Find research datasets worth reusing

Fig. 4 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of Xc-HSC70 and Xc-HSP70 amino acid sequences from different species. A 3-letter code has been included to indicate the order name of the corresponding insect and vertebrate orders (COL = Coleoptera, LEP = Lepidoptera, DIP = Diptera, HYM = Hymenoptera, and VER =Vertebrata). The values indicated on the branches correspond to bootstrap percentages (BP).

Fig. 3 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 3. Schematic structure of the Xc-HSC70 gene. Exons are shown as boxes in which white boxes represent untranslated regions, whereas the black boxes are the protein-coding exons; introns are indicated as lines between the boxes. The numbers above and below the drawing represent the sizes (base pairs) of each exon and intron, respectively. The start codon (ATG) and stop codon (TAA) are also indicated. The genomic DNA sequence of Xc-HSC70 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. KF731994.

Fig. 2 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 2. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the Xc-HSP70 gene. The signature sequences of the HSP70 family are shown in boxes, the nuclear localization signal sequence is underlined, the consensus sequence EEVD at the C-terminus is indicated in italics, and the start and stop codons are in bold. The nucleotides and amino acids are numbered along the lef and right margins. The sequence encoding Xc-HSP70 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. HQ698836.

Fig. 1 in Expression profile of two HSP70 chaperone proteins in response to extreme thermal acclimation in Xestia c-nigrum (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fig. 1. Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of Xc-HSC70. The signature sequences of the HSP70 family are shown in boxes, the nuclear localization signal sequence is underlined, the consensus sequence EEVD at the C-terminus is indicated in italics, and the start and stop codons are in bold. The nucleotides and amino acids are numbered along the lef and right margins. The sequence encoding Xc-HSC70 has been deposited in GenBank under accession no. KC844151.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2015View details →

Fig. 2 in Molecular cloning of heat shock protein gene HSP90 and effects of abamectin and double-stranded RNA on its expression in Panonychus citri (Trombidiformes: Tetranychidae)

Fig. 2. Alignment of HSP90 amino acid sequence of P. citri McGregor and its homologus amino acid sequences from other species (Frankliniella occidentalis, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Pteromalus puparum, Tetranychus cinabarinus).

Fig. 1 in Effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection on the development of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expression of its 20-hydroxyecdysone- and juvenile hormone-related genes

Fig. 1. Effect of HaSNPV infection on the larval body weight of Helicoverpa armigera. (A) ♦, ■, ▲, ×, —, and ● indicate larvae infected with HaSNPV at the concentrations 0, 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 PIB/mL, respectively. (B) a, b, c, d, e, and f show H. armigera larvae on the 5th day afer infection with HaSNPV at the concentrations 0, 105, 106, 107, 108, and 109 PIB/mL, respectively.

Fig. 3 in Effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection on the development of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expression of its 20-hydroxyecdysone- and juvenile hormone-related genes

Fig. 3. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR of the JH related genes MET, JHEH, HSP90, and JHi in Helicoverpa armigera larvae afer HaSNPV infection at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The blank bars represent the larvae infected with sterile water (CK). The black bars represent the larvae infected with NPV at the concentration of 107 PIB/mL (NPV infection). The data represent the mean ± SD of 3 biological replicates. Statistically significant differences from gene expression are denoted by * (0.01 <P £ 0.05) and ** (P £ 0.01) as determined by the pairwise Student's t-test analysis in SPSS 17.0 sofware.

