Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 8 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 8. Endosseous labyrinths (left sides). Left four columns are stereopairs of left lateral and dorsal views. Right two columns are rostral and caudal views, respectively. A–D, Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5029); E–H, T. rex (AMNH FR 5117); I–L, Gorgosaurus libratus (ROM 1247, composite of both sides); M–P, Cleveland skull (CMNH 7541, composite of both sides, restored parts in yellow); Q–T, Struthiomimus altus (AMNH FR 5355); and U–X, Allosaurus fragilis (UMNH VP 18050, right side reversed). All are to the same scale (Scale bar = 1 cm).

Fig. 2 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 2. Stereopairs of articulated braincase of Tyrannosaurus rex (AMNH FR 5117) derived from reconstructed CT scans and shown in the following views: A, right lateral; B, dorsal; C, caudal.

Fig. 1 in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 1. Stereopairs in F, right lateral; G, left lateral; H, dorsal; I, ventral; J, caudal; and K, rostral views. Scale bars = 4 cm.

opennotspecifiedAug 2010View details →

FIGURE 1. A in Tyrannosaurus rex from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) North Horn Formation of Utah: biogeographic and paleoecologic implications

FIGURE 1. A. Skeletal restoration of UMNH 11000, Tyrannosaurus rex, with preserved elements highlighted. Right postorbital and squamosal of UMNH 11000 are shown separately in right lateral view. Abbreviations: co, cornual ossification; ltf, lateral temporal fenestra; o, orbit; PO, postorbital; qjp, quadratojugal process of squamosal; sp, suborbital process; SQ, squamosal. Scale bar equals 10 cm. B. Postorbitals and squamosals of various tyrannosaurids viewed in right lateral view: Gorgosaurus, TMP 91.36.500 (reflected and modified after Currie, 2003a); Albertosaurus, TMP 81.10.1 (reflected and modified after Currie 2003b); Daspletosaurus, combination of NMC 8506 and TMP 2001.36.1 (reflected and modified after Currie 2003b); Tarbosaurus, ZPAL MgD-1/4 (reflected and modified after Hurum and Sabath, 2003); Tyrannosaurus, FMNH PR 2081 (reflected and modified after Brochu, 2003) and UMNH VP 11000.

Fig. 2. D in New Insights Into the Brain, Braincase, and Ear Region of Tyrannosaurs (Dinosauria, Theropoda), with Implications for Sensory Organization and Behavior

Fig. 2. D, left lateral; E, ventral; F, rostral. Bone is rendered semitransparent, revealing pneumatic recesses, cranial endocast, vascular elements, and the endosseous labyrinth. For detailed labeling of the cranial endo- cast, bony braincase, and endosseous labyrinth, see Figs. 1, 5, and 8, respectively. Scale bars = 10 cm.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2020View details →

Implications of anomalous crustal provinces for Venus' resurfacing history

Data to recreate relevant figures for the JGR planets article "Implications of anomalous crustal provinces for Venus’ resurfacing history". All files are marked by figure number, case, type and time step. Actual time step = time/100 Gyr

Data from: Pantropical geography of lightning-caused disturbance and its implications for tropical forests

Lightning is a major agent of disturbance, but its ecological effects in the tropics are unquantified. Here, we used ground and satellite sensors to quantify the geography of lightning strikes in terrestrial tropical ecosystems, and to evaluate whether spatial variation in lightning frequency is associated with variation in tropical forest structure and dynamics. Between 2013 and 2018, tropical terrestrial ecosystems received an average of 100.4 million lightning strikes per year, and the frequency of strikes was spatially autocorrelated at local-to-continental scales. Lightning strikes were more frequent in forests, savannas, and urban areas than in grasslands, shrublands, and croplands. Higher lightning frequency was positively associated with woody biomass turnover and negatively associated with aboveground biomass and the density of large trees (trees ha-1) in forests across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Extrapolating from the only tropical forest study that comprehensively assessed tree damage and mortality from lightning strikes, we estimate that lightning directly damages ca. 832 million trees in tropical forests annually, of which ca. 194 million die. The similarly high lightning frequency in tropical savannas suggests that lightning also influences savanna tree mortality rates and ecosystem processes. These patterns indicate that lightning-caused disturbance plays a major and largely unappreciated role in pantropical ecosystem dynamics and global carbon cycling.

