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FIGURES 105–114 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 105–114. The internal shape of the maxillae and mandibles. Nepidae: Nepinae; 105. Laccotrephes japonensis. Ranatrinae, 106. Ranatra linearis. Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae, 107. Belostoma bakeri. Gelastocoridae: Gelastocorinae; 109. Gelastocoris bufo. Ochteridae; 110. Ochterus marginatus. Aphelocheiridae; 111. Aphelocheirus variegatus. Naucoridae: Naucorinae; 112. Ilyocoris cimicoides. Notonectidae: Anisopinae; 113. Anisops sardea. Pleidae: 113. Plea minutissima. Corixidae: Corixinae; 114. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis.

FIGURES 146–157 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 146–157. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae; 146–151. Hydrocyrius colombiae, 146. The left mandibular file with ten spines; 147. The narrow and sharp apices of the maxillae, dorsal view; 148. The external, lateral edge of the left maxilla with nodules (nol); 149. The lateral edge of the right maxilla with nodules (nol); 150. The apices of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx) are interlocked together; 151. The rupturing device (brdex) on the dorsal part of the maxillae; 152–153. Limnogeton fieberi, 152. The left mandibular file with eleven spines; 153. The rupturing device (spdex, spvex spvin) and nodules (nol) of the maxillae; Lethocerinae; 154–157. Lethocerus deyrollei, 154. The left mandibular file with ten spines; 155. The ventral rupturing device (brvex), nodules (nol) on the lateral edges of the maxillae; 156. Distribution of the nodules on the lateral edges of the maxillae, the apical part of the maxillae is broken; 157. Detailed of the shape of the claws (cl) and nodules (nol) on the maxillae, dorsal view.

FIGURES 69–85 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 69–85 The shapes of the apices of the maxillae and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae. Naucoridae: Naucorinae; 69. Macrocoris rhantoides, the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the rows of bristles are present at the dorsal and ventral side (brdex and brvex) of the right and left maxilla; 70. Macrocoris rhantoides, ventral view, the apex of left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) is visible; 71. Neomacrocoris handlirschi, ventral view of the left maxilla; the bristles (brvex and brdex) are grouped in small tufts, dorsal and ventral rows of bristles are visible; 72. Namtokocoris siamensis, the dorsal inner edge of the right maxilla is equipped in the short spines (spdin). On the ventral edge of the right maxilla long of bristles (brvex) are visible; 73. Pelocoris femoratus, on the dorsal side a delicate tufts of the bristles are visible; 74. Pelocoris femoratus, ventral view, the rupturing device is distinctly visible; Pleidae: 75. Paraplea frontalis, dorsal view, the apices of the maxillae are lancet-shaped (los) and these are tightly constricted; 76. Paraplea frontalis, inner view, rows of bristles were not found; Helotrephidae: Helotrephinae; 77. Hydrothrephes visayasinensis, dorsal view; the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los); the bristles on the inner edges restricting the food canal are slightly visible (spdin) in the proximal part of the right and left maxilla; 78. Hydrothrephes visayasinensis, ventral view, the apex of the right maxilla is lancet-shaped (los); Notonectidae: Anisopinae; 79. Anisops cameroonensis, dorsal view; 80. Buenoa uhleri; dorsal view, Notonectinae: 81. Enithares bergrothi, ventral view of the left maxilla; the rupturing device is slightly visible (brvin); 82. Notonecta glauca, ventral view of the right maxilla; the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) is visible, the right maxilla is more protruding than left maxilla; Corixidae: Corixinae; 83. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis; ventral view of the right maxilla; the apex is wide and has a short spines (spvex), the left maxilla is ended by a sharp hook (ho); Cymatiinae,84. Cymatia coleoptrata, Stenocorixinae; 85. Stenocorixa protrusa; lateral view of the maxillae; the apex of the right maxilla is wide, the apex of the left maxilla is ended by a sharp hook (ho).

