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1,723 results for “Alpine”
Data from: Ecosystem nitrogen retention is regulated by plant community trait interactions with nutrient status in an alpine meadow
1.Biotic nitrogen (N) retention is an important ecosystem function in the context of ongoing land use intensification, N deposition and global warming. However, a paucity of experimental evidence limits understanding of how different plant community components influence N retention in terrestrial ecosystems. 2.In this investigation we conducted a 15N labelling experiment to test how plant community properties, including plant species richness/diversity, dominance and functional traits, influence plant N uptake and retention under different nutrient availabilities. A three-year experiment examined the effects of adding N (10 g N m−2 year−1) and phosphorus (P) (5 g P m−2 year−1) to an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. 3.Results show that 15N retention increased with the addition of N and P; the addition of P produced the largest increase of 15N retention in plant and soil N pools. Changes in soil nutrient conditions also facilitated different plant community controls on ecosystem N retention. Ecosystem 15N retention was influenced by species richness and root biomass in the control plots; whereas the N addition treatment showed an important effect of community-weighted means (CWM) of specific leaf area (SLA), and plots with additional P recorded lower CWM of root nitrogen content (root N) and larger CWM root:shoot ratios (R/S) as important determinants. 4.Synthesis. Ecosystem N retention was influenced by conservative and exploitative plant species and/or their traits under N deficient and abundant conditions, respectively, whereas species richness and community plant biomass were most influential under control conditions. The discovery of an interaction between plant community traits and nutrient biogeochemistry as a mechanism for ecosystem N retention offers a means to predict how vegetation in alpine meadow ecosystems will respond to expected global change.
Highways associated with expansion of boreal scavengers into the alpine tundra of Fennoscandia
<p>1) Habitat fragmentation may affect species distributions through, for example, altered resource availability and shifts in species interactions. Fragmentation by roads has had negative impacts on Fennoscandian alpine ecosystems, with reduction of habitats and connectivity for alpine species. Concurrently, infrastructure development cause influx of subsidies through roadkills and litter, which may facilitate expansion of boreal scavenging species, such as the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), which may intensify negative interactions with alpine species. Hence, understanding the impact of subsidies within marginal alpine areas is imperative for successful conservation and management of particularly vulnerable alpine species.</p> <p>2) We used snow tracking and camera traps in three alpine tundra areas in Norway to investigate whether the presence of boreal scavengers were positively associated with highways during winter, and if this contrasted the pattern of a critically endangered alpine species, the Arctic fox (Vulpes lagopus). In summer, artificial nests were used to assess whether predation risk was related to proximity to highways.</p> <p>3) During winter, the occurrence of red foxes was higher close to highways and decreased with increasing distance to highways, while the arctic fox showed no discernible pattern. Red fox occurrence increased with the number of edible items of anthropogenic origin located along highways, whereas arctic fox occurrence decreased.</p> <p>4) The overall predation risk of artificial nests during summer was high (> 31.2%) and increased with proximity to the highway in the area with highest traffic volume. Synthesis and applications: Highways crossing alpine areas may attract boreal scavengers, possibly connected to increased access to subsidies of anthropogenic origin. Litter and food waste dominated available subsidies along highways in our study, and prevailing mitigating measures directed at reducing roadkill and movement restrictions may not be applicable to reduce negative effects of littering. We recommend actions focusing on informational campaigns, improved garbage disposal facilities and routines, and imposing fines for littering, to reduce negative impacts on vulnerable species. This is likely needed to achieve goals of "no impact" from the physical loss of habitats due to road development.</p>
Data from: Functional traits, not productivity, predict openness to seedling recruitment in alpine plant communities under climatic warming
Understanding the degree to which plant communities are open to seedling recruitment is key to predicting how they will be impacted by climate change. We experimentally assessed whether communities assembled under colder climates were inherently more open to recruitment than warmer-climate communities, after controlling for differences in the current climate under which the communities were growing. We then tested whether variation in openness to recruitment could be explained by community biomass or by the plant functional traits of the community. The study was conducted in a climate grid of twelve grassland sites across southern Norway, differing systematically in temperature and precipitation. Along a 2000 mm precipitation gradient, we transplanted turfs with intact plant communities from alpine and sub-alpine sites into 2℃ warmer sites, and measured natural seedling emergence in these transplanted turfs vs. locally replanted control turfs at the transplant destination sites. Mixed effect models were used to assess the effect of origin (cold vs warm climate), biomass, and functional trait composition of the communities on seedling emergence. We further assessed variation in these effects across different climatic contexts (the temperature and precipitation gradients). Communities originating from colder climates were consistently more open to recruitment, with on average 44% more seedlings emerging, than the locally replanted control communities. The higher rates of seedling emergence in colder-climate communities were attributable to systematic differences in plant functional traits, but not in biomass. The colder-climate communities were composed of species with smaller leaves and lower maximum plant heights; traits that may make these communities less effective at excluding new recruits. These trait-related responses were not significant in the warmest sites and did not very across the precipitation gradient. Our results suggest that alpine species lack the competitive effect traits required to make their communities resistant to invasion by novel competitors under climate change.
