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Supplementary material 2 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Table S2. Preparation of solutions and reagents used in AChE histochemical study
Supplementary material 3 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Table S3. The index of substitution saturation (Iss) values of 5 datasets
Figure 9 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 9 Dugesia umbonata, AChE nervous system structure, ventral view. A. entire animal; B. anterior end with cerebral ganglion; C. tail.
Figure 5 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 5 Dugesia umbonata, holotype PLA-0151, sagittal sections and reconstructions of the copulatory apparatus. A. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, bursal canal, hump and seminal vesicle; B. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, diaphragm, penis, male atrium, common atrium and gonopore; C. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, ejaculatory duct, penis papilla and male atrium; D. reconstruction male copulatory apparatus; E. reconstruction female copulatory apparatus.
Figure 4 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 4 Dugesia umbonata, habitus of live animals. A. anterior end, dorsal view; B. ventral view of anterior end showing ovaries; C. ventral view of rear end, showing pharynx, mouth and gonopore.
Figure 8 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 8 Dugesia umbonata, photomicrographs showing the hump. A, B. paratype PLA-0153, horizontal sections (anterior at the top); C, D. paratype PLA-0154, transverse sections.
Figure 2 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 2 Locality and habitat of Dugesia umbonata. A. sampling locality in Chongqing Municipality, China; B, C. habitat at sampling locality.
Figure 1 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 1 Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree topology inferred from the concatenated dataset (18S rDNA, ITS-1, 28S rDNA and COI). Numbers at nodes indicate support values (posterior probability/bootstrap). *: Bootstrap value not applicable to this node, because of different topologies of trees generated by BI and ML methods.
Figure 6 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 6 Dugesia umbonata, paratype PLA-0152, sagittal sections and reconstructions of the copulatory apparatus. A. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, bursal canal and hump; B. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, diaphragm, penis, male atrium, common atrium and gonopore; C. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, ejaculatory duct, penis, male atrium and common atrium; D. reconstruction male copulatory apparatus; E. reconstruction female copulatory apparatus.
Supplementary material 1 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Table S1. Primer sequences used for PCR amplification
Figure 7 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figure 7 Dugesia umbonata, paratype RMNH.VER.19968.a, sagittal sections and reconstructions of the copulatory apparatus. A. photomicrographs showing copulatory bursa, bursal canal, seminal vesicle, diaphragm, penis, male atrium and hump; B. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, bursal canal, seminal vesicle, diaphragm, penis, male atrium, common atrium and gonopore; C. photomicrograph showing copulatory bursa, ejaculatory duct, penis, male atrium, common atrium and gonopore; D. reconstruction male copulatory apparatus; E. reconstruction female copulatory apparatus.
Supplementary material 4 from: Song X-Y, Li W-X, Sluys R, Huang S-X, Li S-F, Wang A-T (2020) A new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from China, with an account on the histochemical structure of its major nervous system. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 431-477. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52484
Figures S1–S6
Figures 30-38 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 30-38 The mylencephalon and metencephalon of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (30) The cerebellum was found behind the optic tectum (Ote). (31) High magnification image of the cerebellum layers including the outer molecular layer (MI), Purkinje cell layer (Pl) and the inner granula layer (Gl). The prominent Purkinje cells (Pc) were observed. (32, 33) Structure and schematic diagram of the sagittal section that show the optic tectum (Ote) next to the medulla oblongata (Mo) of the myelencelphalon. (34) Vagal lobe (Vl) in the myelencephalon contained neuron (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (35) High magnification image showing that medulla oblongata is penetrated with the fourth ventricle (Fv). This region prominently contained neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (36, 37) Cross section of the spinal cord (Cd) was observed, which high magnification of the accumulated neuron (Nu) was seen. The central canal (Cc) was lined by ependymal cell (Epc). (38) The ganglion (Gg) was connected with the dorsal or posterior root of the nerve fiber (Nf) originating from the spinal cord. It contained in both neuron (Nu) and satellite cell (Sac). Scale bars: 30 = 100 µm, 31, 35, 36, 37, 38 = 20 µm, 34 = 50 µm.
