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16,646 results for “four”
Characterization of metapopulation of Ellobium chinense through Pleistocene expansions and four covariate COI guanine-hotspots linked to G-quadruplex conformation
<p>Please refer to the publication Shin et al. (2021): "Shin CR, Choi EH, Kim G. et al. (2021). Characterization of metapopulation of <em>Ellobium chinense</em> through Pleistocene expansions and four covariate COI guanine-hotspots linked to G-quadruplex conformation. Scientific Reports 11: 12239.</p> <p><span>The land snail <i>Ellobium chinense</i> (Pulmonata, Ellobiida, Ellobiidae), which inhabits the salt marshes along the coastal areas of northwestern Pacific, is an endangered species on the IUCN Red List. Over recent decades, the population size of <i>E. chinense</i> has consistently decreased due to environmental interference caused by natural disasters and human activities. Here, we provide the first assessment of the genetic diversity and population genetic structures of northwestern Pacific <i>E. chinense </i>based on <i>COI</i> and 10 microsatellite markers. The analyses of 140 <i>COI </i>data from South Korea and Japan and 54 microsatellite data from South Korea revealed that <i>E. chinense</i> has high haplotype and low nucleotide diversity without showing any genetic structures that reflect geographical isolations. It strongly implies that the subfamily Ellobiinae may have first appeared around the Eocene Optimum immediately after the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; ca. 55 mya) and the examined <i>E. chinense</i> populations in Northwestern Pacific may have been maintained in a metapopulation under the influence of the Kuroshio warm currents through the Late-Middle Pleistocene (0.350−0.126 mya) and Late Pleistocene (0.126−0.012 mya). We also found four phylogenetic groups, regardless of geographical distributions, which were easily distinguishable by four unidirectional and stepwise adenine-to-guanine transitions in <i>COI</i> (sites 207-282-354-420: A-A-A-A, A-A-G-A, G-A-G-A, and G-G-G-G). Additionally, the four <i>COI</i> hotspots were robustly connected with a high degree of covariance between them. We discuss the role of these covariate guanines which link to form four consecutive G-quadruplexes, and their possible beneficial effects under positive selection pressure. </span></p>
Distribution of vegetation sampling plots in four ecosystem types
<p>The table contains a number of bear cuscus presence points based on direct and indirect encounters (representative information from the local guide), as well as a number of plots constructed in each bear cuscus presence point in various ecosystem types in Bantimurung Bulusaraung National Park and Hasanuddin University Educational Forest, South Sulawesi.</p> <p>Three plots of 20 x 20 m were constructed in each bear cuscus presence point, with fifteen plots were established in each ecosystem type.</p>
Fig. 6 in The spider genus Medionops Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit (Araneae: Caponiidae) in Colombia, with the description of four new species
Fig. 6. Distribution map of Colombian species of Medionops Sánchez-Ruiz & Brescovit, 2017.
Eighty-four per cent of all Amazonian arboreal plant individuals are useful to humans
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Plants have been used in Amazonian forests for millennia and some of these plants are disproportionally abundant (hyperdominant). At local scales, people generally use the most abundant plants, which may be abundant as the result of management of indigenous peoples and local communities. However, it is unknown whether plant use is also associated with abundance at larger scales. We used the population sizes of 4,454 arboreal species (trees and palms) estimated from 1946 forest plots and compiled information about uses from 29 Amazonian ethnobotany books and articles published between 1926 and 2013 to investigate the relationship between species usefulness and their population sizes, and how this relationship is influenced by the degree of domestication of arboreal species across Amazonia. We found that half of the arboreal species (2,253) are useful to humans, which represents 84% of the estimated individuals in Amazonian forests. Useful species have mean populations sizes six times larger than non-useful species, and their abundance is related with the probability of usefulness. Incipiently domesticated species are the most abundant. Population size was weakly related to specific uses, but strongly related with the multiplicity of uses. This study highlights the enormous usefulness of Amazonian arboreal species for local peoples. Our findings support the hypothesis that the most abundant plant species have a greater chance to be useful at both local and larger scales, and suggest that although people use the most abundant plants, indigenous people and local communities have contributed to plant abundance through long-term management.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data for article "Single metal four-electron reduction by U(ii) and masked "U(ii)" compounds"
<p>This upload contains raw data (NMR, X-Ray, Elemental Analysis, IR) files for the article.</p>
Supporting data for the manuscript entitled: Long-term biodegradation of oil under Arctic Conditions: the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) revisited after almost four decades.
