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FIGURE 3. 1 in Study of marsh foraminifera from the coastal plain of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and its ecological implications
FIGURE 3. 1. Elphidium aff. poeyanum (d´Orbigny), UCN–PMIC–165, Scale: 200 µm 2. Elphidium aff. poeyanum (d´Orbigny), UCN–PMIC–166, Scale: 200 µm. 3. Elphidium gunteriCole, 1931, UCN–PMIC–167.Scale: 200 µm. 4. Ammonia parkinsoniana (d'Orbigny, 1839), UCN–PMIC–168. Scale: 200 µm. 5. Ammonia tepida (Cushman, 1926), UCN–PMIC– 169.Scale: 200 µm. 6. Ammonia tepida (Cushman, 1926), UCN–PMIC–170, Scale: 200 µm. 7. Buccella peruviana (d'Orbigny, 1839), UCN–PMIC–171. Scale: 100 µm. 8. Buccella peruviana (d'Orbigny, 1839), UCN–PMIC–172. Scale: 100 µm. 9. Jadammina polystoma Bartenstein & Brand, 1938, UCN–PMIC–173. Scale: 100 µm. 10. Arenoparrella mexicana (Kornfeld, 1931), UCN–PMIC–174. Scale: 100 µm 11. Trochammina ochracea (Williamson, 1858) UCN–PMIC–175, Scale: 100 µm. 12. Astrononion sp.1, UCN–PMIC–176. 3. Scale: 100 µm
FIGURE 1 in Study of marsh foraminifera from the coastal plain of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and its ecological implications
FIGURE 1. Map showing location of the study area, Sambormbón Bay and Channel 15 (Modified from Fundación Vida Silvestre Argentina, 2013) and localization map of the sediment samples analyzed in this study.
An Anisian peripheral foreland basin in the northern Yangtze Block, implications for the collision between the South and North China Blocks
<p>LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb isotopic data for the sandstone samples from the Middle to Upper Triassic successions in the northern Sichuan Basin and Zigui Basin.</p> <p>Four sandstone samples were collected from the lowermost Upper Triassic strata that unconformably overlie the Leikoupo Formation for detrital zircon analysis. The Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation is generally considered to mark the transition from a marine platform to a terrestrial basin on the upper Yangtze Block (Meng et al., 2005). In the Guangyuan and Wangcang areas, we collected three sandstone samples from the lower portion of the Xujiahe Formation. At the Ma’antang train station, we collected one sandstone sample from the Ma’antang Formation, which is a transitional deposit from marine to terrestrial environments in front of Longmen Shan.</p> <p>The analysis was conducted with laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICPMS) at the Key Laboratory of Continental Collision and Plateau Uplift, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). Analytical methods were described in detail by Cai et al. (2012) and are briefly described here. A total of 362 zircon grains from 4 samples produced data of sufficient precision for geochronological interpretation.</p>
Data from: Spatiotemporal variation in completeness of the early cynodont fossil record and its implications for mammalian evolutionary history
<p>Mammals are the only surviving group of Cynodontia, a synapsid clade that first appears in the fossil record in the late Permian, ~260 million years ago. Here, using three metrics that capture skeletal completeness, we quantify the quality of the early cynodont fossil record in time and space to evaluate the impact of sampling and preservational biases on our understanding of the group's evolutionary history. There is no consistent global sampling signal for early cynodonts. Completeness of the cynodont fossil record increases across the Permian/Triassic boundary, peaking in the Early–early Late Triassic. This peak is dominated by specimens from southern Africa and South America, where a highly seasonal climate likely favoured preservation. Completeness is generally lower thereafter, correlated with a shift from a Gondwanan to a predominantly Laurasian fossil record. Phylogenetic and stratigraphic congruence in early cynodonts is high, although their fossil record exhibits less skeletal completeness overall than other tetrapod clades, including the contemporaneous anomodont synapsids. This discrepancy could be due to differences in the diagnosability of their fossils, especially for small-bodied species. Establishing the timing and assembly of derived ('mammalian') anatomical features in Cynodontia is obscured by sampling. Two of the major nodes at which acquisition of mammalian features is concentrated (Cynodontia and Mammaliamorpha) suffer from lengthy intervals of poor sampling prior to becoming abundant parts of tetrapod faunas. Low completeness in these intervals limits our ability to determine when certain 'key' mammalian characteristics evolved, or to identify the selective pressures that might have driven their origins.</p>
