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opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Impact of national drug pricing policy 2018 on access to medicines in Lahore Division, Pakistan: A pre-post survey study using WHO/HAI methodology

Objective: To evaluate the impact of new national drug pricing policy (NDPP) 2018 on the access to medicines in terms of prices, availability, and affordability. Design: Two cross-sectional surveys were undertaken before and after the launch of NDPP 2018, using a modified WHO/HAI methodology. Setting: Four districts of Lahore division, Pakistan. Participants: 16 public sector hospitals and 16 private sector retail pharmacies. Measures: The pre- and post-survey data on prices and availability of Lowest Price Generics (LPGs) and Originator Brands (OBs) of 50 medicines were obtained by visiting the same public and private sector health facilities (n=32). Out of 50, 46 surveyed medicines were from National Essential Medicines List (NEML). Inflation-adjusted median unit prices (MUPs) and median price ratios (MPRs) from 2019 were used for price comparison. Affordability was calculated in terms of number of days' wages required to get a standard treatment by the lowest paid unskilled government worker. Results: The overall mean percent availabilities remained poor in both years i.e. far less than 80%. In public sector, the mean percent availability of OBs improved from 6.8% to 33.1% whereas, in case of LPGs it was reduced from 35.1% to 9%. In private sector, the mean percent availability of both OBs and LPGs demonstrated slight improvements in 2019 i.e. 55.0% to 58.3% and 20.3% to 32.3%. The adjusted MUPs and MPRs of OBs significantly increased by a median of 4.29% (Wilcoxon test p=0.001, p=0.0001). Whereas, the adjusted MUPs and MPRs of LPGs were increased by a median of 15.7% (p=0.002, p=0.0002). Overall the affordability of many medicines for common ailments reduced significantly in 2019. Conclusions: The availability of medicines slightly improved, except in the case of LPGs which was reduced at public sector. The implementation of NDPP 2018 led to increase in drug prices, making the standard treatment for some of the most prevalent ailments unaffordable. So verily, the drug pricing policy must be reviewed to ensure access to essential medicines.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

How does the melting impact charge separation in squall line? A bin microphysics simulation study

Data for paper of above title.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

Data for "Prima facie evidence of the instant impact of a lightning stroke on the lower ionosphere"

Here we presented the RAW EM-Field data (dE/dt, B1, B2) of sferics (All triggered RS sferics ranging from 60 km through 800 km to GZ station) which has been analyzed in a manuscript entitled "Prima facie evidence of the instant impact of a lightning stroke on the lower ionosphere".  The data supports the aforementioned manuscript and can be used freely for scientific purposes after a request is made to author Mingli Chen.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2020View details →

L'impact des Humanités Numériques dans la cohérence d'un entrepôt numérique, une triangulaire entre chercheurs, spécialistes de l'IST et informaticiens

The digital humanities are part of a culture that brings together librarians, engineers, teachers, and researchers. Their practices are interlinked to develop and build together digital projects in the disciplines of Human and Social Sciences or Arts and Letters. This article shows how collaborative digital writing, the cornerstone of the digital heritage’s architecture also participates in digital publishing. Reasoning by anticipation shows how librarians and computer scientists, can support researchers to build digital research projects. A practical case illustrates the theoretical aspect and shows, through feedback, how to move from a classical Codex environment to a hypertext environment with semantic relationships. The perspectives of the article give pointers on the skills to be acquired within the framework of new teaching courses to be invented around "digital engineering".