<p>The potential of an unintentional oil spill from ships or upcoming oil development is rising as the Arctic warms up more. It is crucial to understand how oil behaves in this setting and what influences oil biodegradation in the Arctic. On Baffin Island in the Canadian High Arctic, the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) project staged a number of simulated oil spills on the backshore zone of beaches in the 1980s. Two BIOS sites were revisited in 2019, about 40 years after the first oil pollution, providing a unique chance to research the long-term weathering of crude oil in Arctic conditions. Here, we demonstrate that even after over 40 years, residual oil is still detectable at these locations. Oil at both locations seems to deteriorate relatively slowly, with estimated loss rates ranging from 1.8 to 2.7% annually and appearing to vary across the two locations. We also demonstrate how the locations' sediment microbial communities are still severely impacted by leftover oil, as seen by a decline in diversity, variations in microbial load, and an enrichment of reported oil-degrading bacteria in contaminated sediments. The most enriched putative oil degraders were found in non-oiled control sediments as well, indicating that these degraders are a normal component of the Arctic sediment microbiome even in the absence of oil. Reconstructed genomes of putative oil degraders indicate that only a portion of these degraders have unique adaptations for growth in psychrothermic environments. This study's findings taken together demonstrate that oil spills in the Arctic can linger and have a lasting, major impact on the environment for decades.</p>
119 chromatograms (GC-FID) of the cuticular hydrocarbons of four Polistes paper wasp species (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Polistinae)
<p><span>This dataset includes gas chromatography coupled flame ionization detection (GC-FID) data containing cuticular hydrocarbon peaks sampled by whole body hexane washes of female and male adult paper wasps: <em>Polistes dominula</em> (22 female, 3 male), <em>Polistes exclamans</em> (14 female, 24 male), <em>Polistes fuscatus</em> (22 female, 18 male), <em>Polistes metricus</em> (10 female, 6 male).</span></p> <p><span></span></p>
Electron backscatter diffraction data and backscatter electron images from four conditions from a cold-rolled and annealed Al-Mn alloy
<p>Raw electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) datasets and backscatter electron (BSE) images acquired from four conditions from a cold-rolled and non-isothermally annealed Al-Mn alloy: as deformed, 175 C, 300 C and 325 C. The heating rate is 50 C/h. The material is recovered after 300 C and partly recrystallized after 325 C.</p> <p>The data forms part of the supplementary material to the paper "Orientation dependent pinning of (sub)grains by dispersoids during recovery and recrystallization in an Al-Mn alloy" (2023) published in Acta Materialia (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2023.118761).</p> <p>The data was acquired in order to study the effect of particles on recovery and recrystallization in the Al-Mn alloy. The particles detected in the BSE images were inserted in the EBSD map after the EBSD map had been corrected for distortions by image registration using the BSE images.</p> <p>See the <em>GitHub</em> repository https://github.com/hakonanes/p-texture-al-mn-alloys for <em>Jupyter</em> notebooks and <em>MTEX</em> (<em>MATLAB</em>) and <em>ImageJ</em> scripts used to process and analyze the data.</p> <p>See the <em>README.txt </em>file for a description of the file contents.</p>
Mid-infrared difference-frequency generation directly pumped by a fiber four-wave mixing source
<p>Open access dataset for all figures in 'Mid-infrared difference-frequency generation directly pumped by a fiber four-wave mixing source'.</p>
Collected explanations on features and functionalities of four SSI management system products.