Fig. 2 in Effects of nucleopolyhedrovirus infection on the development of Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and expression of its 20-hydroxyecdysone- and juvenile hormone-related genes

Fig. 2. Expression analysis by qRT-PCR of the 20E related genes ECR, USP, E75, BR, HR3, and NFT2 in Helicoverpa armigera larvae afer HaSNPV infection at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The blank bars represent the larvae infected with sterile water (CK). The black bars represent the larvae infected with NPV at the concentration of 107 PIB/mL (NPV infection). The data represent the mean ± SD of 3 biological replicates. Statistically significant differences from gene expression are denoted by * (0.01 <P £ 0.05) and ** (P £ 0.01) as determined by the pairwise Student's t-test analysis in SPSS 17.0 sofware.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2016View details →

Fig. 1 in Changes in midgut gene expression following Bacillus thuringiensis (Bacillales: Bacillaceae) infection in Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)

Fig. 1. Comparison of the gene expression levels between the control (CK) and Bt-exposed Monochamus alternatus. To compare the gene expression levels between the 2 libraries, each library was normalized to 1 million tags. The x-axis represents log10 of the reads per kb per million reads (RPKM) of the control sample, and the y-axis indicates log10 of the RPKM of the treated sample. The expression level of each gene is included in the volcano plot. The red dots represent transcripts that are more prevalent in the Bt-treated library, the green dots show those present at a lower frequency in the Bt-treated library, and the blue dots indicate transcripts that did not change significantly. The parameters "FDR <0.001" and "absolute value of log2(Treated/Control) ≥ 1" were used as the thresholds to judge the significance of the gene expression difference.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2024View details →

An intranuclear bacterial parasite of deep-sea mussels expresses apoptosis inhibitors acquired from its host

Only a few bacteria are able to colonize the nuclei of eukaryotes and nearly all of these are known from protists. One bacterial clade, however, “Candidatus Endonucleobacter”, infects the nuclei of deep-sea mussels, where it replicates to ≥ 80,000 bacteria per nucleus and causes nuclei to swell to 50 times their original size. How these parasites are able to replicate so massively and avoid apoptosis is not known. Dual RNA-seq transcriptomes of infected nuclei isolated using laser-capture microdissection revealed that in contrast to previous assumptions, “Ca. Endonucleobacter” does not gain most of its nutrition from nuclear DNA or RNA. Instead, “Ca. Endonucleobacter” upregulated genes for importing sugars, lipids, amino acids and possibly mucin from its host, and digested these nutrients. “Ca. Endonucleobacter” likely prevents apoptosis of host cells by upregulating 7-13 inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), proteins previously only known from animals and a few invertebrate viruses. Comparative phylogenetic analyses revealed that “Ca. Endonucleobacter” acquired IAPs repeatedly through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from their hosts in convergent acquisition. HGT from eukaryotes to bacteria, although assumed to be rare, may be more common than currently recognized, particularly in bacteria that live in intimate associations with eukaryotic hosts.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Fig. 10 in A mosaic of conserved and novel modes of gene expression and morphogenesis in mesoderm and muscle formation of a larval bivalve

Fig. 10 Muscle systems in bivalve lineages. a Bivalve phylogeny (after Combosch et al. (2017)) with larval muscle systems in various clades.?: unknown, numbers: number of paired retractors/adductors,>: set of paired mantle retractors, a.m.: after metamorphosis. Colour code indicates individual muscle systems. Comparative analysis implies that five major muscle systems were present in the last common ancestor (LCA) of autobranch bivalve larvae: The velum musculature including three or four pairs of velum retractors and a velum muscle ring, the larval retractors (one or two pairs), the adductor system containing the anterior as well as the posterior adductor,

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Fig. 5 in A mosaic of conserved and novel modes of gene expression and morphogenesis in mesoderm and muscle formation of a larval bivalve

Fig. 5 Expression of myosin II heavy chain (Dro-mhc_c1) and myogenesis in Dreissena rostriformis veliger larvae. Lateral view in all images, anterior faces upwards and dorsal to the left except in c which is a dorso-anterior view, e and f which are anterior views (dorsal is up), and i which is a posterior view (dorsal is up). Arrowheads indicate the stomodaeum. Scale bar equals 20 µm. Brightfield images of the gene expression (a and e) and confocal images (b–d and f–i) with F-actin (yellow–red), cilia (green), and cell nuclei staining (cyan). a Expression of Dro-mhc_c1 is in the central and dorsal mesoderm. Velum (ve). b First distinct muscle bundles are the dorsal velum retractor (dv), the ventral velum retractor (vv), and the larval retractor (lr). First appearance of the velum muscle ring (vr), the (pal-