Data from: Kokanee–sockeye salmon hybridization leads to intermediate morphology and resident life history: implications for fisheries management

Stocking programs designed to return extirpated species to their historical range have become increasingly prevalent, punctuating the need to better understand the risks posed to recipient ecosystems. Here, we investigated the genetic and biological consequences of an anadromous sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) stocking program in Skaha Lake, British Columbia, where substantial levels of hybridization/introgression with the native freshwater resident ecotype (kokanee) have been detected. We genetically-assigned 543 individuals (adult spawners, age-0 juveniles) to estimate stock proportions (pure-stock sockeye/kokanee or hybrid) between 2010 and 2017, with a subset undergoing otolith microchemistry analysis to determine migratory life history and maternal ancestry. Proportion of hybrid spawners varied from 5-20% across sampling years, while hybrid age-0 juveniles remained relatively constant (~11%). Hybrid spawners exhibited intermediate size relative to pure-stocks, with the vast majority being non-anadromous (92%) and of resident maternal ancestry (76%). Our results provide empirical support for previously hypothesized mechanisms of hybridization between O. nerka life-history forms, and underscore the importance of continued monitoring of stocking programs to quantify long-term fitness impacts of introgression and refine management strategies.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: Vessel noise levels drive behavioural responses of humpback whales with implications for whale-watching

Disturbance from whale-watching can cause significant behavioural changes with fitness consequences for targeted whale populations. However, the sensory stimuli triggering these responses are unknown, preventing effective mitigation. Here, we test the hypothesis that vessel noise level is a driver of disturbance, using humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) as a model species. We conducted controlled exposure experiments (n= 42) on resting mother-calf pairs on a resting ground off Australia, by simulating whale-watch scenarios with a research vessel (range 100 m, speed 1.5 knts) playing back vessel noise at control/low (124/148 dB), medium (160 dB) or high (172 dB) LF-weighted source levels (re 1 μPa RMS@1m). Compared to control/low treatments, during high noise playbacks the mother's proportion of time resting decreased by 30%, respiration rate doubled and swim speed increased by 37%. We therefore conclude that vessel noise is an adequate driver of behavioural disturbance in whales and that regulations to mitigate the impact of whale-watching should include noise emission standards.

opencc-zeroJun 2020View details →

Data from: Vessel noise levels drive behavioural responses of humpback whales with implications for whale-watching

Fig. 11 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics

Fig. 11. Top and side views of theropod crania used to reconstruct crosssectional shapes, and oblique views of reconstructed plinge cross−sections for each cranium. Second moments of area of the plinges were calculated as indices of bending and torsional cranium strengths. A–D, carnosaurs; E–G, tyrannosaurids.

Fig. 7 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics

Fig. 7. CT−scanned cross−sections of fused tyrannosaurid nasals, showing greater vaulting and higher cross−sectional areas of bone in larger individuals. A. Gorgosaurus libratus (juvenile: TMP 86.144.1). B. Gorgosaurus libratus (subadult: TMP 86.64.1). C. Daspletosaurus torosus (adult: TMP 98.48.1). Numbers 1–4: cross−sections at topologically similar positions, from posterior to anterior.

Fig. 3 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics

Fig. 3. Comparisons of mediolateral (A, B) and anteroposterior (C, D) strengths of tyrannosaurid and non−tyrannosaurid theropod maxillary teeth, plotted against skull length. Regressions are by least squares, on log transformed data for the tyrannosaurids. Trend lines are allometric in the tyannosaurids but linear in non−tyrannosaurids. Tooth strengths of Tyrannosaurus rex are much higher than in any other examined taxon. Starting points of the small arrows indicate the position of the juvenile T. rex (TrJ). See Appendix 1 for other specimen labels.

Fig. 8 in Fused and vaulted nasals of tyrannosaurid dinosaurs: Implications for cranial strength and feeding mechanics

Fig. 8. Average strengths of nasal cross−sections in tyrannosaurids and Allosaurus fragilis, plotted against nasal length. A. Cross−sectional areas, proportional to compression strengths. B. Second moment of area, proportional to vertical bending strength. C. Second moment of area, proportional to lateral bending strength. Values for the A. fragilis nasals are uncorrected for the hollowness of the sections, which would reduce their strengths. Lines fitted to the tyrannosaurid values are derived from log transformed data. See Appendix 1 for labels.

opencc-zeroFeb 2020View details →

Data from: A quantitative review of density-dependent growth and survival in salmonids: biological mechanisms, methodological biases, and management implications