<p>Collected textual explanations from the white papers of EverID, uPort, LifeID, and IBM Verify Credentials.</p>
Comparative molecular and morphological species delineation of Halammohydra Remane, 1927 (Hydrozoa) – with description of four new species
<p><span>Whereas most cnidarians are macrofaunal, a few microscopic lineages have evolved and some of them inhabit marine sediments. The meiofaunal genus with the most species is <em>Halammohydra</em>, comprising nine nominal species. Species are described with high intraspecific variability in e.g., number of tentacles and statocysts and the shape and length of tentacles and body, complicating morphological identification to species level. Additionally, there is not much molecular data available. This study aims to revise already described species with morphological and molecular methods, as well as, to delineate potential new species answering questions about their geographical distribution. For this, specimens were sampled at 16 locations in the Northwest Atlantic and two localities in the East Atlantic, documented with light microscopy and fixed individually for sequencing (16S, 18S and CO1). Herewith morphological characters were linked to a specific sequence, enabling testing of character variation within one molecular phylogenetic group. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted (Bayesian Interference and Maximum Likelihood) in combination with species delimitation tests (ABGD, GMYC and bPTP). Four already described species were identified in the data sets, and all of these were found at multiple localities. Four new species are described. Overall, the combined molecular and morphological data acquisition revealed multiple new species and a high degree of sympatry in <em>Halammohydra</em>. This, together with the confirmed excessive intraspecific variation in morphological traits, underlines the necessity of molecular sequencing for taxonomy and species identification of <em>Halammohydra</em>. </span></p>
Data for: Unprecedented shift in Canadian High Arctic polar bear food web unsettles four millennia of stability
<p><span>Stable carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and nitrogen (δ<sup>15</sup>N) isotope analysis was conducted on modern and archaeological polar bear bone collagen from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago to investigate potential changes in polar bear foraging ecology over four millennia. Polar bear </span><span>δ<sup>13</sup>C</span><span> values showed a significant decline in the modern samples relative to all archaeological time-bins, indicating a disruption in the sources of production that support the food web, occurring after the Industrial Revolution. The trophic structure, indicated through </span><span>δ<sup>15</sup>N</span><span>, remained unaltered throughout all time periods. The lower </span><span>δ<sup>13</sup>C</span><span> observed in the modern samples indicates a change in the relative importance of pelagic (supported by open-water phytoplankton) over sympagic (supported by sea ice-associated algae) primary production. The consistency in polar bear </span><span>δ<sup>13</sup>C</span><span> through the late Holocene includes climatic shifts such as the Medieval Warm Period (MWP, A.D. 950–1250) and the early stages of the Little Ice Age (LIA, A.D. 1300–1850). These findings suggest that polar bears inhabit a food web that is more pelagic and less sympagic today than it was through the Late Holocene. We suggest that modern, anthropogenic warming has already affected food web structure in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago when modern data are contextualized with a deep time perspective.</span></p>
Thicker eggshells are not predicted by host egg ejection behaviour in four species of Australian cuckoo
<p>Defences of hosts against brood parasitic cuckoos include detection and ejection of cuckoo eggs from the nest. Ejection behaviour often involves puncturing the cuckoo egg, which is predicted to drive the evolution of thicker eggshells in cuckoos that parasitise such hosts. Here we test this prediction in four Australian cuckoo species and their hosts, using Hall-effect magnetic-inference to directly estimate eggshell thickness in parasitised clutches. In Australia, hosts that build cup-shaped nests are generally adept at ejecting cuckoo eggs, whereas hosts that build dome-shaped nests mostly accept foreign eggs. We analysed two datasets: a small sample of hosts with known egg ejection rates and a broader sample of hosts where egg ejection behaviour was inferred based on nest type (dome or cup). Contrary to predictions, cuckoos that exploit dome-nesting hosts (acceptor hosts) had significantly thicker eggshells relative to their hosts than cuckoos that exploit cup-nesting hosts (ejector hosts). No difference in eggshell thicknesses was observed in the smaller sample of hosts with known egg ejection rates, probably due to lack of power. Overall cuckoo eggshell thickness did not deviate from the expected avian relationship between eggshell thickness and egg length estimated from 74 bird species. Our results do not support the hypothesis that thicker eggshells have evolved in response to host ejection behaviour in Australian cuckoos, but are consistent with the hypothesis that thicker eggshells have evolved to reduce the risk of breakage when eggs are dropped into dome nests.</p>
High‐resolution genomic analysis of four local Vietnamese chicken breeds
