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Fig. 15 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 15. Live Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 in their natural environments. A–B. Pharmacus senex sp. nov. A. Adult ♂, Dunstan, Dunstan Mountains, 1670 m a.s.l. B. Adult ♂ and ♀. The Obelisk, Old Man Range, 1680 m a.s.l. C. Pharmacus notabilis sp. nov. Adult ♂, Remarkables Ski-field Access Road, Wakatipu, 1200 m a.s.l. D. Pharmacus concinnus sp. nov. Adult ♂, Symmetry Peaks, Eyre Mountains, 1500 m a.s.l. E. Pharmacus perfidus sp. nov. Adult ♀ and ♂, Spence Peak, Takitimu Mountains, 1450 m a.s.l. F. Pharmacus vallestris sp. nov. Adult ♀, French Ridge, Matukituki River West Branch, 1700 m a.s.l. (MPN CW5145).

Fig. 14 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 14. Live Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 in their natural environments. A–B. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893.A. Adult ♂, with dark coloration typical of high elevation specimens. Mt Annette, Sealy Range, Mt Cook, 2200 m a.s.l. (MPN CW3302). B. Adult ♂, with coloration typical of low elevation specimens. Mueller Hut Track, Sealy Range, Mt Cook, 1500 m a.s.l. C–D. Pharmacus cochleatus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov. C. Adult ♀, with yellow / black chequered coloration that is most typical for the species, parasitized by red mites (Order Trombidiformes). Luna Basin, Major Peak, Wakatipu, 1470 m a.s.l. D. Adult ♂, with dark coloration typical of high elevation specimens. Mt Edgar Thomson, Ben Ōhau Range, 2350 m a.s.l. (MPN CW3278). E. Pharmacus cochleatus rawhiti subsp. nov. Adult ♂, Blue Lake Creek, Garvie Mountains, 1280 m a.s.l. F. Pharmacus cristatus sp. nov. Adult ♀, Skippers Range High Point, South Westland, 1520 m a.s.l.

Fig. 3 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 3. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Adult ♂. A–B. Lateral view of terminalia. A. Original drawing by Pictet & de Saussure (1893): Holotype, Mt Cook (MHNG ARTO-24289). B. Mt Annette, Sealy Range, Mt Cook (MPN CW3302). C–E. Dorsal view of terminalia. C. Original drawing by Pictet & de Saussure (1893): holotype, Mt Cook (MHNG ARTO-24289). D. Original drawing by Richards (1972), from unspecified material. E. Mt Annette, Sealy Range, Mt Cook (MPN CW3302). F–G. Detail of ventral spines at apex of left hind tibia. F. Mt Annette, Sealy Range, Mt Cook (MPN CW3302), with two sub-apical spines on inner edge and one on the outer edge as per the species' original description. G. Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass (MPN CW3989), with one sub-apical spine on both inner and outer edges, a configuration typical of all Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 7. Head of Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893, Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass. A–B. Adult ♂ (MPN CW3989) C–D. Adult ♀ (MPN CW3988). Scale bar = 2 mm.

Fig. 4 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 4. Side by side comparison of Notoplectron brewsterense (Richards, 1972) comb. nov. and of Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. A–E, H, J. Notoplectron brewsterense (Richards, 1972) comb. nov., Mt Brewster, Haast Pass. A–C. Dorsal, ventral and lateral view of terminalia. Adult ♂ (MPN CW3307). D–E. Subgenital plate. Adult ♀. D. MPN CW3391. E. Original drawing by Aola Richards (1972): holotype (CMNZ 000267). H, J. Dorsal view of hind tibia with enlarged detail. Adult ♀ (MPN CW3391). F–G, I, K. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. F–G. Subgenital plate. Adult ♀. F. Mt Annette, Sealy Range (MPN CW3303). G. Original drawing by Aola Richards (1972), from unspecified material. I, K. Dorsal view of hind tibia with enlarged detail. Adult ♂. Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass (MPN CW3989). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 10 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 10. Adult male terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Left column: dorsal view; central column: ventral view (subgenital plate); right column: lateral view. A–C. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893, Mueller Hut Track, Sealy Range, Mt Cook (MPN CW3532). D–F. Pharmacus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov. D–E. Humboldt Mountains (MPN CW3698). F. Blue Lake Creek, Garvie Mountains (MPN CW4462). G–I. Pharmacus cristatus sp. nov., Skippers Range High Point, South Westland (NMNZ AI.052292). J–L. Pharmacus notabilis sp. nov., Remarkables Ski-field access road (NMNZ AI.052296). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 2. Gene tree for the eight morphologically identified species of Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 using Maximum Likelihood analysis of ~850 bp of mtDNA (COI) from 60 specimens ofPharmacus.