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Data from: The impact of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of terrestrial species: a global meta-analysis

Duplicate of 10.5061/dryad.6hdr7sqxq Human activities are primarily responsible for habitat loss and changes in natural environments around the world. It has been suggested that populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes experience reduced gene flow, inbreeding depression, and loss of alleles due to genetic drift. However, the empirical evidence shows contrasting effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of species. We performed a meta-analysis of 61 studies that compared the genetic diversity of plant and/or animal populations in disturbed and more preserved areas (316 paired comparisons) to investigate the genetic responses to different disturbance types. There is a negative effect (effect size: -0.45; 95% CI: -0.61, -0.29) of disturbances on genetic diversity, in which the most detrimental effects are caused by the loss of connectivity and forest cover. The methodological approach can explain part of the heterogeneity among the genetic responses detected by primary studies: (i) studies using the number of effective alleles did not detect genetic erosion, while all other indices, revealed negative responses to disturbances; and (ii) only studies performed with transferred or a combination of transferred and specific microsatellites detected negative responses. The effects on animal populations are more detrimental than in plant populations. Only plant species with shrub life form, self-incompatible reproductive systems, and biotic pollination and seed dispersal, showed negative responses to disturbances. Despite all heterogeneity among studies, there is an overall negative effect of disturbances on the genetic diversity, which indicates that remaining populations inhabiting human-modified landscapes have reduced evolutionary potential and are prone to local extinction.

opencc-zeroJul 2020View details →

Data from: Late Quaternary environmental and human impacts on the mitochondrial DNA diversity of four commensal rodents in Myanmar

We addressed the spatiotemporal characteristics of four commensal rodent species occurring in Myanmar in comparison with other areas of the Indo-Malayan region. We examined sequence variations of the mitochondrial cytochrome bgene (Cytb) in the Pacific rat (Rattus exulans), roof rat(Rattus rattuscomplex, RrC), lesser bandicoot rat (Bandicota bengalensis), and house mouse(Mus musculus) using the recently developed time-dependent evolutionary rates of mtDNA. The Cytbsequences of RrC from Myanmar were shown to belong to RrC Lineage II, and their level of genetic diversity was relatively high compared to those of the other three species. RrC was found to have experienced bottleneck and rapid expansion events at least twice in the late Pleistocene period in Myanmar and a nearby region. Accordingly, paleoclimatic environmental fluctuations were shown to be an important factor affecting rodents in the subtropics of the Indo-Malayan region. Our results show that human activities during the last 10,000 years of the Holocene period affected the population dynamics of the rodent species examined, including introducing them to Myanmar from neighboring countries. Further study of these four commensal rodents in other geographic areas of the Indo-Malayan region would allow us to better understand the factors that drove their evolution and their ecological trends.

Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on radiology research: an Italian survey

This article reports the results of a national survey, which had the purpose of understanding how COVID-19 pandemic has changed the scientific activity of Italian radiology researchers. A total of 327 Italian radiologists took part in the survey (mean age: 49±12 years). The majority of participants (245/327, 74.9%) was not working for or in agreement with a University and most of them were hospital staff radiologists (222/327, 67.9%). More than two-thirds of surveyed radiologists (231/327, 71%) was working in a public institution, which mostly was a general hospital (188/327, 57.5%); 86/327 (26.3%) participants declared to work in a university hospital.  After national lockdown, the working-flow came back to normal in the vast majority of cases (285/327, 87.2%). Participants reported that a total of 462 radiological trials were recruiting patients at their institutions prior to COVID-19 outbreak, of which 332 (71.9%) were stopped during the emergency. On the other hand, 252 radiological trials have been started during the pandemic, of which 156 were non-COVID-19 trials (61.9%) and 96 were focused on COVID-19 patients (38.2%). Participants reported a significant increase of the number of hours per week spent for research purposes during national lockdown (mean 4.5±8.9 hours during lockdown vs. 3.3±6.8 hours before lockdown; p=.046), followed by a significant drop after lockdown (3.2±6.5 hours per week, p=.035). Notably, 60% of participants reported that they do not spend any time on research. During national lockdown, 15.6% of participants started new review articles and completed old papers, 14.1% completed old works, and 8.9% started new review articles. Ninety-six surveyed radiologists (29.3%) declared to have submitted at least one article during COVID-19 emergency. This study confirms the need to be prepared to future challenging scenarios like COVID-19 emergency in order to support radiology researchers, thereby allowing them to push forward their activity.

