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Figure 22 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 22. Schematic diagrams of brood chambers in Monoporellidae (A-C), Cribrilinidae (D, E) in longitudinal and transverse section, showing maternal and distal zooids (fossil spinose ovicells reconstructed). A, Stichomicropora spp. with articulated ovicell spine bases; B, Stichimicropora baccata. C, Monoporella multilamellosa. D, Leptocheilopora spp. E, Bellulopora bellula.

Figure 3 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 3. Distelopora bipilata Lang, Lower Cenomanian, Cambridge, England. A, part of a colony with several nonovicellate autozooids and one broken ovicell, NHM D21883. B, ovicell spine bases forming a semicircle, NHM D21881. C, ovicell spine bases at some distance from the mural rim, NHM D21881. D, ovicell spine bases forming a gentle arch. Medial spines are adjacent to the proximal edge of the mural rim of the distal zooid, NHM BZ4958. Scale bars: A = 100 Mm; B–D = 50 Mm.

Figure 14. A–C in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 14. A–C, Macropora cribrilifera Maplestone, Lower Miocene, South Australia, NMV P311815. A, ovicell in oblique frontal view. B, ovicell viewed from the distal side (orifice of distal zooid bottom centre). C, lateral view of ovicell, showing intercostal slits and pores. D-F, Macropora waimatukuensis (Uttley). CM zb51,?Miocene, Southland, New Zealand. D, complete ovicell; note calcified opercula in distal and two lateral zooids. E, complete and broken ovicells. F, proximal part of ovicell showing cryptocystal costal fabric. Scale bars: A-D = 200 Mm; E = 500 Mm; F = 100 Mm.

Figure 21 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 21. Schematic diagrams of brood chambers in Tendridae (A, B) and Calloporidae (C-E) in longitudinal and transverse section, showing maternal and distal zooids (fossil spinose ovicells reconstructed). A, Tendra zostericola. B, Heteroecium sp. C, Distelopora bipilata and D. langi. D, Distelopora spinifera, Unidistelopora krauseae. E, Gilbertopora larwoodi.

Figure 7. A, B in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 7. A, B, Stichomicropora marginula (Brydone), Coniacian, Kent, England, NHM D44609. A, part of colony with ovicellate and nonovicellate zooids. B, maternal zooid with ovicell preserved as a gently curved, distally convex arch of spine bases. C, D, Stichomicropora sp. 1, Campanian, Norwich, England, NHM D42263. C, several fertile zooids with ovicells represented by spine bases arranged in distally concave or distally convex gentle arches, or in a straight line. D, view centred on a damaged part of a colony with distally convex rows of ovicell spine bases (upper left and upper right) and a distally concave row (bottom right). E, F, Stichomicropora sp. 2, Campanian, Clarendon, England, NHM D46004. E, edge of colony, showing three ovicells, represented by gently curved, distally convex arches of spine bases, in zooids with broken frontal shields. F, ovicell spine bases and floor. Scale bars: A = 500 Mm; B, F = 100 Mm; C, E = 250 Mm; D = 200 Mm.

Figure 17 in Brood chambers constructed from spines in fossil and Recent cheilostome bryozoans

Figure 17. Macropora levinseni Brown, Recent, New Zealand. A, longitudinal section of an ovicell, showing costal lumen (arrowed) and zooidal operculum (right of arrow). B, saggital section of ovicell with embryo, showing attachments (arrowed) of the internal membranous ooecial wall to the calcified part of the ooecium; note thick external membranous ooecial wall. Scale bars = 100 Mm.

Fig. 6 in Freshwater bryozoans in the backwaters of the Danube and Traun Rivers south-east of Linz, Upper Austria

Fig. 6: Bryozoan statoblasts II: a – piptoblast of Fredericella sultana, b – spinoblast of Cristatella mucedo, c – sessoblast of Plumatella fungosa.

Fig. 5 in Freshwater bryozoans in the backwaters of the Danube and Traun Rivers south-east of Linz, Upper Austria

Fig. 5: Bryozoans in the floodplain area south-east of Linz, colonies: a – Fredericella sultana (Grosser Weikerlsee), Ø branch 2 cm, b – Cristatella mucedo (Mitterwasser), Ø branch 2 cm, c – Plumatella fungosa (Grosser Weikerlsee), Ø branch 3.5 cm.

Fig. 4 in Freshwater bryozoans in the backwaters of the Danube and Traun Rivers south-east of Linz, Upper Austria

Fig. 4: Bryozoan statoblasts I: a – sessoblast of Plumatella casmiana, b – floatoblast of Plumatella repens.

Fig. 1 in Freshwater bryozoans in the backwaters of the Danube and Traun Rivers south-east of Linz, Upper Austria

Fig. 1: Sampling areas for bryozoans in floodplains along the Danube River in Austria. Linz (present study); A./G.= Altenwörth/Grafenwörth area; F.-B.= area between Fischamend and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg.