<p>A total of 96 individuals were sampled from four populations of Vietnamese local chickens (28 Ho, 32 Dong Tao, 18 Mong, and 18 Mia) distributed in four provinces (Bac Ninh, Hung Yen, Ha Nam, and Hanoi, respectively) in the North of Vietnam. All individuals were from the same conservation program in Vietnam, originating from either private farms or public institutions involved in this program. Neither pedigree nor phenotypic information was available. We used stratified sampling for flocks, ensuring a distance of at least 500 m between the selected flocks and random sampling of one or two individuals in each selected flock. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples of all chickens. The HD array for chickens allows for the simultaneous genotyping of approximately 580,000 SNPs. This array comprises SNPs on 28 autosomal chromosomes, two sex chromosomes (Z and W for poultry), and two linkage groups (LGE64 and LGE 22C19W28). Only SNPs on the 28 autosomes were considered in the present study. The SNPs with more than 10% missing genotypes or minor allele frequencies lower than 1% were removed, yielding a consensus panel of 454,297 autosomal SNPs for the analysis of population genetic structure.</p> <p>We applied a second quality control within each breed. Specifically, SNPs with within-breed minor allelic frequencies lower than 0.05 or SNPs with significant (P < 0.0001) deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were filtered out. This second filter led to 368,652, 383,792, 405,535, and 432,631 SNPs for Ho, Dong Tao, Mong, and Mia breeds, respectively. Of note, removing monomorphic SNPs within breeds may lead to the elimination of SNPs that are polymorphic across breeds. Due to the large number of available SNPs, we did not consider the potential effect of these filtered markers as important for subsequent analyses. Genetic diversity analyses were performed on the remaining 308,307 SNPs shared by all four breeds.</p>
Population genomics and phylogeography of four Australasian waterfowl
<p>Biogeographic barriers can restrict gene flow, but variation in ecological drivers of dispersal influences the effectiveness of these barriers among different species. Detailed information about the genetic connectivity and movement of waterfowl across biogeographic barriers in northern Australia and Papua New Guinea is limited. We compared genetic connectivity for four species of Australasian waterfowl that vary in their capacity and predisposition for dispersal: Radjah Shelduck (<em>Tadorna radjah</em>), Wandering Whistling-Duck (<em>Dendrocygna arcuata</em>), Green Pygmy-Goose (<em>Nettapus pulchellus</em>), and Pacific Black Duck (<em>Anas superciliosa</em>). We obtained >2,700 loci from double-digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing for 15 to 40 individuals per species and found idiosyncratic patterns of population structure among the four species. The mostly sedentary Radjah Shelduck exhibited clear genetic differences between New Guinea and Australia as well as among locations within Australia. In contrast, the presumed sedentary Green Pygmy-Goose did not show obvious structure. Likewise, populations of the more dispersive Wandering Whistling Duck and Pacific Black Duck were unstructured and genetically indistinguishable between southern New Guinea and northern Australia. Our data suggest some Australo-Papuan biogeographical barriers are insufficient to impede gene flow in waterfowl species capable of dispersing great distances. In sedentary species like the Radjah Shelduck, these barriers, perhaps coupled with its ecology and natural history, restrict gene flow. Our findings bring new insight into the population ecology of Australo-Papuan waterfowl.</p>
data set regarding to article Comparison of diagnostic value of SARC-F and its four modified versions in Polish community-dwelling older adults
<p>This data set corresponds with the article titled Comparison of diagnostic value of SARC-F and its four modified versions in Polish community-dwelling older adults</p>
Detailed data for Pelobates cultripes from four locations in Western France
<p><span>These data are linked to the article "When Rensch meets Foster: Insular gigantism reduce sexual dimorphism in anurans". In this study, we tested whether Rensch's rule can apply to the change in body size observed in insular contexts. Here are reported the data linked to our specific comparison of continental and insular populations of a widespread coastal amphibian (<em>Pelobates</em> <em>cultripes</em>), in Western France. In this dataset, for each site, we reported the date of capture, individuals' distance to the ocean (in m), the size of individuals (SVL: Snout Vent Length, in mm), their mass (in g), their Scaled Mass Index (SMI), and their sex (note that, in some sites, some individuals were not sexed, and were thus classified neither as males or females).</span></p>
Degenerate four wave mixing measurements - pulsed laser
<p>Transmission from a photonic molecule, measured with photodetector attached to a DAQ and OSA, as a function of detuning, for various input powers. Pulsed laser.</p>
Fig. 3 in Four-year development of a centipede (Chilopoda) community after a summer flood
Fig. 3. Time-presence of centipede species during post-flood succession in the 80 year old forest.
Fig. 2 in Four-year development of a centipede (Chilopoda) community after a summer flood
Fig. 2. Time-presence of centipede species during post-flood succession in the 30 year old forest.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.