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Table 4 in Complexities associated with elephant impact on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra in the Greater Kruger National Park
<p><b>Table 4</b> Comparison of the total mortality percentages and annual mortality rates of marula trees since 2013 across height classes for the 2016 and 2018 surveys in Jejane Private Nature Reserve.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Height class</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>5–8 m (<i>n =</i> 17)</td><td>8–11 m (<i>n</i> = 78)</td><td>11–15 m (<i>n</i> = 98)</td><td>> 15 m (<i>n</i> = 8)</td></tr><tr><th>Total tree mortality (%)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2016 survey (3-year elephant presence)</th><td>41.18</td><td>28.21</td><td>19.39</td><td>12.50</td></tr><tr><th>2018 survey (5-year elephant presence)</th><td>76.47</td><td>50.00</td><td>25.51</td><td>12.50</td></tr><tr><th>% change between survey years</th><td>35.29</td><td>21.79</td><td>6.12</td><td>0</td></tr><tr><th>Annual mortality rate (% dead trees per year)</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>2016 survey (3-year elephant presence)</th><td>13.73</td><td>6.46</td><td>6.46</td><td>4.17</td></tr><tr><th>2018 survey (5-year elephant presence)</th><td>15.29</td><td>10.00</td><td>5.10</td><td>2.50</td></tr><tr><th>% change between survey years</th><td>1.56</td><td>3.54</td><td>− 1.36</td><td>− 1.67</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 2 Table 1 in Complexities associated with elephant impact on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra in the Greater Kruger National Park
<p><b>Table 2</b> Results from the top eight logistic regression models investigating characteristics which explain marula tree mortality in combination with elephant impact in Jejane Private Nature Reserve.The models are arranged from best (table top) to worst (table bottom) based on the corrected Akaike's information criteria (AICc). Columns include AICc score, ∆ AICc (difference in AICc score from the best model), and the Akaike's model weight (<b>ω</b> <i>i</i>).</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Model</th><th>AICc</th><th>∆ AICc</th><th><b>ω</b> <i>i</i></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Elephant impact * Height * Termites</th><td>89.61</td><td>0</td><td>0.649</td></tr><tr><th>BSD * Elephant impact * Termites</th><td>92.46</td><td>2.85</td><td>0.156</td></tr><tr><th>Elephant impact * Height * Road distance * Termites</th><td>93.75</td><td>4.14</td><td>0.082</td></tr><tr><th>Elephant impact * Termites</th><td>94.15</td><td>4.54</td><td>0.067</td></tr><tr><th>Elephant impact * Height * Sex</th><td>97.76</td><td>8.15</td><td>0.011</td></tr><tr><th>Elephant impact * Sex * Termites</th><td>98.48</td><td>8.87</td><td>0.007</td></tr><tr><th>Elephant impact * Termites * Water distance</th><td>99.01</td><td>9.40</td><td>0.006</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Complexities associated with elephant impact on Sclerocarya birrea subsp. caffra in the Greater Kruger National Park
<p><b>Table 3</b> Elephant preference ratings for marula tree height classes in Jejane Private Nature Reserve. Preference ratings>1.00 indicate that the height class is sought after or preferred by elephants.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Height class</th><th>Quantities</th><th></th><th>Preference rating</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Trees available</td><td>Trees removed</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>5–8 m</th><td>17</td><td>13</td><td>1.97</td></tr><tr><th>8-11 m</th><td>79</td><td>38</td><td>1.29</td></tr><tr><th>11-15 m</th><td>98</td><td>25</td><td>0.66</td></tr><tr><th>>15 m</th><td>8</td><td>1</td><td>0.32</td></tr><tr><th>Totals</th><td>202</td><td>78</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>
African elephants can detect water from natural and artificial sources via olfactory cues