Size variations in foraminifers from the Early Permian to the Late Triassic: implications for the Guadalupian-Lopingian and the Permian-Triassic mass extinctions
<p>The final 10 Myr of the Paleozoic saw two of the biggest biologic crises in Earth history: the Middle Permian extinction (often termed the Guadalupian-Lopingian extinction, GLE) that was followed 7–8 Myr later by Earth's most catastrophic loss of diversity, the Permian-Triassic mass extinction (PTME). These crises are not only manifest as sharp decreases in biodiversity and - particularly for the PTME - total ecosystem collapse, but they also drove major changes in biological morphological characteristics such as the Lilliput effect. The evolution of test size among different clades of foraminifera during these two extinction events has been less studied. We analyzed a global database of foraminiferal test size (volume) including 20226 specimens in 464 genera, 98 families, and 9 suborders from 632 publications. Our analyses reveal significant reductions in foraminiferal mean test size across the Guadalupian-Lopingian boundary (GLB) and the Permian-Triassic boundary (PTB), from 8.89 to 7.60 log10 μm3 (lg μm3), and from 7.25 to 5.82 lg μm3, respectively. The decline in test size across the GLB is a function of preferential extinction of genera exhibiting gigantism such as fusulinoidean fusulinids. Other clades show little change in size across the GLB. In contrast, all Lopingian suborders in our analysis (Fusulinina, Lagenina, Miliolina, and Textulariina) experienced a significant decrease in test size across the PTB mainly due to size-biased extinction and within-lineage change. The PTME was clearly a major catastrophe that affected many groups simultaneously, and the GLE was more selective, perhaps hinting at a subtler, less extreme driver than the later PTME.</p>
Calcium stable isotopes of Tonga and Mariana arc lavas and implications for slab fluid-mediated carbonate transfer in subduction zones
<p>The Table 1 shows Ca isotopes and selected major and trace element compositions of the Tonga rear arc and Mariana arc lavas.</p> <p>Supporting imformation includ Figure S1 and Table S1</p> <p>Figure S1 shows the δ<sup>44/42</sup>Ca‰ versus δ<sup>43/42</sup>Ca‰ in all samples and reference materials measured by Nu Plasma 1700 MC-ICP-MS in GPMR.</p> <p>Table S1 lists the major and trace element contents of NW Rota-1 and Esmeralda Bank samples from Mariana arc. Major elements are tested on board and trace elements are measured by ICP-MS in GPMR.</p>
Replication package for: The Aggregate Implications of Mergers and Acquisitions
<p>The package contains the codes to replicate the figures and tables in David (forthcoming). "The Aggregate Implications of Mergers and Acquisitions." Review of Economic Studies. Detailed instructions are also given about accessing the raw data.</p>
Mass-migrating bumblebees: an overlooked phenomenon with potential far-reaching implications for bumblebee conservation
<p>1. Bumblebees are one of the most commonly studied pollinators, but they are declining in large parts of their distribution. Whether bumblebees can cope with anthropogenic disturbances such as climate change and habitat loss depends largely on their dispersal capacity. While bumblebee queen dispersal is estimated to be only a few kilometres, bird migration sites have documented mass-migration events with peak migration of 70 bumblebee queens per minute, indicating that bumblebees can migrate over larger distances than previously thought. 2. The open-access database trektellen.org contains ten daily counts of >1000 migrating queens past single points in the Netherlands, and one in the UK (total bumblebee records 65,430; range 1-11,142 individuals), mostly in early spring. Such mass-migration events are poorly documented in the scientific literature, and usually when describing migrations of other insects such as syrphids and social wasps. 3. Most common European bumblebee species were documented to migrate. Bumblebees were observed flying at sea, coming from sea, and flying towards the sea, showing that they can cross large water bodies. The wind direction might have helped to concentrate migration at landscape bottlenecks. On one day, bumblebee mass-migration was documented on two sites located 200 kilometres apart. Together with the concentrated and directional flight this suggests that they can migrate for several hundreds of kilometres. 