); there is no evidence thatits occurs in neighboring SW Venezuela. in Atelidae

Subspecies and Distribution. L. lL. lagothricha Humboldt, 1812 — SE Colombia, NE Ecuador, NW Brazil, and N Peru, from the Cordillera Oriental, N of the rios Napo and Amazonas, to the Rio Uva, a N bank affluent of the Rio Guaviare (Vichada Department, Colombia), E to the Rio Orinoco and upper Rio Negro to the Venezuelan border and NW Brazil; it is not known if it occurs in Venezuela. L. [. lugens Elliot, 1907 — Colombia, E of the Rio Atrato, throughout the Cordillera Oriental, W of the Rio Ariari (Meta Department), and parts of the Cordillera Central to the northernmost parts of the Serrania de San Lucas (SE Bolivar & N Antioquia departments), in some places up to elevations of 3000 m, and northward in the piedmont forest (now mostly destroyed) to the Rio Arauca (Arauca Department); there is no evidence thatits occurs in neighboring SW Venezuela.

Distribution. NW Colombia, between the Rio Atrato and the lower Rio Cauca (W of the Rio Cauca and the Mompos I) and Rio Magdalena (from the Uraba region, W of the Rio Cauca), and NE Choco Department, E of the Rio Atrato, from sea level to ¢.400 m. Small, introduced populations occur in Tayrona National Natural Park (15,000 ha) and on some small Is near Cartagena and in Panama, outside its natural distribution. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. NW Colombia, between the Rio Atrato and the lower Rio Cauca (W of the Rio Cauca and the Mompos I) and Rio Magdalena (from the Uraba region, W of the Rio Cauca), and NE Choco Department, E of the Rio Atrato, from sea level to ¢.400 m. Small, introduced populations occur in Tayrona National Natural Park (15,000 ha) and on some small Is near Cartagena and in Panama, outside its natural distribution.

Distribution. SE Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, in the N extending to the Rio Doce State Park in Minas Gerais; its distribution is largely montane at elevations of 600-1200 m. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. SE Brazil in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, and Sao Paulo, in the N extending to the Rio Doce State Park in Minas Gerais; its distribution is largely montane at elevations of 600-1200 m.

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon along the right bank of the lower Rio Acari and through the interfluvium of the rios Acari (in the W) and Sucunduri (to the E), S perhaps to the distribution of the Black-tailed Marmoset (M. melanurus) between the rios Aripuana and Juruena. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. Brazilian Amazon along the right bank of the lower Rio Acari and through the interfluvium of the rios Acari (in the W) and Sucunduri (to the E), S perhaps to the distribution of the Black-tailed Marmoset (M. melanurus) between the rios Aripuana and Juruena.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. m. mystax Spix, 1823 — S of the Amazon River in WBrazil (W of the Rio Jurua) and NE Peru, as far W as the E banks of the middle and lower Rio Tapiche and the lower Rio Ucayali, further S it extends W as far as the Rio Ucayali, crossing the Rio Tapiche at c.6° 40' S, the S limit is marked by the rios Urubamba and Inuya. S. m. pileatus 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & Deville, 1848 — Brazilian Amazon, W of the Rio Purus, S at least as far as the Rio Pauini or Rio Mamornia. S. m. pluto Lonnberg, 1926 — Brazilian Amazon, from the W (left) bank of the Rio Purus, N of the Rio Tapaua, as far W as the Rio Coart.

Distribution. SE Colombia and NW Brazil (Amazonas State), N of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Japura-Caqueta and Ica-Putumayo, W of the Rio Yari to the N of the Rio Caquetd, through the basin of the Rio Caguan, and lower parts of the Rio Orteguaza, W to the Andean foothills to 500 m above sea level. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. SE Colombia and NW Brazil (Amazonas State), N of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Japura-Caqueta and Ica-Putumayo, W of the Rio Yari to the N of the Rio Caquetd, through the basin of the Rio Caguan, and lower parts of the Rio Orteguaza, W to the Andean foothills to 500 m above sea level.

Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca. in Callitrichiade

Subspecies and Distribution. S. J. fuscicollis Spix, 1823 — W Brazil (states of Acre & Amazonas) and Peru, S of the Rio Solimoes, between the Rio Javari in the W, E through the Rio Jutai Basin to the Rio Jurua (left bank), also in Peru, W of the Rio Yavari as far as the Rio Tapiche, an E tributary of the Rio Ucayali, and extending N from there as far as the Rio Blanco (left bank), where it meets the distribution of Geoffroy's Saddle-back Tamarin, S. nigrifrons (right bank of the Rio Blanco). S. f. auvilapiresi Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil in the Amazonas State (type locality is the mouth of the Lago de Tefé, Rio Solimoes), found along the S of the Rio Solimoes between the rios Jurua and Purus, including the basins of the rios Urucu and Coari, and probably the Rio Tefé; the S limits are not known but possibly in the region of the N bank of the Rio Tapaua, an affluent of the Rio Purus. S. f. eruzlimai Hershkovitz, 1966 — W Brazil, described by Hershkovitz without provenance (based on a single individual "said to be from the upper Rio Purus"); M. G. M. van Roosmalen reported in 2003 that it had been observed by T. van Roosmalen on 21 June 2002, on the W bank of the Rio Purus, opposite the mouth of the Rio Sepatini, and noted that Hershkovitz was correct in supposing that it occurred between the rios Pauini and Tapaua, W of the Rio Purus. S. J. mura Rohe et al, 2009 — C Brazil (Amazonas State), interfluvium of the rios Madeira and Purus, S of the Rio Amazonas, probably S to the Rio Igapo-Acu. S. f. primitivus Hershkovitz, 1977 — W Brazil (Amazonas State), the distribution is believed to extend from the left bank of the Rio Pauini, along the left bank of the upper Rio Purus, N to the Rio Tapaua (right bank), as far W the right bank of the Rio Jurua, and the Rio Tarauaca.

Distribution. NC Peru, from S of Rio Maranon, from San Martin through Huanuco and Pasco to the Rio Perené, N Junin, E to W ofthe Rio Huallaga and the upper Rio Ucayali, and S ofthe Rio Pisqui; probably not above elevations of 900-1000 m. in Callitrichiade

Distribution. NC Peru, from S of Rio Maranon, from San Martin through Huanuco and Pasco to the Rio Perené, N Junin, E to W ofthe Rio Huallaga and the upper Rio Ucayali, and S ofthe Rio Pisqui; probably not above elevations of 900-1000 m.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.o.orianaeThomas,1922—NEWesternAustraliaandNNorthernTerritory. M.o.bassanuCardinal&Christidis,2000—SESouthAustralia(RobeandNaracoorteStoPortMacDonnell)andSWVictoria.ItsdistributionisextendingacrosstheborderlineintoSWVictoria,toHeywood,Portland,Hamilton,andWarrnambool,withthemostElocalityyetfoundatPomborneit,nearCamperdown. M. o. oceanensis Maeda, 1982 — E Australia from Cape York in Queensland (including Fraser I) to Castlemaine in Victoria. Distribution of bassanii and oceanensis overlap in W Victoria, with both subspecies recorded from four caves in the Otways/Camperdown/Lorne area. in Miniopteridae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.o.orianaeThomas,1922—NEWesternAustraliaandNNorthernTerritory. M.o.bassanuCardinal&Christidis,2000—SESouthAustralia(RobeandNaracoorteStoPortMacDonnell)andSWVictoria.ItsdistributionisextendingacrosstheborderlineintoSWVictoria,toHeywood,Portland,Hamilton,andWarrnambool,withthemostElocalityyetfoundatPomborneit,nearCamperdown. M. o. oceanensis Maeda, 1982 — E Australia from Cape York in Queensland (including Fraser I) to Castlemaine in Victoria. Distribution of bassanii and oceanensis overlap in W Victoria, with both subspecies recorded from four caves in the Otways/Camperdown/Lorne area.

Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.minorPeters,1867—coastalareainSKenyaandNTanzania(includingUngujaIinZanzibarArchipelago). M. m. occidentalisJuste & Ibanez, 1992 — lower Congo River in Republic of the Congo and DR Congo. in Miniopteridae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.m.minorPeters,1867—coastalareainSKenyaandNTanzania(includingUngujaIinZanzibarArchipelago). M. m. occidentalisJuste & Ibanez, 1992 — lower Congo River in Republic of the Congo and DR Congo.