Data from: Cold adaptation across the elevation gradient in an alpine butterfly species complex
<p><span><span>1. Temperature acts as a major factor on the timing of activity and behaviour in butterflies, and it might represent a key driver of butterfly diversification along elevation gradients. Under this hypothesis, local adaptation should be found along the elevation gradient, with butterflies from high elevation populations able to remain active at lower ambient temperature than those from low elevation. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>2. We recorded the warming-up rate and the thoracic temperature at take-off of 123 individuals of the Alpine butterfly species complex <i>Coenonympha arcania - C. macromma - C. gardetta</i> in controlled conditions. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>3. Warming-up rate increased with elevation within <i>C. arcania</i>: high elevation males of <i>C. arcania</i> were able to warm-up more quickly, as compared to low elevation ones.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>4. High elevation <i>C. gardetta</i> had a darker underwing pattern than low elevation ones. This high-elevation species was significantly smaller (lower weight and wing surface) than the two other species, and had a faster warming up rate.</span></span></p> <p><span><span>5. Our results suggest that the ability to warm-up quickly and to take-flight at a high body temperature evolved adaptively in the high-altitude <i>C. gardetta</i>, and that low temperature at high altitude may explain the absence there of <i>C. arcania</i>, while the hybrid nature of <i>C. macromma</i> is probably the explanation of its elevation overlap with both other species, and its local replacement of <i>C. gardetta</i>.</span></span></p>
Alpine Building Ruins, Grisons, Switzerland
Ruins of an alpine building situated at around 2200 m a.s.l. in the Val Urschai, Lower Engadine, Switzerland (see [here](https://s.geo.admin.ch/8b6c7900a9) for a map). The two room structure measures 8 x 11 m. Its exact age is unknown, it belongs most probably to the Middle Ages or Early Modern Age. Nearby is another, seemingly associated, [structure](https://sketchfab.com/3d-models/alpine-structure-ruins-grisons-switzerland-bdbac0b032e6422eb0b8d3874f74ea6b). Imagery shot in July 2011 using Kite Aerial Photography, see [https://silvrettahistorica.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/kinderspielzeug-im-dienste-der-archaologie/](https://silvrettahistorica.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/kinderspielzeug-im-dienste-der-archaologie/) (in German), and reprocessed in August 2020. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
DNA barcoding of selected alpine beetles with focus on Curculionoidea (Coleoptera)
<p>Supplementary Figures 3 and 4 to the following article: DNA barcoding of selected alpine beetles with focus on Curculionoidea (Coeloptera). Revue Suisse de Zoologie, in press.</p>
Chemical characterization of atmospheric ions at the High-Alpine station Jungfraujoch (Switzerland)
<p>The ion composition at high-altitude (3454 m a.s.l.) was measured with an Atmospheric<br> Pressure interface Time of Flight mass spectrometer (APi-TOF) during a period of nine<br> months, from August 2013 to April 2014. The negative mass spectra were dominated by the<br> ions of sulfuric, nitric, malonic and methanesulfonic acid (MSA) as well as SO5- . The most<br> prominent positive ion peaks were from amines. The other cations were mainly organic compounds<br> clustered with a nitrogen-containing ion, which could be either NH4+ or an aminium.<br> Occasionally the positive spectra were characterized by groups of compounds each differing<br> by a methylene group. In the negative spectrum, sulfuric acid was always observed during<br> clear sky conditions following the diurnal cycle of sun irradiation. On many occasions we<br> also saw a high signal of sulfuric acid during night time when clusters up to the tetramer<br> were observed. A plausible reason for these events could be evaporation from particles at low<br> relative humidity. A remarkably strong correlation between the signals of SO5- and CH3SO3-<br> was observed for the full measurement period. The presence of these two ions during both<br> the day and the night suggests a non-photochemical channel of formation which is possibly<br> linked to halogen chemistry. Halogenated species, especially Br– and IO3- , were frequently<br> observed in air masses that originated mainly from the Atlantic Ocean and occasionally from<br> continental areas based on back trajectory analyses. We found I2O5 clustered with an ion, a<br> species that was proposed from laboratory and modelling studies. All halogenated ions exhibited<br> an unexpected diurnal behaviour with low values during day time. New particle formation<br> (NPF) events were observed and characterized by 1) highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs) and<br> low sulfuric acid or 2) ammonia-sulfuric acid clusters. We present characteristic spectra for<br> each of these two event types based on 26 nucleation episodes. The mass spectrum of the<br> ammonia-sulfuric acid nucleation event compares very well with laboratory measurements<br> reported from the CLOUD chamber. A source receptor analysis indicates that new particle<br> formation events at the Jungfraujoch take place within a restricted period of time of 24-48<br> hours after air masses have had contact with boundary layer. This time frame appears to be<br> crucial to reach an optimal oxidation state and concentration of organic molecules necessary<br> to facilitate nucleation.</p>