FIGURES 37–51 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 37–51. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae (brdex, brvex, brvin, brdin). Nepidae: Nepinae; 37–38. Laccothrephes japonensis; 37. Dorsal view; 38. Ventral view; 39–40. Nepa cinerea; 39. Dorsal view; 40. Ventral view; Ranatrinae; 41. Cercotmetus asiaticus; dorsal view; 42–43. Ranatra chinensis; 42. Dorsal view; 43. Ventral view; Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae; 44–45. Belostoma flumineum; 44. Dorsal view; 45. Ventral view; 46. Appasus major, dorsal view; 47. Hydrocyrius colombiae, dorsal view; Lethocerinae: 48–49. Lethocerus deyrollei; 48. Dorsal view; 49. Ventral view; Ochteridae: 50–51. Ochterus marginatus (drawing was made based on description in Cobben (1978)); 50. Dorsal view; 51. Ventral view; Rmd—right maxilla; Lmd—left maxilla; lo–narrow lobe; nol—nodules on the lateral edges of the maxillae; cl–spines on the dorso—lateral edges of the maxillae; brdex—external dorsal bristles; brvex—external, ventral bristles on the external edges of the maxillae (rupturing system); brvin—internal ventral, bristles of the maxillae.

FIGURES 234–245 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 234–245. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Helotrephidae: Helotrephinae; 234–237. Helotrephes semiglobosus, 234. The left maxilla a clearly protruding; 235. The left mandibular file with one to four blunt pegs (bp), five to eight short spines (sph), nine nodule (no), ten to eleven long spines (spl), 12–18 nodules (no); 236. The apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shape (lobe, los), dorsal view; 237. The right maxilla is narrow and lancet-shape (lobe, los),ventral view; 238–239. Hydrotrephes visayasinensis, 238. The apex of the left maxilla is narrow and lancet-shape (lobe, los), dorsal view; 239. The left mandibular file with four blunt pegs (bp), four short spines (sph), one nodule (no), two long spines (spl), seven nodules (no); 240–244. Hydrotrephes balnearius; 240. The left apex of the maxilla is narrow and lancet-shape (lobe, los), the apex of the right is narrow, dorsal view; 241. Maxillae more protrude than the mandibles; 242. The right apex of the maxilla is lancet-shape (lobe, los) on the ventral side; 243. Short bristles on the inner side of the right maxilla (brvin); 244. The right mandibular file with three blunt pegs (bp), four short spines (sph), one nodule (no), two long spines (spl), seven nodules (no); 245. Tiphotrephes indicus, The right mandibular file with four blunt pegs (bp), three short spines (sph), one nodule (no), two long spines (spl), seven nodules (no).

FIGURES 24–36 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 24–36. Shape of the mandibular file. Notonectidae: Anisopinae: 24. Anisops sardea; 25. Buenoa uhleri; Notonectinae: 26. Enithares bergrothi; 27. Notonecta glauca; 28. Nychia sappho; Pleidae: 29. Paraplea frontalis; Helotrephidae: Helotrephinae; 30. Helotrephes semiglobosus; 31. Hydrothrephes visayasinensis; Corixidae: Corixinae; 32. Agraptocorixa hyalinipennis; Diaprepocoridae; 33. Diaprepocoris zealandiae; Stenocorixinae; 34. Stenocorixa protrusa; Cymatiinae; 35. Cymatia coleoptrata; Micronectidae; 36. Micronecta quadristrigata; Rmd—right mandible, bp—blunt pegs, sph—short spines, spl—long spines, pn—plagues with nodule, no—nodules, pm—massive plates.

FIGURE 257. A in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURE 257. A modification of the shape of the maxillary endings in Nepomorpha (description in the text).

FIGURES 135–145 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 135–145. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Belostomatidae: Belostomatinae; 135–136. Belostoma flumineum, 135. The left mandibular file with five spines; inner side of the left maxilla, (cl), short claws on the left maxilla at the lateral side; 136. The rupturing device (brvin, brvex)—ventral view; 137–139. Belostoma bakeri; 137. The right and left mandibular files with numbers of spines (No.1, 2, 3, 4, 5); 138. The dorsal views of the maxillae, inner row of bristles (brdin) is visible; 139. Two ventral rows of bristles (inner (brvin) and external (brvex)) on the maxillae; 140–141. Dienostoma dilatatum, 140. The left mandibular file with six spines; 141. The ventral part of the maxillae, the rupturing device (brvex) is exhibited, nodules (nol) on the lateral edge of maxilla are visible; 142–145. Appasus major, 142. The right mandibular file (Rmd) with seven spines; 143. The ventral part of the maxillae (Rmx and Lmx), the rupturing device (brvex) is visible; 144. Maxillae with visible differentiated edges, lateral edge is equipped in nodules (nol), dorsal edge has short claws (cl) (different than bristles or spines); 145. The narrow apex of the left maxilla, lobe (lo), nodules (nol) on the lateral edge of maxilla are visible.