Fig. 1. A in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 1. A. Genetic relationships of cave wētā support monophyly of the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Gene tree from mtDNA sequences (~1500 bp of COI) using Maximum Likelihood with 1000 bootstraps and Macropathus filifer Walker, 1869 to root the tree. B. Map of South Island of New Zealand, showing locations of Pharmacus specimens used in phylogenetic analyses (Figs 1A, 2). Colours correspond to different species. Two letter codes indicate the New Zealand entomological regions (Crosby et al. 1998). These codes are reported in the Material examined section for each species.

Fig. 11 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 11. Adult male terminalia of cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Left column: dorsal view; central column: ventral view (subgenital plate); right column: lateral view. A–C. Pharmacus senex sp. nov., The Obelisk, Old Man Range (NMNZ AI.052294). D–F. Pharmacus concinnus sp. nov., Symmetry Peaks, Eyre Mountains (NMNZ AI.052298). G–I. Pharmacus perfidus sp. nov., Spence Peak, Takitimu Mountains (NMNZ AI.052300). J–L. Pharmacus vallestris sp. nov., Matukituki River West Branch (NMNZ AI.052302). Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 9. Left hind tibia of adult ♂ cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893, dorsal view. A. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893, Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass (MPN CW3989). B. Pharmacus cochleatus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov., Gertrude Saddle, Darran Mountains (MPN CW3413). C. Pharmacus cochleatus rawhiti subsp. nov., Mt Tūwhakarōria, Hector Mountains (MPN CW4431). D. Pharmacus cristatus sp. nov., Skippers Range, South Westland (NMNZ AI.052292). E. Pharmacus notabilis sp. nov., Remarkables ski-field access road (NMNZ AI.052296). F. Pharmacus senex sp. nov., Obelisk, Old Man Range (NMNZ AI.052294). G. Pharmacus concinnus sp. nov., Eyre Peak, Eyre Mountains (MPN CW4480). H. Pharmacus perfidus sp. nov., Spence Peak, Takitimu Mountains (NMNZ AI.052300). I. Pharmacus vallestris sp. nov., Matukituki River West Branch (MPN CW3700). Scale bar = 5 mm.

Fig. 5 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 5. Pharmacus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov. A–D. Adult ♂. Dorsal view of terminalia. A. Holotype, from unknown location (MNHN EO-ENSIF4926). B. Paratype, from unknown location (MNHN EO-ENSIF4928). C. Original drawing by Aola Richards (1972): Pharmacus chapmanae Richards, 1972 holotype. Bevan Col, Matukituki Valley (OMNZ IV7927; prev. OMNZ A70:6). D. Mt Edgar Thomson, Ben Ohau Range (MPN CW3278). E–F. Adult ♀. Ventral view of terminalia (subgenital plate). E. Original drawing by Aola Richards (1972): Pharmacus chapmanae Richards, 1972 allotype. Bevan Col, Matukituki Valley (OMNZ IV7924; prev. OMNZ A70:8). F. Mt Brewster, Haast Pass (MPN CW3325). Scale bar = 2 mm. Images A and B courtesy of Marion Depraetere, MNHN, reproduced under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 licence.

Fig. 8 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 8. Dorsal views of adult ♂ cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893. Notice loss of natural pigmentation of pale body parts due to preservation in ethanol. A–B. Pharmacus montanus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 A. Mt Annette, Sealy Range, Mt Cook (MPN CW3302). B. Lake Anna, Mt Franklin, Arthur's Pass (MPN CW3989). C. Pharmacus senex sp. nov., Old Woman Range, Central Otago (MPN CW4387). D. Pharmacus cochleatus cochleatus (Karny, 1935) comb. nov., Topheavy, Mt Brewster, Haast Pass (MPN CW3324). E. Pharmacus cochleatus rawhiti subsp. nov., Mt Tūwhakarōria, Hector Mountains (NMNZ AI.052290). F. Pharmacus cristatus sp. nov., Skippers Range, South Westland (MPN CW4562). G. Pharmacus vallestris sp. nov., Matukituki River West Branch (MPN CW3700). H. Pharmacus notabilis sp. nov., Remarkables ski-field access road (NMNZ AI.052296). I. Pharmacus concinnus sp. nov., Eyre Peak, Eyre Mountains (MPN CW4482). J. Pharmacus perfidus sp. nov., Spence Peak, Takitimu Mountains (MPN CW4494). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in High alpine sorcerers: revision of the cave wētā genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure (Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae: Macropathinae), with the description of six new species and three new subspecies

Fig. 6. Known distribution of cave wētā in the genus Pharmacus Pictet & de Saussure, 1893 in the south of the South Island, New Zealand.