Figure 3a. - The typical alpine environment in the high Varaita valley where the caves colonized by Pimoadelphinica are found.
Figure 3a. - The typical alpine environment in the high Varaita valley where the caves colonized by Pimoadelphinica are found.
Figure 3a. - The typical alpine environment in the high Varaita valley where the caves colonized by Pimoadelphinica are found.
Figure 3a. - The typical alpine environment in the high Varaita valley where the caves colonized by Pimoadelphinica are found.
Data from: Plant biodiversity responds more strongly to climate warming and anthropogenic activities than microbial biodiversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grasslands
<p>Biodiversity serves as the fundamental underpinning for ecosystem functions and services. As a result of human-induced global change, there is a growing awareness of the substantial alterations in terrestrial aboveground biodiversity, particularly within alpine regions. However, it remains uncertain whether belowground biodiversity will exhibit similar responses, both in terms of magnitude and manner, to anthropogenic global changes as aboveground biodiversity.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the impacts of warming, nutrient addition, and grazing on plant and soil microbial biodiversity in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which are known to be climate-sensitive and vulnerable. The analysis included 819 experimental observations from 152 studies, focusing on species richness, Shannon diversity, and Pielou's evenness.</p> <p>We found that plant biodiversity exhibited greater sensitivity to climate warming and anthropogenic activities compared to soil microbial biodiversity. Specifically, plant richness and Shannon diversity were reduced by warming and nutrient addition, while plant evenness was increased by grazing. However, only microbial richness was increased by grazing and microbial evenness was increased by warming slightly.</p> <p>The responses of biodiversity to climate warming and anthropogenic activities were modulated by multiple factors. Specifically, the negative effects of warming on plant biodiversity were more pronounced in long-term experiments under warmer or drier environmental conditions. The negative effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity were enhanced by the intensity and duration of nitrogen treatment. Appropriate intensity and frequency of grazing were beneficial to sustaining plant biodiversity. Soil microbial biodiversity was weakly regulated, where bacterial Shannon diversity was more sensitive to nutrient addition, while fungal species richness was sensitive to grazing.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis: </strong>Our findings reveal a mismatch between aboveground plant and belowground microbial biodiversity in response to climate warming and anthropogenic activities in alpine grasslands, with plant biodiversity being more sensitive. In the context of future global change, plant biodiversity may be at greater risk than soil microbial biodiversity. In addition, biodiversity responses of different experimental and environmental conditions should be distinguished, and more attention is needed on biodiversity conservation in alpine steppe, or areas with warmer and drier environmental conditions, high-intensity fertilization or heavy grazing. </p>
Dianthus sylvestris subsp. sylvestris as a promising candidate for phytostabilization of copper-contaminated post-mining sites in Alpine ecosystems
<p>The lack of remediation of inactive mine sites is a serious global concern, as they pose risks to the environment, human health, and safety. The potential of <em>Dianthus sylvestris</em> subsp. <em>sylvestris</em> to remediate post-mining sites contaminated with copper (Cu) at high altitudes, which is a challenging task for most management strategies, was explored in this study. More than 1300 mg Cu kg<sup>-1</sup> in shoots were found in plants collected at the Monte Avanza legacy mine site (Alps). However, it is unclear whether this is due to hyperaccumulation or foliar contamination. To address this gap, field samples were washed with two different protocols, and a controlled Cu-tolerance test was conducted. While very high Cu concentrations, exceeding the Cu hyperaccumulation threshold of 300 mg kg<sup>-1</sup>, were found in samples washed with water, results for the plants cleaned with a more rigorous approach with EDTA suggested Cu exclusion strategy. Under controlled conditions, the plant showed Cu hypertolerance but did not hyperaccumulate Cu. Thus <em>D. sylvestris</em> presents a Cu exclusion strategy rather than hyperaccumulation potential, making it a suitable candidate for Cu phytostabilization at high-altitude legacy mine sites. The study emphasizes the need for experiments under controlled conditions when assessing the phytoremediation potential.</p>