<p>Water is vital for mammals. Yet, as ephemeral sources can be difficult to find, it raises the question, how do mammals locate water? Elephants (<i>Loxodonta africana</i>) are water-dependent herbivores that possess exceptional olfactory capabilities, and it has been suggested that they may locate water via smell. However, there is no evidence to support this claim. To explore this, we performed two olfactory choice experiments with semi-tame elephants. In the first, we tested whether elephants could locate water using olfactory cues alone. For this, we used water from two natural dams and a drinking trough utilised by the elephants. Distilled water acted as a control. In the second, we explored whether elephants could detect three key volatile organic compounds (VOCs) commonly associated with water (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, and dimethyl sulphide). We found that the elephants could locate water olfactorily, but not the distilled water. Moreover, they were also able to detect the three VOCs associated with water. However, these VOCs were not in the odour profiles of the water sources in our experiments. This suggests that the elephants were either able to detect the unique odour profiles of the different water sources or used other VOCs that they associate with water. Ultimately, our findings indicate that elephants can locate water olfactorily at small spatial scales, but the extent to which they, and other mammals, can detect water over larger scales (e.g. km) remains unclear.</p>
Figure 6 from: Panha S, Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Naggs F (2013) Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617
Figure 6 - Radular morphology of Pollicaria spp. A Pollicaria myersii from Pahom, Vang Vieng, Laos (CUMZ 1572) B Pollicaria mouhoti mouhoti from Tam Wungdang, Phitsanulok (CUMZ 1533) C Pollicaria mouhoti monochroma ssp. n. from the type locality (paratype CUMZ 1548) D Pollicaria elephas from Gunung Kenting, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia (CUMZ 1536) E Pollicaria rochebruni from Phuong Nga National Park, Vietnam (CUMZ 1568) F Pollicaria crossei from Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh Province, Vietnam (CUMZ 1588). Numbers indicated order of lateral and marginal teeth. Central tooth indicated by 'C'.
Figure 5 from: Panha S, Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Naggs F (2013) Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617
Figure 5 - Shell morphology of Pollicaria spp. A–C Pollicaria elephas A lectotype of Pollicaria elephas (MNHN 21309) B lectotype of Hybocystis jousseaumei Morgan, 1885 (MNHN 21308), and C specimen from Gunung Kenting, Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia (CUMZ 1536) D, E Pollicaria rochebruni D lectotype (MNHN 21305), and E specimen from Phuong Nga National Park, Vietnam (CUMZ 1568) F, G Pollicaria crossei, F lectotype (MNHN 21304), and G specimen from Cuc Phuong National Park, Vietnam (CUMZ 1588).
Figure 3 from: Panha S, Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Naggs F (2013) Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617
Figure 3 - General anatomy, genitalia and spermatophore of Pollicaria mouhoti mouhoti. A Right side of snail showing male genital organ B Left side of snail showing pallial cavity and circulatory system C Male genital organ D Female genital organ E Spermatophore from uterus.
Figure 1 from: Panha S, Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Naggs F (2013) Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617
Figure 1 - Breathing devices of six genera within the Pupinidae; black arrow indicates the position of breathing devices. A Anterior and posterior canals of Pupina B Anterior canal and twisted posterior canal of Pupinella C Complete posterior tube in Raphaulus D Shallow posterior angled groove of Pollicaria, white arrow indicates the parietal declining shoulder inside peristome E Anterior (peristomal) groove inside aperture of Tortulosa F Thin posterior groove inside aperture of Schistoloma.
Figure 4 from: Panha S, Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Naggs F (2013) Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617
Figure 4 - Shell morphology of Pollicaria spp. A–E Pollicaria gravida A lectotype UMZC I.102935.A B paralectotype UMZC I.102935.B-E C syntype of Otopoma blennus Benson, 1856 UMZC I.102930.A and D, E specimens from Farm Caves, Moulmein, Burma (NHMUK 88.124.863.4–5; specimen with 'x' was figured in Gude (1921), fig. 29) F, G Pollicaria myersii F form Siam (NHMUK 20090242; specimen figured in Pfeiffer, 1856a, pl. 19, figs 1, 2), and G specimen from Pahom, Vang Vieng, Laos (CUMZ 1572) H, I Pollicaria mouhoti mouhoti H lectotype (NHMUK 20130071/1), and I specimen from Tam Wungdang, Phitsanulok (CUMZ 1533) J, K Pollicaria mouhoti monochroma ssp. n. from the type locality, J holotype CUMZ 1577, and K paratype CUMZ 1548.