4. Because most mass-migration events occur in spring, large scale shortage in suitable nesting sites may be the trigger for mass-migration (e.g. due to high queen survival or low vole numbers). Future studies should test whether this is the case, or whether bumblebees show annual seasonal migration. 5. Synthesis and applications. Much remains unclear about bumblebee migration, but it may have large consequences for the conservation of bumblebees and the ecosystem services they provide. For example, bumblebees in highly disturbed areas like agricultural landscapes may be continuously supplemented by queens from far-away productive natural areas. This suggests that large-scale conservation initiatives are required to maintain viable populations of common and endangered species. Structured observations and modern-day technology, like isotope analyses or radar monitoring, may shed light on the drivers and consequences of the overlooked phenomenon of bumblebee migration.</p>
Unsupervised acoustic classification of individual gibbon females and the implications for passive acoustic monitoring
<p>1. Passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) has the potential to greatly improve our ability to monitor cryptic yet vocal animals. Advances in automated signal detection have increased the scope of PAM, but distinguishing between individuals— which is necessary for density estimation— remains a major challenge. When individual identity is known, supervised classification techniques can be used to distinguish between individuals. Supervised methods require labeled training data, whereas unsupervised techniques do not. If the acoustic signals of individuals are sufficiently different, the number of clusters might represent the number of individuals sampled. The majority of applications of unsupervised techniques in animal vocalizations have focused on quantifying species-specific call repertoires. However, with increased interest in PAM applications, unsupervised methods that can distinguish between individuals are needed. <br> 2. Here, we use an existing dataset of Bornean gibbon female calls with known identity from five sites on Malaysian Borneo to test the ability of three different unsupervised clustering algorithms (affinity propagation, K-medoids, and Gaussian mixture model-based clustering) to distinguish between individuals. Calls from different gibbon females are readily distinguishable using supervised techniques. For internal validation of unsupervised cluster solutions, we calculated silhouette coefficients. For external validation, we compared clustering results with female identity labels using a standard metric: normalized mutual information. We also calculated classification accuracy by assigning unsupervised cluster solutions to females based on which cluster had the highest number of calls from a particular female.<br> 3. We found that affinity propagation clustering consistently outperformed the other algorithms for all metrics used. In particular, classification accuracy of affinity propagation clustering was more consistent as the number of females increased, and when we randomly sampled females across sites. <br> 4. We conclude that unsupervised techniques may be useful for providing additional information regarding individual identity for PAM applications. We stress that although we use gibbons as a case study, these methods will be applicable for any individually-distinct vocal animal. <br> </p>
Data matrices for: Phylogenomics of peacock spiders and their kin (Salticidae, Maratus), with implications for the evolution of male courtship displays
<p>Understanding diversity has been a pursuit in evolutionary biology since its inception. A challenge arises when sexual selection has played a role in diversification. Questions of what constitutes a "species", homoplasy versus synapomorphy, and whether sexually-selected traits show phylogenetic signal have hampered work on many systems. Peacock spiders are famous for sexually selected male courtship dances and peacock-like abdominal ornamentation. This lineage of jumping spiders currently includes over 90 species classified into two genera, <i>Maratus</i> and <i>Saratus</i>. Most <i>Maratus</i> species have been placed into groups based on secondary sexual characters, but evolutionary relationships remain unresolved. Here we assess relationships in peacock spiders using phylogenomic data (UCEs and RAD-seq). Analyses reveal that <i>Maratus</i> and the related genus <i>Saitis</i>, are paraphyletic. Many, but not all, groups within a "core <i>Maratus</i>"<i> </i>clade are recovered as genetic clades but we find evidence for undocumented speciation. Based on original observations of male courtship, our comparative analyses suggest that courtship behavior and peacock-like abdominal ornamentation has evolved sequentially with some traits inherited from ancestors with others evolving repeatedly and independently from "simple" forms. Our results have important implications for the taxonomy of these spiders, and provide a much-needed evolutionary framework for comparative studies of sexual signal character evolution.</p>