Impacts of ocean wave-dependent momentum flux on global ocean climate

This is dataset of ocean climate simulations used in the paper "Impacts of ocean wave-dependent momentum flux on global ocean climate" by Shimura et al. (2020, Geophysical Research Letters). The dataset contains results of four experiments; "expWAVE", "expWAVEctrl", "expWIND", "expWINDctrl". The "expWAVEctrl" and "expWINDctrl" are control experiments of "expWAVE" and "expWIND". The data "expXXX_ocean_month_YYYY_MM.nc.zip" contains monthly mean ocean temperature, u and v components of ocean current. The data "expXXX_ocean_surf_YYYY_MM.nc.zip" contains monthly mean surface heat flux, u and v components of momentum flux.

The clinical impact of high-profile animal-based research reported in the UK national press: a detailed discussion of articles from 1995, and full search results from the Nexis database

Objectives: We evaluated animal-based biomedical 'breakthroughs' reported in the UK national press in 1995 (25 years prior to the conclusion of this study). Based on evidence of over-speculative reporting of biomedical research in other areas (e.g. press releases and scientific papers), we specifically examined animal research in the media, asking, "In a given year, what proportion of animal research 'breakthroughs' published in the UK national press had translated, more than 20 years later, to approved interventions?" Methods: We searched the Nexis media database (LexisNexis.com) for animal-based biomedical reports in the UK national press. The only restrictions were that the intervention should be specific, such as a named drug, gene, biomedical pathway, to facilitate follow-up, and that there should be claims of some clinical promise. Main Outcome Measures: Were any interventions approved for human use? If so, when and by which agency? If not, why, and how far did development proceed? Were any other, directly related interventions approved? Did any of the reports over-state human relevance? Results: Over-speculation and exaggeration of human relevance was evident in all the articles examined. Of 27 unique published 'breakthroughs', only one had clearly resulted in human benefit. Twenty were classified as failures, three were inconclusive, and three were partially successful. Conclusions: The results of animal-based pre-clinical research studies are commonly over-stated in media reports, to prematurely imply often-imminent 'breakthroughs' relevant to human medicine.

Impact of cropland physiology and phenology on watershed hydrology in a semi-arid watershed in the Pacific Northwest in a changing climate

The scripts and figures for the study.   The scripts for creating the CLM5 case with transient CO2 concentration over UCPR watershed For the CO2 concentration and N deposition inputs, please find at <a href="https://svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu/trunk/inputdata/lnd/clm2/">https://svn-ccsm-inputdata.cgd.ucar.edu/trunk/inputdata/lnd/clm2/</a> inputdata: <a href="https://github.com/bwZh/SFA-CO2-effects-using-CLM5">https://github.com/bwZh/SFA-CO2-effects-using-CLM5</a> domain data: domain.lnd.1kmx1km_UCPR_c20190605.nc. parameter data: clm5_params_calibration3_wwrainfed_UCPRvcmax.c171117.nc surface data: Please contact <a href="mailto:bowen.zhu@pnnl.gov">bowen.zhu@pnnl.gov</a> or <a href="mailto:bwzhu@mail.bnu.edu.cn">bwzhu@mail.bnu.edu.cn</a>

The impact of herbivory and pollination on the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity

Theory predicts that herbivory should primarily determine the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity in plant defenses, but little is known about the influence of other interactions like pollination. Pollinators may exert negative selection on the herbivore-induced plasticity of chemical defenses when floral signals and rewards are indirectly affected, provoking deterrent effects on these mutualists. We investigated the influence of constant herbivory and pollination on the evolved patterns and degree of herbivore-induced plasticity in chemical plant defenses and floral morphometry and volatiles in fast-cycling Brassica rapa plants. To do this, we used plants from an evolution experiment that had evolved under bee/hand pollination and herbivory manipulated in a 2*2 factorial design during six generations, producing four selection treatments. We grew sibling plant pairs from each of the four selection treatments of the last generation and infested one group with herbivores and left the other uninfested. Herbivore-induced plasticity was analyzed within and between selection treatments. We found support for the hypothesis that constant herbivory favors the evolution of higher constitutive yet lower herbivore-induced plasticity in defenses. However, this only occurred in plants that evolved under hand pollination and constant herbivory. Bee pollination had a strong influence on the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity of all traits studied. Plants that evolved under bee pollination, with and without constant herbivory, showed remarkably similar patterns of herbivore-induced plasticity in their defense- and floral traits and had a higher number of plastic responses compared to plants of hand pollination. Such patterns support the hypothesis that bee pollination influenced the evolution of herbivore-induced plasticity, most likely via indirect effects, such as links between defense- and floral traits. We conclude that interactions other than herbivory, such as pollination, may impact herbivore-induced plasticity, through indirect effects and metabolic tradeoffs, when it contributes to trait evolution in plants.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2020View details →