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Fig. 3 in A mosaic of conserved and novel modes of gene expression and morphogenesis in mesoderm and muscle formation of a larval bivalve

Fig. 3 Expression of myosin II heavy chain (Dro-mhc_c1) and immunofluorescence staining in Dreissena rostriformis trochophore larvae. Anterior is up. Arrowheads indicate the stomodaeum, sf marks the shell field, dotted line outlines the region of the prototroch (pt). Scale bar equals 20 µm. Brightfield images (a, b) of the gene expression and confocal images (c, d) with F-actin (red), cilia (green; pt: prototroch; tt: telotroch), and cell nuclei staining (cyan). a Dro-mhc_c1 expression is first present in the anterior mesoderm. b Anterior mesodermal expression in dorsal view. c First F-actinpositive domain in the mesoderm below the shell field in the dorso-median region. d Slightly further developed trochophore larva showing two developing myofilaments in the median region. A, anterior; D, dorsal; P, posterior; V, ventral

Figure 8. Prototype Front-End-Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

We modeled classes for each AGLO section: scenario, theory, questions, and feedbacks. We modeled domain specific classes for the learned concepts like trees and graphs having generative methods controllable through parameters. Figure 8 depicts our prototype front-end.

Figure 7. Generated Tree Example-Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

In this subsection we give an example of a model instantiation. We describe the instantiation process for all the symbols in the AGLO model. The nNoOfElements symbol was instantiated with the generated value of 10. The tabKeys symbol was instantiated with the [A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,I] generated array. The tree symbol was instantiated with a ”Tree” object built with arguments equal with previously instantiated symbols. Class ”Tree” is part of the auxiliary JavaScript library.The treeSVG symbol was assigned to the tree SVG string representation obtained by a method call and is depicted in figure 7.

Figure 5. AGLO Scenario Symbols-Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

analyzed AGLO that is displayed to the learner for localization and selection purposes. The second XML element is the scenario element containing a text description of the AGLO and a set of symbols. The description is expressed in natural language and we can notice that it contains four main steps: i) random tree generation; ii) index computation for presentation; iii) parent index computation for answer validation; iv) access to the first two keys for particular feedback generation. In the scenario section depicted in figure 5 several symbols are defined with the following semantics.

Figure 6. AGLO Presentation Sections-Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

The seventh and eighth symbols named node1 and node2, both of type character, are initialized with the first two values from the keys array. These symbols will be used later in the feedback section. Their initialization is based on accessing the keys using the array indexing operator. Next, we discuss about the presentation sections of the AGLO depicted in figure 6.

Figure 3. Autogenerative Learning Object Model Definition (2)Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

Formally, the theory section (see line 11) contains only static data. Here the educator places theoretical information about the learned concept in HTML format. The question, answers and feedbacks sections (see lines 12-13, 14-17, 18-21) contain a mix of static data and dynamic values referring the previously computed symbol values. The semantic of these sections is to create a dynamic content to be presented to the learner. Formalisms for specific details are also present, like: i) correctness - because we need to know which is the correct answer if they are multiple; ii) feedbacks answer identifier list - because feedbacks may be related to certain answers and showed to the learner only in certain conditions.

Figure 2. Autogenerative Learning Object Model Definition (1)-Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

The proposed model is defined using the EBNF meta-language resulting in the concise grammar from figures 2 and 3. We will not present the full XML Schema because of clarity and space reasons. Structurally, the AGLO model has six sections: i) name; ii) scenario; iii) theory; iv) question; v) answers; vi) feedbacks. Next, we will explain each section in details.

Figure 4. AGLO Name and Description-Generative Learning Objects Instantiated with Random Numbers Based Expressions

In this subsection we describe an AGLO model example. Figure 4 presents in details all the XML elements containing AGLO metadata.