Data from: Mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in urban green spaces: implications for urban wildlife conservation
<p>As urban growth expands and natural environments fragment, it is essential to understand the ecological roles fulfilled by urban green spaces. To evaluate how urban green spaces function as wildlife habitat, we estimated mammal diversity and metacommunity dynamics in city parks, cemeteries, golf courses, and natural areas throughout the greater Chicago, IL, USA region. We found similar a-diversity (with the exception of city parks), but remarkably dissimilar communities in different urban green spaces. Additionally, the type of urban green space greatly influenced species colonization and persistence rates. For example, coyotes (Canis latrans) had the highest, but white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) the lowest, probability of persistence in golf courses compared to other green space types. Further, most species had a difficult time colonizing city parks even when sites were seemingly available. Our results indicate that urban green spaces contribute different, but collectively important, habitats for maintaining and conserving biodiversity in cities.</p>
Evaluating the genetic variation of the COI gene of Insecta: Implications for DNA barcoding, metabarcoding and species delimitation studies
<p>The genetic variation of the COI gene has a great effect on the final results of the species delimitation studies. However, little research has comprehensively investigated the genetic divergence in COI among Insecta. The fast-growing COI data in BOLD provide an opportunity for comprehensively appraising the genetic variation in COI among Insecta. We calculated the K2P distance of 64,414 insect species downloaded from BOLD. The match ratios of the clustering analysis based on different thresholds were compared among 4,288 genera (35,068 species). Besides, we also compared the match ratios obtained from two species delimitation methods: the clustering analysis (distance-based method) and the bPTP analysis (tree-based method). Furthermore, the effectiveness of two different results of the bPTP analysis: bPTP_h and bPTP_ml was also tested. Approximately one-quarter of the species of Insecta showed high intraspecific genetic variation (> 3%), and a conservative estimate of this value is 12.05-22.58%. The application of empirical thresholds (e.g., 2% and 3%) in the clustering analysis may result in the overestimation of species diversity. In metabarcoding studies, a threshold of 3% can only be used to estimate the insect diversity roughly. As for the clustering analysis, the "threshOpt" or "localMinima" algorithms can provide a priori value for the researcher. Nevertheless, if the minimum interspecific genetic distance of congeneric species was greater than or equal to 2%, it is possible to avoid overestimating the species diversity based on the empirical thresholds. Besides, the match ratios of the bPTP_ml results were higher than those of the bPTP_h results. As for the bPTP analysis, the bPTP_ml results were recommended. If a proper threshold was selected, the clustering analysis may outperform the bPTP analysis.</p>
Supplementary material for the paper "Paleoenvironment Implications of Layered Ejecta Craters in Chryse Planitia, Mars"
<p>The compressed file contains the spatial crater count (scc) files for crater dating, results of randomness analysis tests and derived model ages with different chronology systems.</p> <p>Table S1 lists all the identified layered ejecta craters in the Chryse Planitia, with a 5-m-per-pixel high resolution context camera (CTX) mosaic as a base map. </p> <p>Table S2 lists all the dating results for selected layered ejecta craters in the Chryse Planitia.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Antoł A, Kozłowski J (2020) Scaling of organ masses in mammals and birds: phylogenetic signal and implications for metabolic rate scaling. ZooKeys 982: 149-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.982.55639