Subspecies and Distribution. M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I. M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs. M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago. M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is). M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea.: in Miniopteridae

Subspecies and Distribution. M. t. tristis Waterhouse, 1845 — the Philippines including Palawan I. M. 1. celebensis Peterson, 1981 — Sulawesi and nearby Sanana, Togian, and ButonIs. M. t. grandis Peterson, 1981 — W New Guinea E to Chimbu Province in C Papua New Guina, including Waigeo, Supiori, Biak, and Yapen Is, and Louisiade Archipelago. M. t. insularis Peterson, 1981 — Admiralty Is, Bismarck Archipelago, Solomon Is, and Vanuatu (Espirito Santo and Efate Is). M. t. propitristis Peterson, 1981 — E New Guinea.:

Subspecies and Distribution. M.p.paululusHollister,1913—thePhilippines. M.p.graysonaeKitchener,2002—TanimbarIs(Selaru). M. p. witkampi Sody, 1930 — Borneo, scattered records in N Sabah (Balambangan I and Gomatong Caves) and East Kalimantan (Kutai). in Miniopteridae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.p.paululusHollister,1913—thePhilippines. M.p.graysonaeKitchener,2002—TanimbarIs(Selaru). M. p. witkampi Sody, 1930 — Borneo, scattered records in N Sabah (Balambangan I and Gomatong Caves) and East Kalimantan (Kutai).

Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.spasmaLinnaeus,1758—TernateandHalmaheraIs(NMoluccas). M.s.abditumChasen,1940—AurI,offEPeninsularMalaysia. M.s.cartmataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo. M.s.celebenseShamel,1940—Sulawesi. M.s.ceylonenseK.Andersen,1918—SriLanka. M.s.horsfieldiBlyth,1863—peninsularIndia. M.s.kinabaluChasen,1940—MtKinabaluinNBorneo. M.s.lasiaeLyon,1916—LasiaandBabiIs,offWSumatra. M.s.majusK.Andersen,1918—mostofMyanmar,NEIndia,andBangladesh. M.s.mediumK.Andersen,1918—MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoI)andNSumatra. M.s.minusK.Andersen,1918—SChina(Yunnan),Thailand,Laos,Vietham,andCambodia. M.s.natunaeK.Andersen&Wroughton,1907—BunguranandNorthNatunaIs. M.s.niasenseLyon,1916—NiasandSiberutIs,oftWSumatra. M.s.pangandaranaSody,1936—C&EJava. M.s.philippinenseWaterhouse,1843—Philippines. M.s.stumatisLyon,1916—SiumatI,offWSumatra. M. s. tnfolium E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — S Sumatra, W Java, and Borneo; also on South Natuna, Tambelan, Krakatau, and Kangean Is. Also recorded on Andaman Is, but subspecies involved not known. in Megadermatidae

Subspecies and Distribution. M.s.spasmaLinnaeus,1758—TernateandHalmaheraIs(NMoluccas). M.s.abditumChasen,1940—AurI,offEPeninsularMalaysia. M.s.cartmataeG.S.Miller,1906—KarimataI,offWBorneo. M.s.celebenseShamel,1940—Sulawesi. M.s.ceylonenseK.Andersen,1918—SriLanka. M.s.horsfieldiBlyth,1863—peninsularIndia. M.s.kinabaluChasen,1940—MtKinabaluinNBorneo. M.s.lasiaeLyon,1916—LasiaandBabiIs,offWSumatra. M.s.majusK.Andersen,1918—mostofMyanmar,NEIndia,andBangladesh. M.s.mediumK.Andersen,1918—MalayPeninsula(includingTarutaoI)andNSumatra. M.s.minusK.Andersen,1918—SChina(Yunnan),Thailand,Laos,Vietham,andCambodia. M.s.natunaeK.Andersen&Wroughton,1907—BunguranandNorthNatunaIs. M.s.niasenseLyon,1916—NiasandSiberutIs,oftWSumatra. M.s.pangandaranaSody,1936—C&EJava. M.s.philippinenseWaterhouse,1843—Philippines. M.s.stumatisLyon,1916—SiumatI,offWSumatra. M. s. tnfolium E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — S Sumatra, W Java, and Borneo; also on South Natuna, Tambelan, Krakatau, and Kangean Is. Also recorded on Andaman Is, but subspecies involved not known.