Shihua cave stalagmite CS01C d18O, d13C, lamina thickness, and stalagmite SHD1311 d18O during early Holocene 11.3 - 10 ka BP

Here we present results of 230Th dating, stable isotope and lamina thickness data from two stalagmites (CS01C and SHD1311) from Shihua Cave (latitude 39´47°N, longitude 115´56°E; altitude 251 m a.s.l. at the entrance), northern China, during 11.32 to 10 ka BP.  CS01C developed with clear annual lamina. The age model of CS01C is based on lamina counting. The age model of SHD1311 is established using the COPRA algorithm. The variability of stalagmite δ18O records is interpreted as a proxy of regional summer monsoon precipitation and/or EASM intensity. Stalagmite δ18O records show two weak summer monsoon events at 10.9 and 10.3 ka. The 10.9-ka event occurred from 10.93–10.79 ka BP for ~140 yr and features a “W”-shaped structure. The 10.3-ka event, also known as the ice-rafted debris event 7 in the North Atlantic, lasted ~260 yr with an asymmetric double-plunging structure.

Fig. 6 in A new semi-cryptic Filistata from caves in the Levant with comments on the limits of Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae)

Fig. 6. Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775), left bulb, prolateral (A, C, E, G) and dorsal (B, D, F, H) views. A–B. France (MACN-Ar 39461, ♂ collected with ♀ IFM-1702). C–D. Spain (CRBA IFM-2196). E–F. Israel, Ornit cave (MACN-Ar 41813, IFM-2175). G–H. Israel, Sharakh cave (MACN-Ar 41218, IFM-2144). Scale bar = 0.1 mm, all figures to scale.

Fig. 10. Filistatid morphology. A in A new semi-cryptic Filistata from caves in the Levant with comments on the limits of Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae)

Fig. 10. Filistatid morphology. A. Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775), ♀, leg tarsus, arrow points to macrosetae. B. Pritha nana (Simon, 1968), arrow points to right calamistrum. C. Sahastata aravaensis Ganem et al., 2022, left calamistrum. D. Zaitunia schmitzi Kulczyński, 1911, left calamistrum, arrow points to gap between setae. E. Filistata insidiatrix, left calamistrum. F. Filistata lubinae Zonstein & Marusik, 2019, ♂, tarsus I. G. Sahastata aravaensis, ♀. H. Pritha IFMsp185, ♀. I. Pritha sp., male abdomen, dorsal view. J. Zaitunia schmitzi, ♂. K. Zaitunia schmitzi, spermathecae ventral view. L. Pritha tenuispina (Strand, 1914), ♂, left pedipalp, prolateral view, arrow points to cymbium. M. Filistata lubinae, left copulatory bulb, prolateral view. N. Zaitunia schmitzi, ♂, left pedipalp, prolateral view, arrow points to cymbium. O. Filistata albens Zonstein & Marusik, 2019, left copulatory bulb, prolateral view. P. Zaitunia schmitzi, male clypeus, lateral view, arrow points to stout setae. Q. Filistata insidiatrix, female clypeus, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new semi-cryptic Filistata from caves in the Levant with comments on the limits of Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae)

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I haplotypes of different species of Filistata Latreille, 1810 inferred under maximum likelihood. Numbers below branches are bootstrap supports. The histogram shows the distribution of pairwise Kimura two-parameter genetic distances within and between F. insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) and F. betarif sp. nov. (for pairwise distances of other species, see Table 2). Note that some intraspecific genetic distances within F. insidiatrix are larger than interspecific distances between F. insidiatrix and F. betarif sp. nov., denoting a lack of a barcode gap in this group, or cryptic species within F. insidiatrix.

Fig. 8. A–G in A new semi-cryptic Filistata from caves in the Levant with comments on the limits of Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae)

Fig. 8. A–G. Filistata betarif sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (HUJ -INVAr 21058), left pedipalp. A–B, E. Prolateral view. Arrow points to prolateral strong setae in cymbium. C, F–G. Retrolateral view. Arrow points to embolic keel. D. Dorsal view. — H. Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (MACN-Ar 39461), bulb, retrolateral view. Arrow points to embolic keel. Scale bars: A–F = 0.2 mm; G–H = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 9 in A new semi-cryptic Filistata from caves in the Levant with comments on the limits of Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae)

Fig. 9. Filistata betarif sp. nov., female spermathecae, ventral. A. Oah cave (HUJ-INVAr 21055). B. Tinshemet cave (MACN-Ar 41222). C–D. Tinshemet cave (MACN-Ar 41791). Scale bars: A–C = 0.2 mm; D = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 4. Distribution maps. A in A new semi-cryptic Filistata from caves in the Levant with comments on the limits of Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) (Arachnida: Araneae: Filistatidae)

Fig. 4. Distribution maps. A. Filistata insidiatrix (Forsskål, 1775) in the Mediterranean and Middle East (note the species has been recorded from Angola, Venezuela and the islands of Socotra, Azores and Cabo Verde, but these records seem to be introduced); literature records have been taken from Benoit (1968), Brignoli (1982), Marusik & Zonstein (2014), Marusik & Zamani (2015a) and Zonstein & Marusik (2019). B. Filistata insidiatrix (circles) and F. betarif sp. nov. (star) in Israel and Palestine; only specimens examined by us are included in the map. Darker shades of orange are records that include at least one male specimen. C. Other species of Filistata Latreille, 1810 in Israel (except F. insidiatrix).