Figures S1–S5. Additional graphs with result analysis and phylogenetical trees used in data analysis
Meta-Analyses in Paediatric Surgery are often fragile: Implications and consequences
<p>The dataset reports the results of the fragility index and fragility quotient calculation of the included meta-analyses on paediatric surgical conditions.</p>
Fitness implications of nonlethal injuries in scorpions: females, but not males pay reproductive costs
<p>The ability to detach a body part in response to a predation attempt is known as autotomy, and it is perhaps the most intensively studied form of nonlethal injury in animals. Although autotomy enhances survival, it may impose reproductive costs to both males and females. We experimentally investigated how autotomy affects the reproductive success of males and females of a scorpion species. Individuals of Ananteris balzani autotomize the last abdominal segments ("tail"), losing the anus and leading to lifelong constipation since regeneration does not occur. Although male "tail" is used during courtship and sperm transfer, autotomy had no effect on male mating success. The combined effect of increased mortality and reduced fecundity resulted in autotomized females producing nearly 35% less offspring than intact females. In conclusion, the negative effects of "tail" autotomy are clearly sex-dependent, probably because the factors that influence reproductive success in males and females are markedly different.</p>
FIGURE 3 in Recent findings of Isthmohyla pictipes (Anura: Hylidae) in Costa Rica: variation and implications for conservation
FIGURE 3. Tadpole of Isthmohyla pictipes (UCR 23382) at stage 25 (Gosner 1960). (A): Dorsal view. (B): Lateral view. (C): Ventral view. (D): Oral disc.
FIGURE 5 in Recent findings of Isthmohyla pictipes (Anura: Hylidae) in Costa Rica: variation and implications for conservation
FIGURE 5. Dorsal and ventral views of Isthmohyla pictipes adults collected in Cuericí, Costa Rica. (A–B): Female (UCR 23366). (C–D): Female (UCR 23364). (E–F): Male (UCR 23363).
FIGURE 2 in Recent findings of Isthmohyla pictipes (Anura: Hylidae) in Costa Rica: variation and implications for conservation
FIGURE 2. Isthmohyla pictipes from San Gerardo de Dota (not collected). (A): Adult female with diurnal coloration. (B, D–E): Adult female with a green uniform dorsum. (C, F–G): Adult male with white stripes on the outer edges of the forearms and on the upper lip.
Thermometry and microstructural analysis imply protracted extensional exhumation of the Tso Morari UHP nappe, northwestern Himalaya: implications for models of UHP exhumation
<p>Documenting the processes that facilitate exhumation of ultra-high pressure (UHP) rocks at convergent margins is critical for understanding orogen dynamics. Here, we present structural and temperature data from the Himalayan UHP Tso Morari nappe (TMN) and overlying nappes, which we integrate with published pressure-temperature-time constraints to refine interpretations for their structural evolution and exhumation history. Our data indicate that the 5.5 km-thick TMN is the upper portion of a penetratively deformed ductile slab, which was extruded via distributed, pure shear-dominated, top-down-to-east shearing. Strain in the TMN is recorded by high-strength quartz fabrics (density norms between 1.74-2.86) and finite strain data that define 63% transport-parallel lengthening and 46% transport-normal shortening. The TMN attained peak temperatures of ~500-600°C, which decrease in the overlying Tetraogal and Mata nappes to ~150-300°C, defining a field gradient as steep as 67°C/km. Within the overlying nappes, quartz fabric strength decreases (density norms between 1.14-1.21) and transport-parallel lengthening and transport-normal shortening decrease to 14% and 18%, respectively. When combined with published 40Ar/39Ar thermochronometry, quartz fabric deformation temperatures as low as ~330°C indicate that the top-to-east shearing that exhumed the TMN continued until ~30 Ma. Peak temperatures constrain the maximum depth of the overlying Mata nappe to 12.5-17.5 km; when combined with published fission-track thermochronometry, this provides further support that the TMN was not underplated at upper-crustal levels until ~30 Ma. The long-duration, convergence-subnormal shearing that exhumed the TMN outlasted rapid India-Asia convergence by ~15 Myr and may be the consequence of strain partitioning during oblique convergence.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.