Figure 2 from: Panha S, Kongim B, Sutcharit C, Naggs F (2013) Taxonomic revision of the Elephant Pupinid snail genus Pollicaria Gould, 1856 (Prosobranchia, Pupinidae). ZooKeys 287: 19-40. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.287.4617
Figure 2 - Living snails. A Pollicaria myersii from Pahom, Vang Vieng, Laos (CUMZ 1572; shell height about 40 mm) B Pollicaria mouhoti mouhoti from Tam Wungdang, Phitsanulok (CUMZ 1533; shell height about 35 mm) C Pollicaria mouhoti monochroma ssp. n. from the type locality (paratype CUMZ 1548; shell height about 30 mm) D Pollicaria elephas from Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia (CUMZ 1536; shell height about 45 mm).
Zoo elephant metagenomic Kraken2 reports
<p>Non-invasive biological samples benefit studies that investigate rare, elusive, endangered, and/or dangerous species. Integrating genomic techniques that use non-invasive biological sampling with advances in computational approaches can benefit and inform wildlife conservation and management. We use non-invasive fecal DNA samples to generate low- to medium-coverage genomes (e.g., >90% of the complete nuclear genome at 6 X-fold coverage) and metagenomic sequences, combining widely available and accessible DNA collection cards with commonly used DNA extraction and library-building approaches. DNA preservation cards are easy to transport and can be stored non-refrigerated, avoiding cumbersome and/or costly sample methods. The genomic library construction and shotgun sequencing approach did not require enrichment or targeted DNA amplification. The utility and potential of the generated data generated were demonstrated through genome-scale analysis and metagenomics of zoo and free-ranging African savanna elephants (<em>Loxodonta</em> <em>africana</em>). Fecal samples collected from free-ranging individuals contained an average of 12.41% (5.54–21.65%) endogenous elephant DNA. Clustering of these elephants with others from the same geographic region was demonstrated by principal component analysis of genetic variation using nuclear genome-wide SNPs. Metagenomic analyses generated compositional taxon classifications that included Loxodonta, green plants, fungi, arthropods, bacteria, viruses, and archaea, showcasing the utility of this approach for addressing complementary questions based on host-associated DNA, e.g., pathogen and parasite identification. The molecular and bioinformatic analyses presented here contribute towards the expansion and application of genomic techniques to conservation science and practice.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Thaung R, Frechette J, Luskin MS, Amir Z (2023) Combining Camera Trap Data and Environmental Data to Estimate the Effects of Environmental Gradients on Abundance of the Asian Elephant Elephas maximus in Cambodia. Biodiversity Information Science and Standards 7: e112100. https://doi.org/10.3897/biss.7.112100
Environmental Variables Used in the study
Data from: Woody plant biomass and carbon exchange depend on elephant-fire interactions across a productivity gradient in African savanna
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Data from: Temporal stability in a male African elephant social network
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Data from: Is bigger better? The relationship between size and reproduction in female Asian elephants
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Data from: Movement reveals reproductive tactics in male elephants
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Data from: Using novel phylogenetic methods to evaluate mammalian mtDNA, including amino acid-invariant sites-LogDet plus site stripping, to detect internal conflicts in the data, with special reference to the positions of hedgehog, armadillo, and elephant
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Data from: The role of volatile plant secondary metabolites as pre-ingestive cues and potential toxins dictating diet selection by African elephants
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Data from: Rival assessment among northern elephant seals: evidence of associative learning during male-male contests
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Zoo elephant metagenomic Kraken2 reports
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