Understanding the complex variation in patterns of density-dependent individual growth and survival across populations is critical to adaptive fisheries management, but the extent to which this variation is caused by biological or methodological differences is unclear. Consequently, we conducted a correlational meta-analysis of published literature to investigate the relative importance of methodological and biological predictors on the shape and strength of density-dependent individual growth and survival in salmonids. We obtained 160 effect sizes from 75 studies of 12 species conducted between 1977-2019 that differed in experimental approach (sensu Hurlbert, 1984; 65 laboratory experiments, 60 observational field studies, and 35 field experiments). The experimental approach was the strongest factor influencing the strength of density-dependence across studies: density-dependent survival was stronger than growth in field observational studies, whereas laboratory experiments detected stronger density-dependent growth than survival. The difference between density-dependent growth and survival was minimal in field experiments, and between lotic and lentic habitats. The shape of density-dependence (logarithmic, linear, exponential, or density-independent) could be predicted with 66.7% accuracy based solely on the experimental approach and the density gradient (highest/lowest*100) of the study. Overall, the strength and shape of density-dependence were primarily influenced by methodological predictors, while biological factors (predator presence, food abundance, and species) had predictable but modest effects. For both empirical studies and adaptive fisheries management, we recommend using field experiments with a density gradient of at least 460% to detect the proper shape of the density-dependent response, or accounting for potential biases if observational or laboratory studies are conducted.

Data from: Functional implications of the specialized staminal appendages in alpine ginger (Roscoea spp.: Zingiberaceae)

Floral organs are widely believed to enhance the pollination and reproductive success of angiosperms. However, the functional implication of some floral structures is still unknown. In this study, we explored the functional role of staminal appendages on male and female fitness of Himalayan Roscoea spp. and tested if their function differed between species with biotic pollination and autonomous selfing. Phenotypic manipulation is a powerful approach to test the functional effect of a particular trait on plant fitness. We compared various proxies of pollination success between intact flowers and flowers with manually-excised staminal appendages. We found that the rate of visitation did not differ between intact and manipulated flowers. Our results revealed that in outcrossing Roscoea spp. the staminal appendages act as triggering devices to facilitate pollen release and deposition and also to manipulate the foraging position of pollinators to ensure both male and female fitness. In contrast, in autonomously selfing Roscoea spp., the removal of staminal appendages did not affect any aspect of pollination processes. Our results suggest that the staminal appendages are an integral component of outcrossing in Roscoea spp., and are maintained by selection pressure through both male and female fitness. This study provides important insights on how variation in breeding systems can provoke changes in the structure and function of floral organs among congeners.

Data from: Ontogenetic variability in crystallography and mosaicity of conodont apatite: Implications for microstructure, paleothermometry and geochemistry

X-ray diffraction data from Silurian conodonts belonging to various developmental stages of the species Dapsilodus obliquicostatus demonstrate changes in crystallography and degree of nanocrystallite ordering (mosaicity) in both hyaline and albid crown tissue. The exclusive use of a single species in this study, combined with systematic testing of each element type at multiple locations, provided insight into microstructural and crystallographic differentiation between element position (Sa, Sb-c, M) as well as between juveniles and adults. A relative increase in the unit cell dimensions of the a-axis/c-axis ratio of nanocrystallites during growth was apparent in areas demonstrating single-crystal behavior but no such relationship was seen in dominantly polycrystalline areas. Systematic variations in mosaicity were identified, with mosaicity (as a proxy for disorder) increasing during growth, as well as along elements from tip to base. These results provide potential insight into the integrity of conodont apatite as a recorder of paleoseawater chemistry, as well as demonstrate the need to consider the influence of ontogeny and element position on the use of conodonts in paleothermometry and geochemical investigations.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2020View details →

Scenario Input files for "The Domestic and International Implications of Future Climate for U.S. Agriculture in GCAM"

The GCAM scenario input files needed for the experiments described in the paper "The Domestic and International Implications of Future Climate for U.S. Agriculture in GCAM".

opencc-zeroAug 2020View details →

Shifts in sexual dimorphism across a mass extinction in ostracods: implications for sexual selection as a factor in extinction risk

Sexual selection often favors investment in expensive sexual traits that help individuals compete for mates. In a rapidly changing environment, however, allocation of resources to traits related to reproduction at the expense of those related to survival may elevate extinction risk. Empirical testing of this hypothesis in the fossil record, where extinction can be directly documented, is largely lacking. The rich fossil record of cytheroid ostracods offers a unique study system in this context: the male shell is systematically more elongate than that of females, and thus the sexes can be distinguished, even in fossils. Using mixture models to identify sex clusters from size and shape variables derived from the digitized valve outlines of adult ostracods, we estimated sexual dimorphism in ostracod species before and after the Cretaceous/Paleogene mass extinction in the United States Coastal Plain. Across this boundary, we document a substantial shift in sexual dimorphism, driven largely by a pronounced decline in the taxa with dimorphism indicating both very high and very low male investment. The shift away from high male investment, which arises largely from evolutionary changes within genera that persist through the extinction, parallels extinction selectivity previously documented during the Late Cretaceous under a background extinction regime. Our results suggest that sexual selection and the allocation of resources towards survival versus reproduction may be an important factor for species extinction during both background and mass extinctions.