Fig. 1-6 in Swimming zooids: an unusual dispersal strategy in the ctenostome bryozoan, Hislopia

Fig. 1-6: (1) Two normal, developing adventitious buds in series (arrows) of the undescribed Thai Hislopia, Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (2) Hislopia zooid with two young nautizooid buds (arrows). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (3) Hislopia zooid with two nautizooid buds almost ready for release. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (4) Single Hislopia zooid dissected from a colony, with five nautizooid buds distributed in seemingly random locations around the margin. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (5) Nautizooid bud, already feeding, ready to break away from the colony. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (6) Free-swimming nautizooid. Scale bar = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 11 in Unusual early development in a cyclostome bryozoan from the Ukrainian Miocene

Fig. 11: Model of larval metamorphosis in the Polupanivka Miocene cyclostome compared with a conventional cyclostome (based on NIELSEN 1970: fig. 2, 1995: fig. 24.3). The ciliated larva (far left) is vertically sectioned to reveal the apical invagination (black) and the invaginated adhesive sac (grey). Normally (top row) during metamorphosis the adhesive sac evaginates to attach the larva to a substrate. However, in the Polupanivka Miocene cyclostome (bottom row), evagination of the adhesive sac apparently occurred while the larva was still floating in the plankton and the adhesive sac no role in attaching the larva to a substrate.

Figure 16 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 16. Favoured cladogram for species of Macropora, rooted on the outgroup taxon Monoporella exsculpta (Marsson). Reweighted 50% majority-rule consensus tree. Bootstrap support value indicated for the only node present in more than half of 500 replicate trees. CI excluding uninformative characters = 0.4192, RI 0.6427, RC 0.3270.

Figure 17 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 17. Phylogenetic tree constructed from the favoured cladogram (Fig. 16) with species distributions indicated by symbols mapped on a geological timescale. Note that only one species (M. nodulosa) is represented in more than one geological age. Symbols indicate biogeographical provenances as indicated in the box.

Figure 4 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 4. Macropora carlosi sp. nov., Norfolk Ridge, north of Norfolk Island, New Zealand, holotype, NIWA 18408. A, group of zooids. B, enlargement of zooid on right of A showing ovicell with radially aligned pores and broken roof. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B = 500 mm.

Figure 11. A–E in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 11. A–E, Macropora browni López de la Cuadra & García Gómez, 1997, NIWA Stn Tan 0205/63, Kermadec Ridge. A, autozooids, a kenozooid (centre) and an avicularium (bottom right). B, avicularium orifice. C, inner face of operculum of autozooid. D, inner face of operculum of avicularium. E, zooids from early astogeny. F, Macropora polymorpha (Phillips, 1900), NIWA Stn Z9694, Spirits Bay, northern New Zealand, unbleached specimen showing autozooids, an avicularium (centre) and an ovicell (top right). Scale bars: A = 470 mm; B = 125 mm; C = 110 mm; D = 105 mm; E = 340 mm; F = 1 mm.

Figure 5 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 5. Macropora mawatariorum sp. nov., eastern Kyushu, Japan. A, drawing of ancestrula and early zooids (from Mawatari, 1958). B, drawing of a maternal zooid (from Mawatari, 1958). C, three zooids, two with intact opercula. D, ancestrula. E, inner face of operculum. Scale bars: C = 500 mm; D = 220 mm; E = 70 mm. C, E, holotype, SMBL Type no. 416 from eastern Kyushu; D, paratype, SMBL Type no. 418.

Figure 8 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 8. Macropora pittensis sp. nov., Pliocene (or inferred Pliocene), Pitt Island, Chatham Islands, New Zealand. A–C, NHM BZ5377, Pliocene, Whanuataru Tuff, Tarawhenua Peninsula. A, group of zooids including an equivocal avicularium (upper right). B, autozooids and kenozooid (bottom centre). C, autozooid orifice. D–F, 'Pitt Island Limestone'. D, avicularium orifice, IGNS BZ 225, holotype. E, autozooids, one with intact operculum (lower right), one with a closure plate (upper left) and two with open orifices, IGNS BZ 226. F, ovicell, IGNS BZ 227. Scale bars: A, B = 1 mm; C, D = 200 mm; E, F = 500 mm.

Figure 3 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 3. Macropora filifera sp. nov., Cavalli Seamounts, Bounty Plateau, New Zealand. A, group of zooids, two with intact opercula. B, orifice and oral spines. C, ovicell, with radial slits, and supportive autozooid. D, inner face of operculum. Scale bars: A, C = 1 mm; B = 500 mm; D = 100 mm. DPG PF2007-2 from NIWA Stn Tan 0204/46.

Figure 7 in Systematics of the bryozoan genus Macropora (Cheilostomata)

Figure 7. Macropora similis sp. nov., NHM D36010, holotype, inferred Pliocene, Napier, New Zealand. A, group of autozooids. B, intact autozooidal operculum. C, avicularium orifice. D, two ovicells, that on the left with a broken roof. Scale bars: A, D = 500 mm; B, C = 200 mm.