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FIGURE 28 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 28. CT slices through the right radius of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. CT slices extend from the proximal to the distal end of the radius in (1) through (17). The position of each individual slice is shown on the radius in (17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Image in (18) not to same scale as slice images. Morphosource link to stack data: https://doi.org/10.17602/M2/M81202.

FIGURE 4 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 4. Stacked plots showing the relative proportions of the ulna, femur, and tibia of Rahonavis ostromi compared to (1) avialan and (2) non-avialan theropods. In each set of plots, the taxa are organized, left to right, from shortest to longest relative ulna. Aurornis and Anchiornis are considered basal avialans in Godefroit et al. (2013a) and Lefèvre et al. (2014), but non-avialan theropods in Brusatte et al. (2014) and Lefèvre et al. (2017). Cau et al. (2015) placed Anchiornis as a basal bird but Aurornis as a theropod. See Table 1 for measurements.

FIGURE 3 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 3. The holotype of Rahonavis ostromi (UA 8656): 1, main body in an early stage of preparation showing the head of the right femur, sacrum, and left ilium; 2, main body in an intermediate stage of preparation with the left pubis and left tibia exposed; 3, main body in a late stage of preparation with the axial column, chevrons, right tibia, and right ilium exposed. The left pubis, left ilium, and left tibia have been removed; 4, pedes and left scapula showing the reversal of the first digit on the left pes. The acromion process of the scapula lies just under metatarsal III of the left pes. The distal end of the right tibiotarsus can be seen in articulation with the proximal end of the right metatarsals. Scale bars are shown in each photograph. Abbreviations: ch, chevrons; cdv, caudal vertebrae; dv, dorsal vertebrae; li, left ilium; lp, left pes; lpu, left pubis; ls, left scapula; lt, left tibia; rf, right femur; ri, right ilium; rp, right pes; rt, right tibia; sa, sacrum.

FIGURE 2 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 2. The holotype of Rahonavis ostromi (UA 8656): 1, Rahonavis block in the lab midway through its preparation; the right ulna has been removed from the jacket. The dotted rectangles depict the main body of the specimen (left upper rectangle) and the pes and scapula (right lower rectangle) shown in Figure 3; 2, placement of the skeletal elements as found, based on photos taken in the field and during preparation in the lab (modified from Forster et al., 1998, figure 1B).

FIGURE 1 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 1. The holotype of Rahonavis ostromi (UA 8656): 1, the 1995 quarry, Level 4, at locality MAD 93- 18. The sub-triangular Rahonavis ostromi holotype block (outlined at the rear of the quarry) is shown after trenching but before jacketing and removal from the quarry. The bones in the foreground are those of a disarticulated juvenile specimen of the titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur Rapetosaurus krausei; 2, the right ulna of Rahonavis being uncovered with a brush in the field; the head of the right femur is exposed just below the ulna and demonstrates the position of these two elements relative to one another.

FIGURE 41 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 41. Life reconstruction of Rahonavis ostromi based on the holotype (UA 8656) and referred specimens (FMNH PA 740, FMNH PA 746, and UA 9604). Known elements are colored in yellow.

FIGURE 11 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 11. Four dorsal vertebrae of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. 1, left lateral view; 2, right lateral view; 3, dorsal view (cranial to left); 4, ventral view (cranial to left); 5, cranial view; 6, caudal view. These vertebrae are positioned between the first preserved dorsal vertebra shown in Figure 6, and the last preserved dorsal vertebra shown in Figure 8. Scale bar equals 1 cm. Morphosource link to mesh file: https:// doi.org/10.17602/M2/M80141. Abbreviations: e, epoxy; h-h, hyposphene-hypantra articulation; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pf, pneumatic foramen; tvp, transverse process.

FIGURE 8 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 8. CT slices through the cervicodorsal vertebra of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. CT slices (1) through (8) extend from the cranial to the caudal end of the vertebra; the position of each individual CT slice is shown on the left lateral view of the cervicodorsal vertebra in (9). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Image in (9) not to the same scale. Morphosource link to stack data: https://doi.org/10.17602/M2/M80694. Abbreviations: h, hypapophysis; nc, neural canal; ns, neural spine; pf, pneumatic foramen; prz, prezygapophysis; tvp, transverse process.

FIGURE 33 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 33. CT slices through the right femur of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. CT slices (1) through (16) extend from the proximal to the distal end of the element; the cranial surface is up. The position of each individual CT slice is shown on the cranial view of the right femur in (17). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Image in (17) not to same scale as slice images. Morphosource link to stack data: https://doi.org/10.17602/M2/M81190.

FIGURE 13 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 13. CT slices through the last dorsal vertebra of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. CT slices (1) through (7) extend from the cranial to the caudal end of the vertebra; the position of each CT slice is shown on the left lateral view of the vertebra shown in (8). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Image in (8) not to same scale. Morphosource link to stack data: https://doi.org/10.17602/M2/M84078. Abbreviations: nc, neural canal; pf, pneumatic foramen; tvp, transverse process.

FIGURE 32 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 32. Femora of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. Photos in the top row (1-4) are of the right femur, and in the bottom row (5-8) are of the left femur. 1 and 5, cranial views; 2 and 6, lateral views; 3 and 7, caudal views; 4 and 8, medial views. Proximal and distal views of each femur are shown above (proximal; medial side to right in 1 and medial side to left in 5) and below (distal; cranial end up) that element, respectively, in (1) and (5). Scale bar equals 1 cm. See Appendix for complete list of Morphosource links for mesh and stack data for femora. Abbreviations: et, ectocondylar tuber; fh, femoral head; lc, lateral condyle; mc, medial condyle; pt, posterior trochanter; set, supraectocondylar ridge; tc, trochanteric crest;?4t,?fourth trochanter.