Figures 21-29 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 21-29 The diencephalon of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (21) The diencephalon was subdivided into epithalamus (Ep), thalamus (Ta) and hypothalamus (Hy). (22) The pineal gland (Pn) contained blood vessels (Bv), pinealocytes (Pc) and neuroglia (Ng). (23) Habenula ganglion (Hb) was surrounded by a thin layer of connective tissue (CNT). It contained neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). (24) The Ta contained different cells including neurons (Nu) and neuroglia (Ng). Neuronal fibers (Nf) were also present. (25, 26) Several important regions of the hypothalamus including nucleus periventricularis (Np) and nucleus tuberalis lateralis (Nlt). (27) Two regions in the pituitary gland (Pg) included the neurohypophysis (Np) and the adrenohypophysis (Ap). (28–29) The succus vasculosus (Sv) was surrounded by the epithelium (Ep). Bv = blood vessel, Cc = coronet cell, Nu = neuron, Su = supporting glial cell. Scale bars: 22, 27, 28, 29 = 20 µm, 23, 24, 25, 26 = 50 µm.
Figures 12-20 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 12-20 Schematic diagram and light micrograph of the brain of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (12, 13) Overall brain structure in the dorsal view. Histological observation of the brain in the longitudinal section identified five regions including telencephalon (Te), mesencephalon (Me), diencephalon (Di), metencephalon (Met) and myelencephalon (Mye). Mye was connected to the spinal cord. (14) Location of the olfactory bulb (Ob) in nostril. (15) High magnification image of the olfactory bulb showing the olfactory cavity (Oc) surrounding with olfactory epithelium (Oe), olfactory cavity (Oc) and ciliated sensory cells with prominent cilia (*). (16) Olfactory lobe (Ol), olfactory tract (Ot) and cerebral hemisphere (Ch). (17, 18) Cerebral hemisphere (Ch) containing neuroglia. (19) Third ventricle (Tv) was found between the optic tectum (Otc) and epithalamus (Ep). (20) Histological classification of the optic tectum including 1= stratum marginale, 2 = stratum opticum, 3 = stratum album central, 4 = stratum griseum central and 5 = stratum periventriculae. Ng = neuroglia. Scale bars: 13 = 500 µm, 14 = 200 µm, 15, 16, 17, 19 = 50 µm, 20 = 20 µm.
Figures 39-51 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 39-51 Light micrograph of Hippocampus barbouri brain development. (39) Packed structure of the brain at 1 DAB. (40) Cerebral hemisphere of the telencephalon at 1 DAB. (41) The cerebellum (Cb) contained the outer molecular layer (MI), Purkinje cell layer (Pl) and the inner granula layer (Gl). However, the Purkinje cells (Pc) were rarely observed in the Pl. (42) High magnification image of Pl where Pc were rarely developed. (43) The absence of the blood vessel in the saccus vasculosus. (44) Obvious development of the capillaries of the optic tectum at 6 DAB. (45) Increased neuroglia amount of the cerebral hemisphere. (46) Vascularized blood vessels in the saccus vasculosus. (47) Small blood vessels in the optic tectum. (48) Small Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. (49) Obvious development of glandular tissue (Gg) in the adrenohypophysis (Ad). (50) Optic tectum with highly developed blood vessels and the five distinct layers (1= stratum marginale, 2 = stratum opticum, 3 = stratum album central, 4 = stratum griseum central and 5 = stratum periventriculae). (51) Cerebellum containing Pc.(MI) Molecular layer, (GI) granular layer. Scale bars: 39 = 500 µm, 40, 41, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 = 50 µm, 50 = 20 µm.
Figures 1-11 from: Senarat S, Kettratad J, Kaneko G, Kamnurdnin T, Sudtongkong C (2020) The microanatomy of the central nervous system and brain of the Indo-Pacific seahorse, Hippocampus barbouri, during development. Zoologia 37: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.37.e53734
Figures 1-11 The central nervous system (CNS) of Hippocampus barbouri at 35 DAB. (1, 2) Morphology and schematic diagram of the CNS in a longitudinal view. The brain contained cerebral hemisphere (Ch), optic tectum (Otc), cerebellum (Cb), hypothalamus (Hy) and modular oblongata (Mo). The spinal cord (Sc) was also observed. (3) Morphology of the brain in lateral view. (4, 5) Morphology and schematic diagram of the brain at high magnification. The olfactory lobe (Ol), Ch, Otc, Cb and Mo were observed. (6) Brain morphology in dorsal view. (7, 8) Morphology and schematic diagram of the brain in dorsal view at high magnification.(9–11) Morphology and schematic diagram of longitudinal sections showing the olfactory tract (Ot), Ch, Otc, Cb, Hy and Mo. Scale bars: 1, 3, 6, 9 = 3 cm, 4, 7 = 0.5 cm.