FIGURES 227–233 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 227–233. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae, the shape of the mandibular file, and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae in the Pleidae: Paraplea frontalis, 227. The shape of the mandibular files (Rmd, Lmd), ventral view; 228. The length of the maxillae and mandibles from the base; 229. The left mandibular file with twelve plaques with a nodules (pn) and seven long spines (spl); 230. The right mandibular file (the shape is the same as on the left file); 231. The inner side of the maxillae, the bristles (rupturing device) are invisible; 232. The apices of the left and right maxilla are lancet—shaped (los); 233. Ventral view, the apex of the right maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the left apex is narrow.

FIGURES 52–68 in A comparison of external and internal maxilla and mandible morphology of water bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Nepomorpha)

FIGURES 52–68. The shapes of the apices of the maxillae and the shape of the rupturing device on the maxillae: Gelastocorinae; 52. Gelastocoris oculatus, dorsal view, the apices of the maxillae are straight, rows of bristles (brdex) on the dorsal side; 53. G. oculatus, ventral view, the bristles (brvex, brvin) form a ventral rupturing device; Nerthrinae; 54. Nerthra nepaeformis, dorsal view of the right maxilla, the bristles are directed towards the inside of the maxillae, 55. N. nepaeformis, dorsal view, the apex of the right maxilla is straight; Aphelocheiridae: 56. Aphelocheirus aestivalis, dorsal view, the apices of the maxillae adpressed, the shape of the apices almost straight, the rupturing device (brdin) is slightly visible; 57. A. aestivalis, lateral view, the apex of the left maxilla is curved, the rupturing device (brvex) is visible when the maxillae are open; Naucoridae: Cheirochelinae; 58. Cheirochela feana, dorsal view, the apex of the left maxilla is wide but the right one is straight; 59. Ch. feana, ventral view, the rupturing device (brvex) is exhibited; 60. Gestroiella limnocoroides, dorsal view; the right maxilla is equipped with rows of bristles (brdex, brvex), the right apex of the maxilla is straight, the left apex is wide with a small lobe (lo); 61. Coptocatus oblongulus, ventral view; the rupturing device (brvex, brdex, brdin) is visible; Cryphocricinae; 62. Ambrysus occidentalis, dorsal view; the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped (los), the row of bristles on the right maxilla (brvex) is present; 63. A. occidentalis, inner view, the proximal part of the right maxilla has spines on the inner edges restricting the food canal (FC), the connection system upper (gru) and lower (grl) beteewn maxillae, (sc) salivary canal; 64. Cryphocricos hungerfordi, the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped and the rupturing device distinctly visible; Limnocorinae; 65. Limnocoris lutzi; the rupturing device on the right maxilla on the dorsal and ventral side is visible (brdex, brvex); Laccocorinae; 66. Heleocoris humeralis; dorsal view, the apex of the left maxilla is lancet-shaped; 67. H. humeralis; inner view of the right maxilla; the rupturing device is slightly visible; 68. Laccocoris hoogstraali, inner view of the right and left maxillae; the rupturing device (brdex, brvex) is visible on the maxillae.

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FIGURE 2 in External morphology, chondrocranium, hyobranchial skeleton, and external and internal oral features of Rhinoderma rufum (Anura, Rhinodermatidae)

FIGURE 2. Morphology of the external and internal oral structures of Rhinoderma rufum: Oral disc (A), upper jaw sheath (B), labial teeth (D); Oral roof: prenarial papillae (E), median ridge and postulations of the oral roof arena (F), right narina (G), row of the lateral papillae of oral roof arena (H), papillae of the posterior border of the oral roof arena (I); Oral floor: right papillae of the oral floor arena (J), lingual bud and lingual papillae (K), oral floor arena and posterior papillae (L), ventral velum (M). Upper jaw sheath of Rhinodermadarwinii (C).The specimens of both species are in Stage 32.

