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4,753 results for “SHAPE”
Importance of melanin-based colouration and environment in shaping intracellular glutathione levels in nestling and adult tawny owls (Strix aluco)
<p>Resources allocated in reproduction are traded off against those invested in self-maintenance such as antioxidant response. Glutathione (GSH) is an intracellular antioxidant defence that scavenges reactive oxygen species, the deleterious byproducts of oxygen consumption. Given the role of intracellular GSH in pheomelanogenesis, a trade-off in GSH allocation between resistance to oxidative stress and melanin production may take place. To investigate how intracellular GSH is regulated in differently coloured individuals at the time of reproduction (in adults) and of intense melanogenesis (in nestlings), we measured the total pool of GSH produced ( t GSH), consumed (oxGSH) and available (redGSH) in adult tawny owls and their offspring which were cross-fostered between randomly chosen nests. Our goal was to describe potential correlations between resistance in oxidative stress and colour morphs in natural conditions. Nestling GSH levels were correlated with GSH levels in their genetic and foster parents suggesting that producing GSH is genetically and environmentally determined (although the effect of the foster nest seemed stronger). This species shows continuous variation in phe - omelanin reddish colouration, which is associated with life-history strategies. Based on the hypothesis of GSH dependence of pheomelanism, we expected a greater amount of oxGSH in dark compared to light pheomelanic nestlings, which was not the case. In contrast, light melanic breeding adults had higher levels of t GSH and redGSH than dark breeders probably because of a higher investment in antioxidant capacity. The link between pheomelanism and GSH may therefore be due to the fact that differently colored individuals have different life-history strategies rather than because the production of pheomelanin pigments requires GSH.</p>
Data from: Different evolutionary pathways lead to incomplete convergence of elongate body shapes in carnivoran mammals
<p><span>Although convergence is often recognized as a ubiquitous feature across the Tree of Life, whether the underlying traits also exhibit similar evolutionary pathways towards convergent forms puzzles biologists. In carnivoran mammals, "elongate," "slender," and "long" are often used to describe and even to categorize mustelids (martens, polecats, and weasels), herpestids (mongooses), viverrids (civets and genets), and other carnivorans together. But just how similar these carnivorans are and whether there is convergence in the morphological component that contribute to elongation has never been assessed. Here, I found that these qualitatively-described elongate carnivorans exhibited incomplete convergence towards elongate bodies compared to other terrestrial carnivorans. In contrast, the morphological components underlying body shape variation do not exhibit convergence despite evidence that these components are more elongate in elongate carnivorans compared to non-elongate carnivorans. Furthermore, these components also exhibited shorter but different phylogenetic half-lives towards more elongate adaptive peaks, indicating that different selective pressures can create multiple pathways to elongation. Incorporating the fossil record will facilitate further investigation of whether body elongation evolved adaptively or if it is simply a retained ancestral trait. </span></p>
Shape of species climate performance curves affects community response to climate change
<p>Understanding how community composition is reshaped by changing climate is important for interpreting and predicting patterns of community assembly through time or across space. Community composition often does not perfectly correspond to expectations from current environmental conditions, leading to community-climate mismatches. Here, we combine data analysis and theory development to explore how species climate response curves affect the community response to climate change. We show that strong mismatches between community and climate can appear in the absence of demographic delays or limited species pools. Communities simulated using species response curves showed temporal changes of similar magnitude to those observed in natural communities of fishes and plankton, suggesting no overall delays in community change despite substantial unexplained variation from community assembly and other processes. Our approach can be considered as a null model that will be important to use when interpreting observed community responses to climate change and variability.</p>
Precipitation and temperature shape the biogeography of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a 1500 km latitudinal transect in the Brazilian Caatinga