On the impact of release policies on bug handing activity: A case study of Eclipse

This repository contains the data used in our paper entitled ["On the impact of release policies on bug handing activity: A case study of Eclipse"] # Structure The repository contains : 1. `raw_data`: a repository containing all the raw data of our study before processing. 2. `data_processing`: a repository containing all the raw data of our study during processing. 3. `data`: a repository containing all the data of our study after all processing steps. 4. `figs`: The generated figures from the notebooks for the paper. 5. The various Jupyter notebooks containing all the scripts used to gather the data and answer each research question.

opencc-zeroSep 2020View details →

Impact of COVID-19 lockdown on glycemic control in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus: information and standardized questions regarding follow-up during lockdown

Aim. To examine the impact of the lockdown caused by COVID-19 pandemic on both the glycemic control and the daily habits of a group of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) using flash continuous glucose monitoring devices (Flash CGM). Methods. Retrospective analysis based on all the information gathered in virtual consultations from a cohort of 50 adult patients with T1DM with follow-up at our site. We compared their CGM metrics during lockdown with their own previous data before the pandemic occurred, as well as the potential psychological and therapeutic changes. Results. We observed a reduction of the average glucose: 160.26 ± 22.55 mg/dl vs. 150 ± 20.96 mg/dl, p=0.0009, estimated HbA1c: 7.21 ± 0.78% vs. 6.83 ± 0.71%, p=000.5, glucose management indicator (GMI) 7.15 ± 0.57 % vs. 6.88 ± 0.49 %, p=0.0003, and glycemic variability (CV): 40.74 ± 6.66 vs. 36.43 ± 6.09 p<0.0001. Time in range showed an improvement: 57.46 ± 11.85% vs a 65.76 ± 12.09%, p<0.0001, without an increase in percentage of time in hypoglycaemia. Conclusions: COVID-19 lockdown was associated with an improvement in glycemic control in patients with T1DM using CGM.

Supplementary material 1 from: Brundu G, Pauchard A, Pyšek P, Pergl J, Bindewald AM, Brunori A, Canavan S, Campagnaro T, Celesti-Grapow L, Dechoum M de S, Dufour-Dror J-M, Essl F, Flory SL, Genovesi P, Guarino F, Guangzhe L, Hulme PE, Jäger H, Kettle CJ, Krumm F, Langdon B, Lapin K, Lozano V, Le Roux JJ, Novoa A, Nuñez MA, Porté AJ, Silva JS, Schaffner U, Sitzia T, Tanner R, Tshidada N, Vítková M, Westergren M, Wilson JRU, Richardson DM (2020) Global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees to prevent tree invasions and mitigate their negative impacts. NeoBiota 61: 65-116. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.61.58380

Global guidelines for the sustainable use of non-native trees to prevent tree invasions and mitigate their negative impacts (GG-NNTs) Background information (Annex to the GG-NNTs)

Detrimental impacts of climate change may be exacerbated by density dependent population regulation in blue mussels