Supplementary digital data for "Widespread contamination of soils and vegetation with Current Use Pesticide residues along altitudinal gradients in a European Alpine valley"
<p>Supplementary digital data for the publication:</p> <p>Widespread contamination of soils and vegetation with Current Use Pesticide residues along altitudinal gradients in a European Alpine valley</p> <p>Data that was no publicly available but is used for Figure 1 - 3 in the manuscript is provided in this repository in addition to the raw data describing the occurrence in plant and soil matrices throughout the Vinschgau valley along the altitudinal transects.</p> <p> </p>
Data and code for "Shrubs inhibit plant diseases through reducing herbaceous biomass in alpine meadows"
<p>Supplementary Data and code for "Shrubs inhibit plant diseases through reducing herbaceous biomass in alpine meadows"</p>
Supplementary material from: Alpine extremophytes in evolutionary turmoil: Complex diversification patterns and demographic responses of a Halophilic grass in a Central Asian biodiversity hotspot
<p>Diversification and demographic responses are key processes shaping species evolutionary history. Yet we still lack a full understanding of ecological mechanisms that shape genetic diversity at different spatial scales upon rapid environmental changes. In this study, we examined genetic differentiation in an extremophilic grass <em>Puccinellia pamirica</em> and factors affecting its population dynamics among the occupied hypersaline alpine wetlands on the arid Pamir Plateau in Central Asia. Using genomic data, we found evidence of fine-scale population structure and gene flow among the localities established across the high-elevation plateau as well as fingerprints of historical demographic expansion. We showed that an increase in the effective population size could coincide with the Last Glacial Period, which was followed by the species demographic decline during the Holocene. Geographic distance plays a vital role in shaping the spatial genetic structure of <em>P. pamirica</em> alongside with isolation-by-environment and habitat fragmentation. Our results highlight a complex history of divergence and gene flow in this species-poor alpine region during the Late Quaternary. We demonstrate that regional climate specificity and a shortage of nonclimate data largely impede predictions of future range changes of the alpine extremophile using ecological niche modeling. This study emphasizes the importance of fine-scale environmental heterogeneity for population dynamics and species distribution shifts.</p>
Decoupling of uptake and transport-related traits in absorptive roots across coexisting herbaceous species in alpine meadows
<div>The anatomical structure of roots determines their function. Coexisting species complementarily forage nutrients by roots themselves (e.g., root strategy) and their fungal partners (e.g., mycorrhizal strategy), leading to a tradeoff between root strategy and mycorrhizal strategy. However, few studies have specifically evaluated whether and how the root anatomical structures are involved in this tradeoff, especially for species in alpine ecosystems limited by extreme climate.Here, absorptive root anatomical and chemical traits and three key root traits commonly associated with nutrient foraging strategies, i.e., root strategy indicated by first-order root length and root branching intensity and mycorrhizal strategy indicated by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal colonization, were examined across 68 herbaceous species in alpine meadows of the Tibetan Plateau.We observed that absorptive roots with higher branching intensity had more protoxylem poles, thinner cortices and smaller cortical cells, whereas absorptive roots with higher mycorrhizal colonization and longer first-order roots consistently had thicker cortices and larger cortical cells. Unexpectedly, root cortical traits responsible for nutrient uptake were decoupled from stelar traits specialized in water and nutrient transportation. The decoupling may be related to the non-coordinated changes in soil water and nutrient availability in the meadows of the Tibetan Plateau. In addition, we found that root cortical thickness and stelar radius increased at a similar rate rather than well-reported different rates with increasing root diameter. Our results demonstrate that root internal makeup plays an integral role in forming the diverse nutrient foraging strategies in belowground. These findings provide new insights into our understanding of plant coexistence and responses of alpine meadows to climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.</div>