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FIGURE 1 in External morphology, chondrocranium, hyobranchial skeleton, and external and internal oral features of Rhinoderma rufum (Anura, Rhinodermatidae)

FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Rhinoderma rufum (Stage 32): Lateral view (A), vent tube (C), dorsal view chondrocranium (D), ventral view of chondrocranium (E), ventral view of hyobranchial apparatus (F). Foot of Rhinoderma rufum (Stage 36), arrows indicate the webbing (B).

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FIGURES 10–17. Taxigramma spp., external morphology. 10, 12, 14, 16 in Revision of Taxigramma pseudaperta Séguy, 1941 and comparisons with sympatric T. multipunctata (Rondani, 1859) (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)

FIGURES 10–17. Taxigramma spp., external morphology. 10, 12, 14, 16. Taxigramma pseudaperta Séguy, 1941. 11, 13, 15, 17. Taxigramma multipunctata (Rondani, 1859). 10, 11. Parafacial plate and fronto-orbital plate, female. 12, 13. Distal half of left wing, female. 14, 15. Costal vein, vestiture anterior to subcosta, male. 16, 17. Parafacial plate and fronto-orbital plate, male.

FIGURES 1–4 in Biology and external morphology of immature stages of Memphis appias (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)

FIGURES 1–4. Habitus of Memphis appias (Hübner). 1. Male, dorsal. 2. Male, ventral. 3. Female, dorsal. 4. Female, ventral. Scale bar = 1cm.

FIGURES 28–30 in Biology and external morphology of immature stages of Memphis appias (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)

FIGURES 28–30. Head capsules of Memphis appias (Hübner), anterior. 28. Second instar. 29. Third instar. 30. Fourth instar. Scale bars: figs 28–29 = 0,25mm, fig. 30 = 0,5mm.

FIGURES 23–27 in Biology and external morphology of immature stages of Memphis appias (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Charaxinae)

FIGURES 23–27. First instar chaetotaxy of Memphis appias (Hübner). 23–24. Head capsule. 23. Anterior. 24. Posterior. 25. Schematic representation of thorax and abdomen, lateral. 26. prothoracic shield, dorsal. 27. Anal shield, dorsal. Scale bars: figs 23–24: 0,1mm.

FIGURE 4B in Taxonomic characterization of Paradoxical frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudae): geographic distribution, external morphology, and morphometry

FIGURE 4B. Canonical plots of individual values for Discriminant Functions I and II for the two genera combined with Lysapsus species. Each dot represents one individual plotted according to its specific values for each discriminant function.

FIGURE 4A in Taxonomic characterization of Paradoxical frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudae): geographic distribution, external morphology, and morphometry

FIGURE 4A. Canonical plots of individual values for Discriminant Functions I and II for the two genera combined with P. minuta appart (A), for Lysapsus species (B), and for Pseudis species combined (C). Each dot represents one individual plotted according to its specific values for each discriminant function.

FIGURE 4C in Taxonomic characterization of Paradoxical frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudae): geographic distribution, external morphology, and morphometry

FIGURE 4C. Canonical plots of individual values for Discriminant Functions I and II for the two genera combined with Pseudis species. Each dot represents one individual plotted according to its specific values for each discriminant function.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic characterization of Paradoxical frogs (Anura, Hylidae, Pseudae): geographic distribution, external morphology, and morphometry

FIGURE 3. Ventral patterns of longitudinal stripes on the thigh and tubercles used in the present study. A—Ventral pattern variation in frogs collected in the same pond in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; B—Hand of P. paradoxa from Presidente Hayes, Paraguay, showing the palmar tubercle (1) and the thenar tubercle (2); C—Hand of P. fusca from Linhares (Espírito Santo, Brazil) showing the supernumerary tubercle on the thumb characteristic of this species; D— three longitudinal stripes on the thigh of P. bolbodactyla from Quirinópolis (Goiás, Brazil). E–G—Ventral pattern variation in P. paradoxa from Pacaraima (Roraima, Brazil), Humaitá (Amazonas, Brazil), and Boqueron (Filadelfia, Paraguay).