1. The climate on our planet is changing and the range distributions of organisms are shifting in response. In aquatic environments, species might not be able to redistribute poleward or into deeper water when temperatures rise because of barriers, reduced light availability, altered water chemistry, or any combination of these. How species respond to climate change may depend on physiological adaptability, but also on the population dynamics of the species. 2. Density dependence is a ubiquitous force that governs population dynamics and regulates population growth, yet its connections to the impacts of climate change remain little known, especially in marine studies. Reductions in density below an environmental carrying capacity may cause compensatory increases in demographic parameters and population growth rate, hence masking the impacts of climate change on populations. On the other hand, climate-driven deterioration of conditions may reduce environmental carrying capacities, making compensation less likely and populations more susceptible to the effects of stochastic processes. 3. Here we investigate the effects of climate change on Baltic blue mussels using a 17-year data set on population density. Using a Bayesian modelling framework, we investigate the impacts of climate change, assess the magnitude and effects of density dependence, and project the likelihood of population decline by the year 2030. 4. Our findings show negative impacts of warmer and less saline waters, both outcomes of climate change. We also show that density-dependence increases the likelihood of population decline by subjecting the population to the detrimental effects of stochastic processes (i.e., low densities where random bad years can cause local extinction, negating the possibility for random good years to offset bad years). 5. We highlight the importance of understanding, and accounting for both density dependence and climate variation when predicting the impact of climate change on keystone species, such as the Baltic blue mussel. 08-Oct-2020

Dynamic evolution and scenario simulation of habitat quality under the impact of land-use change in the Huaihe River Economic Belt, China

1. Land-use data Meaning of the value in the layers: 11: Paddy field  12: Dry land 21: Forestland 22: Shrubland 23: Sparse woodland 24: Other woodland 31: High coverage grassland 32: Medium coverage grassland 33: Low coverage grassland 41: River canal 42: Lake 43: Reservoir and pond 44: Permanent glacial snow 45: Coastal mud flat  46: Inland tidal flat 51: Urban land 52: Rural residential land 53: Industrial and traffic land 61: Dene 62: Gobi Desert 63: Saline and alkaline land 64: Marshland 65: Bare land 66: Bare rock 67: Other unused land 2. GDP data (Meaning of the value in the layer: yuan/km2) 3. Population density data (Meaning of the value in the layer: person/km2) 4. Meteorological data temperature data (unit: ℃) perception data(unit:mm) 5. Terrain data including elevation, slope and aspect 6. Vector data including railways, highways, national roads, provincial roads and county roads

opencc-zeroNov 2020View details →

Data from: Natural disturbances can produce misleading bioassessment results: identifying metrics to detect anthropogenic impacts in intermittent rivers

Ecosystems experience natural disturbances and anthropogenic impacts that affect biological communities and ecological processes. When natural disturbance modifies anthropogenic impacts, current widely used bioassessment metrics can prevent accurate assessment of biological quality. Our aim was to assess the ability of biomonitoring metrics to detect anthropogenic impacts at both perennial and intermittent sites, and in the latter including both flowing and disconnected pool aquatic phases. Specifically, aquatic macroinvertebrates from 20 rivers were sampled along gradients of natural flow intermittence (natural disturbance) and anthropogenic impacts to investigate their combined effects on widely used river biomonitoring metrics (i.e. taxonomic richness and standard biological indices) and novel functional metrics, including functional redundancy (i.e. the number of taxa contributing similarly to an ecosystem function, here a trophic function) and response diversity (i.e. how functionally similar taxa respond to natural disturbance and anthropogenic impacts). Our results showed that natural flow intermittence can confound river bioassessment, and that a set of new functional metrics could be used as effective alternatives to standard metrics in naturally disturbed intermittent rivers.

opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Potential impact of photoinhibition on microphytobenthic primary production on a large intertidal mudflat

SImulations data from the NoPhoto and Photo runs.

opencc-by-nd-4.0Nov 2020View details →

The impact of phenotypic heterogeneity of tumour cells on treatment and relapse dynamics - Dataset

This is the dataset used in the manuscript "The impact of phenotypic heterogeneity of tumour cells on treatment and relapse dynamics" by Raatz et al. The code used to generate the data and figures can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4461667.