Individual and temporal variation in movement patterns of wild alpine reindeer and implications for disease management
<p>Animal behaviour is important for prevalence and outbreaks of infectious diseases, for instance by affecting individual interactions. Increasing the knowledge of individual movement patterns can provide better insight into disease prevalence and spread, helping to target efforts to minimise disease outbreaks. Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a fatal prion disease affecting cervids. CWD is transmitted by animal-to-animal contact and through the environment, thus individual variation in space use and social associations may influence disease transmission patterns and infection risk. CWD was detected in Norwegian alpine reindeer (<em>Rangifer tarandus</em>) in 2016, and eradication of the infected population was implemented. A 3:1 infection rate between males and females suggests sex-specific behavioural drivers. We utilised an extensive individual-based dataset of 149 GPS-marked wild reindeer to investigate individual variation in movement patterns in terms of inter- and intra-annual home range size and site fidelity, and variation in home range overlap and distances between individuals. We aimed to identify patterns which could indicate higher potential disease risk. Females had larger annual and seasonal home ranges than males, except during calving and rut. Greater home range overlaps and shorter between-individual distances were found between same-sex individuals than different-sex individuals, except during the rut. Accordingly, the rut season stands out with greater male home ranges, greater home range overlap and shorter distances between males and between males and females, which could indicate that this season is critical for disease transmission. Measures to prevent disease spread should lower contact rates, e.g., by reducing the abundance of adult males before they mix with other groups during the rut. This can be achieved for instance by allowing earlier hunt on adult males when they are distributed in small male groups, to reduce the transmission risk and keep disturbance of other individuals low.</p>
Dataset from the project entitled HimFunDiff. Related to research article: Global warming alters Himalayan alpine shrub growth dynamics and climate sensitivity.
<p>We examined a total of 9 populations of Rhododendron anthopogon, which were located between 3200 m and 4200 m above sea level (asl). These populations were distributed across three geographically distant transects, with each transect consisting of three sites (along an elevation gradient). The transects are referred to as northern, intermediate, and southern, while the sites at each transect are categorized as low, mid, and high (as depicted in Thakur et al 2024). The northern transect exhibited colder temperatures and lower rainfall compared to the other two transects. On the other hand, the two remaining transects had relatively similar temperatures, but the southernmost transect received higher levels of precipitation. The mean annual temperature of these populations ranged from 2 °C to 5 °C from 2021 through 2022, while volumetric soil moisture levels varied from 0.198 to 0.377 based on onsite measurements using TMS4 dataloggers (Wild et al., 2019).</p> <p>We collected a total of 81 wood disc samples, with 9 samples obtained from each of the 9 sites studied (9 populations × 9 discs). The samples were collected by cutting a single piece from the thickest stem segment, approximately 5 cm in length, from 81 different mature and healthy individuals. Within each site, the 9 samples were obtained from three separate plots (three samples per plot), each covering an area of approximately 100 m2. The selection criteria for these plots included: (1) the presence of Rhododendron anthopogon as one of the dominant species; (2) minimal anthropogenic disturbance; and (3) the absence of large shrubs or trees. The sampled individuals within a plot were spaced at least 5 m apart from each other, and the plots themselves were at least 20 m apart. To prevent rapid drying, the cut stem samples were immediately placed in a wet paper towel. Within 48 hours of sampling, the stem samples underwent dehydration by being immersed in 50 % ethanol for the initial 3 days, followed by 70 % ethanol for the subsequent 7 to 10 days. After the ethanol dehydration process, the samples were air-dried for 72 hours and then stored in paper bags until further processing.</p> <p>Plant age and growth data for each of the sampled individuals were obtained following established protocols (Doležal et al., 2018). In the laboratory, we utilized a sledge microtome to cut cross-sections from each stem sample. These cross-sections were then stained with Astra Blue and Safranin and permanently affixed to microscope slides using Canada Balsam (Doležal et al., 2022). High-resolution images of the fixed sections were captured using an Olympus BX53 microscope equipped with an Olympus DP73 camera. The software CellSense Entry 1.9 was employed to analyse the best image obtained from each individual. We measured annual radial growth increments from pith to bark to the nearest micrometre. </p> <p>More details are given in the article entitled </p> <h1>Global warming alters Himalayan alpine shrub growth dynamics and climate sensitivity. <a title="Persistent link using digital object identifier" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170252" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170252</a></h1>