FIGURE 31 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 31. Left and right pubes of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. Photographs in the top row (1-5) are of the right pubis, and the bottom row (6-10) the left pubis. 1 and 6, lateral views; 2 and 7, caudal views; 3 and 8, medial views; 4 and 9, cranial views; 9 and 10, proximal views (cranial end pointing down). Scale bar equals 1 cm. See Appendix for complete list of Morphosource links for mesh and stack data for pubes. Abbreviations: act, acetabulum; ila, iliac articulation; isa, ischial articulation; mpc, medial pubic crest; pf, pubic foot; ppf, postpubic fossa; ps, pubic symphysis.

FIGURE 23 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 23. CT slices through the left scapula of the holotype (UA 8656) of Rahonavis ostromi. CT slices (1) through (15) extend from the cranial to the caudal (distal) end of the scapula; the position of each individual CT slice is shown in the left lateral view of the scapula in (16). Image in (16) not to same scale. Scale bar equals 5 cm. Morphosource link to stack data: https:// doi.org/10.17602/M2/M81207. Abbreviations: af, acromial flange; ap, acromion process; ca, coracoid articulation; gf, glenoid.

FIGURE 25 in The osteology of the Late Cretaceous paravian Rahonavis ostromi from Madagascar

FIGURE 25. Right ulnae of the holotype (UA 8656) and referred (FMNH PR 2821) specimen of Rahonavis ostromi. 1, ventral (medial) views; 2, dorsal (lateral) views; 3, cranial (interosseal) views; 4, caudal views; 5, proximal views (medial to the left); 6, distal views (medial to the left). In all views, the ulna on the left is the referred specimen (FMNH PR 2821) and the ulna on the right is the holotype (UA 8656). Scale bar equals 1 cm. Morphosource link to mesh files: https://doi.org/10.17602/M2/M83162 (UA 8656) and https://doi.org/10.17602/M2/M84083 (FMNH PR 2821). Abbreviations: bf, brachialis fossa; dct, dorsal cotyle; is, intercondylar sulcus; nf, neurovascular foramen; vct, ventral cotyle.

FIGURE 13 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 13. Average bone apatite crystallite size (in Å) for the fossil bones from Vrabchov dol and Labirinta cave.

FIGURE 12. X in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 12. X-ray diffraction patterns of fossil bones from Vrabchov dol and Labirinta cave. The Miller indices of different Bragg reflections of fluorapatite are given on the top diffractogram. Abbreviations: Cal–Calcite; Mrc–Marcasite; Qz–Quartz.

FIGURE 8 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 8. Osteohistology of the Bulgarian ornithomimosaur, specimen NMNHS F-31436–a partial left humerus, in transmitted cross-polarized light. Arrow in the lower right corner of each image indicates the direction of the periosteum. 1, Endosteal bone lining the medullary cavity and dense Haversian bone in the inner cortex; 2, Dense Haversian tissue extending up to the outermost cortex and sub-periosteally deposited lamellar primary bone, which probably represents incipient external fundamental system; 3, Interstices of laminar primary bone tissue with relatively organized bone scaffolding and longitudinal primary osteons preserved between the numerous densely packed secondary osteons. Up to 4 generations of secondary osteons can be recognized on the image; 4, Interstices of preserved primary bone tissues. Abbreviations: eb–endosteal bone; efs–external fundamental system; lb–lamellar bone; po–primary osteon; so–secondary osteon; wpc–woven-parallel complex. Scale bar equals 1–500 µm; 2-4–200 µm.

FIGURE 1. General geological settings. 1 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 1. General geological settings. 1, Tectonic map of Bulgaria (after Ivanov, 2017); 2, Geological scheme for part of the Western Srednogorie zone and position of the dinosaur bone locality (after Sinnyovsky et al., 2012; simplified).

FIGURE 5 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 5. Scanned images of the processed cross-section surface of Vrabchov dol's fossil bone fragments and osteohistology of specimen U.S., K21586 in reflected light. The dashed line in Figures 5.2-3 illustrates missing parts of the cortex. Blue arrow-heads mark a line of arrested growth (LAG). 1, The original whole bone fragment polished section of specimen U.S., K21586 after sectioning for thin-section U.S., K21586-1; 2, The whole bone section of U.S., K21586 after the further sectioning; 3, Partial bone fragment polished section of specimen NMNHS FR-16; 4-6, Different sections of specimen U.S., K21586 bone wall periphery following a single LAG formed sub-periosteally. Some large primary osteons with wide lumina are easily observed above the LAG. Abbreviations: c–cortex/compact bone tissue; cb–cancellous bone tissue; mr–medullary region; po–primary osteon; so–secondary osteon. Scale bar equals 2 cm (Figures 5.1-3); 1 mm (Figures 5.4-6).

FIGURE 4 in Bone histology reveals the first record of titanosaur (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Late Cretaceous of Bulgaria

FIGURE 4. Scanned images of studied thin-sections prepared from the Vrabchov dol's fossil fragments, illustrating the degree of cortical loss during preparation, the size of medullary region, and the extent and spatial distribution of cancellous bone tissue. Solid black line illustrates the original cross-sectional form of the fossils. 1, Thin-section U.S., K21586-1; 2, Thin-section U.S., K21586-2; 3, Thin-section U.S., K21586-3; 4, A single thin-section from specimen NMNHS FR-16. Abbreviations: c–cortex/compact bone tissue; cb–cancellous bone tissue; mr–medullary region. Scale bar equals 2 cm.