Data from: Sympathetic nervous system activity and anti-lipolytic response to IV-glucose load in subcutaneous adipose tissue of obese and obese type 2 diabetic subjects
The study aim was to investigate the effect of endogenous insulin release on lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissue after adrenergic stimulation in obese subjects diagnosed with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In 14 obese female T2D subjects, or 14 obese non-T2D controls, glycerol concentration was measured in response to the α1,2,ß-agonist norepinephrine, the α1-agonist norfenefrine and the ß2-agonist terbutaline (each 10-4 M), using the microdialysis technique. After 60 minutes of stimulation, an intravenous glucose load (0.5 g/kg lean body mass) was given. Local blood flow was monitored by means of the ethanol technique. Norepinephrine and norfenefrine induced a four and three fold rise in glycerol dialysate concentration (p<0.001, each), with a similar pattern in adipose tissue. Following agonist stimulation and glucose infusion, endogenous insulin release inhibited lipolysis in the presence of norepinephrine, which was more rapid and pronounced in healthy obese controls than in T2D subjects (p=0.024 obese vs T2D subjects). Insulin-induced inhibition of lipolysis in the presence of norfenefrine was similar in all study participants. In the presence of terbutaline the lipolysis rate increased two fold until the effect of endogenous insulin (p<0.001). A similar insulin-induced decrease in lipolysis was observed for each of the norfenefrine groups and the terbutaline groups, respectively. Adipose tissue blood flow remained unchanged after the iv-glucose load. Both norepinephrine and norfenefrine diminished blood flow slightly, but insulin reversed this response (p<0.001 over the entire time). Terbutaline alone and terbutaline plus increased endogenous insulin augmented local blood flow (p<0.001 over the entire time). In conclusion, a difference in insulin-induced inhibition of lipolysis was observed in obese T2D subjects compared to obese healthy controls following modulation of sympathetic nervous system activity and is assumed to be due to ß1-adrenoceptor mediated stimulation by norepinephrine.
Data from: The nervous system does not compensate for an acute change in the balance of passive force between synergist muscles
It is unclear how muscle activation strategies adapt to differential acute changes in the biomechanical characteristics between synergist muscles. This issue is fundamental to understanding the control of almost every joint in the body. The aim of this human experiment was to determine whether the relative activation of the heads of the triceps surae (Gastrocnemius medialis [GM], Gastrocnemius lateralis [GL] and Soleus [SOL]) compensates for differential changes in passive force between these muscles. Twenty-four participants performed isometric ankle plantarflexion at 20N.m and 20% of the active torque measured during a maximal contraction, at three ankle angles (30&[deg] of plantarflexion, 0&[deg] and 25&[deg] of dorsiflexion; knee fully extended). Myoelectric activity (electromyography) provided an index of neural drive. Muscle shear modulus (elastography) provided an index of muscle force. Passive dorsiflexion induced a much larger increase in passive shear modulus for GM (+657.6&[plusmn]257.7%) than GL (+488.7&[plusmn]257.9%) and SOL (+106.6&[plusmn]93.0%). However, the neural drive during submaximal tasks did not compensate for this change in the balance of the passive force. Instead, when considering the contraction at 20% MVC, GL RMS EMG was reduced at both 0&[deg] (-39.4&[plusmn]34.5%) and DF 25&[deg] (-20.6&[plusmn]58.6%) compared to PF 30&[deg], while GM and SOL RMS EMG did not change. As a result, the GM/GL ratio of shear modulus was higher at 0&[deg] and DF 25&[deg] than PF 30&[deg], indicating that the greater the dorsiflexion angle, the stronger the bias of force to GM compared to GL. The magnitude of this change in force balance varied greatly between participants.
Raw data for the article: Two Sides of The Same Coin: Normal and Tumoral Stem Cells, The Relevance of In Vitro Models and Therapeutic Approaches: The Experience with Zika Virus in Nervous System Development and Glioblastoma Treatment
<p>Neural stem cells (NSCs) were described for the first time more than two decades ago for their ability to differentiate into all neural cell lineages. The isolation of NSCs from adults and embryos was carried out by various laboratories and in different species, from mice to humans. Similarly, no more than two decades ago, cancer stem cells were described. Cancer stem cells, previously identified in hematological malignancies, have now been isolated from several solid tumors (breast, brain, and gastrointestinal compartment). Though the origin of these cells is still unknown, there is a wide consensus about their role in tumor onset, propagation and, in particular, resistance to treatments. Normal and neoplastic neural stem cells share common characteristics, and can thus be considered as two sides of the same coin. This is particularly true in the case of the Zika virus (ZIKV), which has been described as an inhibitor of neural development by specifically targeting NSCs. This understanding prompted us and other groups to evaluate ZIKV action in glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). The results indicate an oncolytic activity of this virus vs. GSCs, opening potentially new possibilities in glioblastoma treatment.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.