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an important group of plant root symbionts, remain poorly studied in the Neotropics. We used Illumina LSU amplicon sequencing to test whether AMF communities in soil and roots are shaped by deterministic or neutral processes along a 20° latitudinal transect in the Caatinga of Brazil, a unique dry forest eco-region. Glomeraceae was the most abundant and diverse family, resembling more paleotropical Africa and European croplands than other tropical forests from South America. AMF communities showed strong biogeographic structure inconsistent with a classical latitudinal diversity gradient, and further differed between soil and roots. Soil AMF biogeography was best correlated with precipitation; richness increased towards both ends of the latitudinal transect where precipitation increased, and community composition converged. Root AMF diversity weakened towards the equator, at a latitude where soil AMF diversity was highest. Root AMF biogeography correlated to temperature, with decreasing diversity at higher temperatures. We found no evidence of phylogenetic niche conservatism among AMF taxa. Our results suggest that niche-based processes in relation to regional climate, most importantly precipitation and temperature, shape the biogeography of AMF across the Caatinga, with niche partitioning among closely related AMF taxa. Given the expected decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the future, climate change may strongly affect AMF biodiversity in neotropical dry forests.</p>
The evolutionary patterns of barley pericentromeric chromosome regions, as shaped by linkage disequilibrium and domestication
<p>The distribution of recombination events along large cereal chromosomes is uneven and generally restricted to gene-rich telomeric ends. In order to understand how the lack of recombination affects diversity in the large pericentromeric regions, we assembled and analysed deep exome capture data from a panel of 879 cultivars, landraces, and wild barleys, sampled from across their eco-geographical ranges. We defined and compared variant data across the pericentromeric and non-pericentromeric regions, observing a clear partitioning of diversity both within and between chromosomes and germplasm groups. Dramatically reduced diversity was found in the pericentromeres of both cultivars and landraces when compared to wild barley. We observed a mixture of completely and partially differentiated SNPs between domesticated and wild genepools, suggesting the former were derived from multiple wild ancestors. Patterns of genome-wide linkage disequilibrium, haplotype block size and number, and variant frequency within blocks showed clear contrasts among individual chromosomes and between cultivars and wild barleys. While most cultivar chromosomes shared a single major pericentromeric haplotype, chromosome 7H clearly differentiated 2-row and 6-row types associated with different geographical origins. Within the pericentromeric regions we identified 22,387 non-synonymous SNPs, of which 92 were fixed for alternative alleles in cultivar versus wild accessions. Surprisingly, only 29 SNPs found exclusively in the cultivars were predicted to be ‘highly deleterious’. GO terms associated with the pericentromeric regions revealed housekeeping genes to be over-represented. Overall, our data reveal an unconventional pericentromeric genetic landscape among distinct barley gene pools with different evolutionary processes driving domestication and diversification.</p>
Comprehensive analysis of locomotion dynamics in the protochordate Ciona intestinalis reveals how neuromodulators flexibly shape its behavioral repertoire.
<p>This record contains (as of 2022-06-27) datasets corresponding to the study of behavior in swimming <em>Ciona intestinalis</em> larvae (controls and drug treated animals) that were recorded in our behavioural setups. In particular, it contains:</p> <ol> <li>multi-point tracking data of the larvae obtained using the Tierpsy Tracker (developed by Andre Brown's lab, MRC LMS).</li> <li>features like curvature, speed etc calculated from the tracking data</li> <li>results of time-series analyses (matrix-profiling, hidden markov modelling, spatio-temporal clustering) performed on the feature dataset</li> <li>Hidden Markov Models trained for inferences</li> </ol>
Data from: Drivers shaping the diversity and biogeography of total and active bacterial communities in the South China Sea
To test the hypothesis that different drivers shape the diversity and biogeography of the total and active bacterial community, we examined the bacterial community composition along two transects, one from the inner Pearl River estuary to the open waters of the South China Sea (SCS) and the other from the Luzon Strait to the SCS basin, using 454 pyrosequencing of the 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA gene (V1-3 regions) and thereby, characterizing the active and total bacterial community, respectively. The diversity and biogeographic patterns differed substantially between the active and total bacterial communities. Although the composition of both, the total and active bacterial community was strongly correlated with environmental factors and weakly correlated with geographic distance, the active bacterial community displayed higher environmental sensitivity than the total community and particularly, a greater distance effect largely caused by the active assemblage from deep waters. The 16S rRNA versus rDNA relationships indicated that the active bacteria were low in relative abundance in the SCS. This might be due to a high competition between active bacterial taxa as indicated by our community network models. Based on these analyses, we speculate that high competition could cause some dispersal limitation of the active bacterial community resulting in a distinct distance-decay relationship. Altogether, our results indicated that the biogeographic distribution of bacteria in the SCS is the result of both environmental control and distance-decay.