Data from: Camera traps reveal seasonal variation in activity and occupancy of the Alpine mountain hare (Lepus timidus varronis)
<p>Mountain hare is a cold-adapted species threatened by climate change, but despite its emblematic nature, our understanding of the causes of population decline remains limited. Camera traps are increasingly used in ecology as a tool for monitoring animal populations at large spatial and temporal scales. In mountain environments where field work is constrained by difficult access and harsh conditions, camera traps constitute a promising tool for surveying rare and elusive species such as the mountain hare. Our study explored the use of camera traps as a tool for studying seasonal habitat occupancy and daily activity patterns of the mountain hare, in order to carry out long-term monitoring of populations. We installed 46 camera traps along elevation gradients in the Mont-Blanc massif (France) from January 2018 to June 2022. We measured habitat variables at each camera trap site in order to define vegetation composition and habitat structure. We performed multi-season and single-season occupancy models to respectively describe habitat occupancy of the mountain hare throughout the year and identify the environmental variables influencing mountain hare presence during the breeding season. Mountain hares occupy coniferous forest in winter, and then switch to mixed areas of shrubland and grassland above treeline in spring and the beginning of summer. In spring, occupancy probability of the mountain hare increases with relative cover of mixed low shrub and herbaceous layer (i.e. the 10-40 cm vegetation layer), suggesting a link to food resources and protection from predation. Our results also confirm the nocturnal and crepuscular activity of the mountain hare during the breeding season, and strictly nocturnal activity in winter. Our results demonstrate the efficiency of camera traps as tools for monitoring mountain hare habitat occupancy in mountain environments and underline the importance of diverse habitat mosaics for the preservation of the species.</p>
Genetic admixture between Central European and Alpine wolf populations
<p>The recovery and expansion of formerly isolated wolf populations in Europe raise questions about the nature of their interactions and future consequences for population viability and conservation. Will fragmented populations fuse or maintain a certain level of isolation with migration? Central Europe is suitable for obtaining empirical data in this field as it represents a "crossroad" with the potential for contact among several phylogeographic lineages. In this study, non-invasive genetic samples obtained during population monitoring in the Bohemian and Bavarian Forest (BBF) mountain ranges in the Czech Republic and Germany (Bohemian Massif) were analysed at different neutral markers including mitochondrial sequence, nuclear autosomal microsatellites and gonosomal sex markers. Resultant genetic profiles were compared with reference data to study population ancestry. Both cluster analyses of microsatellite genotypes and syntopic occurrence of haplotypes HW01 and HW22 showed genetic admixture between Central European and Alpine populations. This represents secondary contact and interbreeding of formerly allopatric populations with different phylogeographic histories and distant expansion centres in different biomes in the Baltic region versus the Apennine peninsula and Alps. Moreover, the study describes the founding event and genealogy of this admixed deme, inhabiting intermediate environmental conditions compared to parental forms, and emphasises the role of protected areas as stepping stones in the range recolonization process in endangered large mammals.</p>
Arthropod diversity in the alpine tundra - Microclimatic conditions
<p>Three sampling sites (E16A, E16B, E16C) in Vågå (Oppland, Norway) were equipped with automatic data loggers (HOBO, 4-channel micro-stations) for permanent measurements of the micro-environmental conditions. Data loggers at each sampling site measured continuously (as hourly means) the following micro-environmental variables: air temperature [°C] at 15 cm height (hereafter referred to as T+15), soil temperature [°C] at 15 cm depth (hereafter T-15), and soil moisture [Vol.-%] at 15 cm depth (hereafter SM-15). The dataset contains values from 26th July - 06th September 2015</p>
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