Raw data for the manuscript "Pregnancy-induced maternal microchimerism shapes neurodevelopment and behavior in mice"
<p>This archive contains the raw data of the manuscript "Pregnancy-induced maternal microchimerism shapes neurodevelopment and behavior in mice".</p>
Functional and ecomorphological evolution of orbit shape in Mesozoic archosaurs is driven by body size and diet: Geometric morphometric data, 3D models (stl files), FEA models (Hypermesh, Abaqus files)
<p class="MsoNormal">The orbit is one of several skull openings in the archosauromorph skull. Intuitively, it could be assumed that orbit shape would closely approximate the shape and size of the eyeball resulting in a predominantly circular morphology. However, a quantification of orbit shape across Archosauromorpha using a geometric morphometric approach demonstrates a large morphological diversity despite the fact that the majority of species retained a circular orbit. This morphological diversity is nearly exclusively driven by large (skull length > 1000 mm) and carnivorous species in all studied archosauromorph groups, but particularly prominently in theropod dinosaurs. While circular orbit shapes are retained in most herbivores and smaller species, as well as in juveniles and early ontogenetic stages, large carnivores adopted elliptical and keyhole-shaped orbits. Biomechanical modeling using finite element analysis reveals that these morphologies are beneficial in mitigating and dissipating feeding-induced stresses without additional reinforcement of the bony structure of the skull.</p>
Rigid Shell Rolling on a Dimpled Bowl-shaped Rigid Surface Example 1
<p>The computations use zero-mass particles--the first use of such particles in nonrelativistic classical mechanics—to perform these animations.</p> <p>The four animation files deal with simulations for Cases A, B, C, and D of Example 1, in the above-mentioned paper in the Special Issue. Each file shows an animation for 25 s of the shell rolling on the surface, without slipping. Each animation shows the dimpled surface and the complex motion of the shell as it finds its path over the dimpled surface.</p> <p>The different cases (A to D) relate to the different orientations of the non-uniform shell at the start of the animation with respect to the surface. At the beginning of each animation the shell is shown for a few extra seconds so that its initial orientation can be observed. The location of the point on the sphere that touches the surface at the start of the animation is the same for all the 4 different animations; the initial velocity of the geometric center of the shell is also the same in all the animations.</p> <p>As seen, the motion of the non-uniform shell and the path it takes on the surface is highly sensitive to its orientation at the start of the animation with respect to the surface. The motion of the shell, when slowed down in these animations, can be seen to be extremely complex as it traverses the surface.</p> <p>For details of each case (A to D) see the paper.</p>
Microsatellite genotyping data for habitat-linked genetic structure for white-crowned sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys): local factors shape population genetic structure
<p>Ecological, environmental, and geographic factors all influence genetic structure. Species with broad distributions are ideal systems because they cover a range of ecological and environmental conditions allowing us to test which components predict genetic structure. This study presents a novel, broad geographic approach using molecular markers, morphology, and habitat modelling to investigate rangewide and local barriers causing contemporary genetic differentiation within the geographical range of three white-crowned sparrow (<i>Zonotrichia leucophrys</i>) subspecies: <i>Z. l. gambelii, Z. l. oriantha, </i>and <i>Z. l. pugetensis</i>. Three types of genetic markers showed geographic distance between sampling sites, elevation, and ecosystem type are key factors contributing to population genetic structure. Microsatellite markers revealed white-crowned<i> </i>sparrows<i> </i>do not group by subspecies, but instead indicated four groupings at a rangewide scale and two groupings based on coniferous and deciduous ecosystems at a local scale. Our analyses of morphological variation also revealed habitat differences; sparrows from deciduous ecosystems are larger than individuals from coniferous ecosystems based on principal component analyses. Habitat modeling showed isolation by distance was prevalent in describing genetic structure, but isolation by resistance also had a small but significant influence. Not only do these findings have implications concerning the accuracy of subspecies delineations, they also highlight the critical role of local factors such as habitat in shaping contemporary population genetic structure of species with high dispersal ability.</p>
Text-fig. 4. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse (a) and longitudinal (b) sections of flower showing the ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) borne on the mushroom-shaped central globose placenta (pl, blue); placenta shown as a voltex rendering added to orthoslices; note the large openings in the floral tissue (asterisks) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. c, d: Longitudinal (c) and transverse (d) sections of flower (c, volume rendering cut between orthoslice yz0970-1005; d, volume rendering cut between orthoslice xy0780-0820) showing semiinferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with sepals inserted at the rim of the hypanthium, central column (cc) with mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). Specimens, Mira 100-S153146 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 4. SRXTM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Transverse (a) and longitudinal (b) sections of flower showing the ovary wall (ow) and numerous ovules (ov) borne on the mushroom-shaped central globose placenta (pl, blue); placenta shown as a voltex rendering added to orthoslices; note the large openings in the floral tissue (asterisks) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. c, d: Longitudinal (c) and transverse (d) sections of flower (c, volume rendering cut between orthoslice yz0970-1005; d, volume rendering cut between orthoslice xy0780-0820) showing semiinferior ovary (ow, ovary wall) with sepals inserted at the rim of the hypanthium, central column (cc) with mushroom-shaped globose placenta (pl) bearing numerous ovules (ov). Specimens, Mira 100-S153146 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c, d, holotype). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–d).
人物埴輪(梅塚古墳) Human-shaped Haniwa
*梅塚古墳から出土した人物埴輪。 * 頭頂部はラッパ状に開き、下げ美豆良という髪型が表現される。 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Shape of main tropical tuna species
<p>Vector outline of main tropical tuna species (<em>BET</em>, <em>SKJ</em>,<em>YFT, ALB</em>)</p> <ul> <li><strong>ALB</strong>: <strong>albacore</strong> (<em>Thunnus alalunga</em>);</li> <li><strong>BET</strong>: <strong>bigeye tuna</strong> (<em>Thunnus obesus</em>);</li> <li><strong>SKJ</strong>: <strong>skipjack</strong> (<em>Katsuwonus pelamis</em>)</li> <li><strong>YFT</strong>: <strong>yellowfin tuna</strong> (<em>Thunnus albacares</em>).</li> </ul>
FEATURES AND METHODS SHAPING OF MOTIVATION OF FIGURE SKATERS.
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Sustainability of Cultural Heritage: Transplanting the Environmentally Synthesized Suzhou-Garden Diagonal Ridge Elements to Furniture Design Based on Kansei Engineering and Shape Grammar
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Figure 4. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the k in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 4. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the k-NN analyses.
Identifying environmental drivers of shell shape variation in the freshwater gastropod Campeloma decisum
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The preparation of the COgITOR Soft Robot soccer ball shaped skin with SOLIDWORKS at the PC for 3D printing
<p><a href="https://www.cogitor-project.eu/">Homepage » COGiTOR (cogitor-project.eu)</a></p> <p>This video was generated 3 November 2023 by Swiss3D GmbH.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Fig. 8. a. – Humerocyrtis contraria n in New Middle Triassic Bell-Shaped Nassellarian Radiolaria From Alpine And Carpathian Areas
Fig. 8. a. – Humerocyrtis contraria n. sp., holotype, Rc4; b. – Humerocyrtis conica n. sp., holotype, Rc4. c. – Humerocyrtis jekeli n. sp., holotype, Rc2; e,?d.– Humerocyrtis undulata n. sp., Rc4: e – holotype. f – Humerocyrtis lahmi n. sp., holotype, Rc4. Scale bar of 50 µm is for all figures.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.