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1,368 results for “Proximity”
Data from: Proximity to roads, but not exposure to metal pollution, is associated with accelerated developmental telomere shortening in nestling great tits
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Comprehensively understanding the factors affecting physiology and fitness in urban wildlife requires concurrently considering multiple stressors. To this end, we simultaneously assessed how metal pollution and proximity to roads affect body condition and telomere shortening between days 8 and 15 of age in nestling great tits (<i>Parus major</i>), a common urban bird. We employed a repeated-measures sampling design to compare telomere shortening and body condition between nestlings from four urban study sites south of Antwerp, Belgium, which are located at different distances from a metal pollution point source. In addition, we explored associations between metal exposure and telomere dynamics on the individual level by measuring blood concentrations of five metals/metalloids, of which lead, copper and zinc were present at concentrations about the limit of detection. To assess whether roadway-associated stressors (e.g. noise and air pollution) might affect nestling condition and telomere shortening, we measured the proximity of nest boxes to roads. Metal exposure was not associated with nestling telomere length or body condition, despite elevated blood lead concentrations close to a metal pollution source (mean ± SE = 0.270 ± 0.095 µg/g wet weight at the most polluted study site), suggesting that nestlings may have some capacity to detoxify metals. However, nestlings from nest boxes near roads exhibited more telomere shortening between days 8 and 15 of age, and shorter telomeres at day 15. Nestlings in poorer condition also had shorter telomeres, but proximity to the road was unrelated to body condition. Thus, nutritional stress is unlikely to mediate the relationship between proximity to roads and telomere length. Rather, proximity to roads could have affected telomere shortening by exposing nestlings to air or noise pollution. Our study highlights that traffic-related pollution, which is implicated in human health problems, might also affect urban wildlife.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Dissecting the variation of a visual trait: the proximate basis of UV-Visible reflectance in crab spiders (Thomisidae)
1. The astounding diversity of animal colouration is indicative of a wide variety of selection pressures. Despite great interest in adaptive function, detailed understanding of the constituent elements of colour traits is lacking for many systems. Such information is important in allowing more accurate appraisals of colour variation and its potential production costs. 2. In this study, we 'dissect' the dorsal colour of crab spiders (Thomisidae) to examine the mechanistic basis of a polyphenic colour trait. These spiders possess the ability to alter reflectance in the ultraviolet (UV), violet and blue wavelengths, changing their colour within days. We investigate and compare the proximate mechanistic basis of colour production in multiple phenotypes of three species using histology and spectrophotometry. 3. Our analyses indicate that the spider cuticle is not equivalently transparent to light across the spectrum (300-700 nm) – as previously argued – and contributes to colour variation. UV light is reflected from guanine crystals, present in storage cells ventral to the hypodermis. The crystals are exposed through a partially UV-transmitting hypodermis and cuticle. Variation from white to yellow is likely mediated through pigments/crystals present in different oxidative stages in the hypodermal cells. 4. Simple mechanistic changes are therefore necessary to produce the observed variation, and likely underlie the evolutionary and ontogenetic lability of this trait. Our findings imply that either a UV-reflective abdomen was the ancestral state for crab spiders, or, if pre-dated by UV-absorbent hypodermal pigments, the evolution of UV-reflection has only involved the exposure of underlying guanine crystals through an otherwise clear hypodermis.
FIGURE 7. Stephanometra tenuipinna. a–f. Proximal brachitaxes. a. USNM 1094091. b. NSUOC 312. c. USNM 35256. d. NSUOC 256. e in A revision of the comatulid genus Stephanometra AH Clark with a rediagnosis of the genus Lamprometra AH Clark (Echinodermata: Crinoidea)
FIGURE 7. Stephanometra tenuipinna. a–f. Proximal brachitaxes. a. USNM 1094091. b. NSUOC 312. c. USNM 35256. d. NSUOC 256. e. IRSNB/CRI 389. f. IRSNB/CRI 387. g–i. Centrodorsal, aboral view. g. NSUOC 256. h. NSUOC 310. i. NSUOC 312. j–l. Centrodorsal, lateral view. j. FLMNH 6817. k. NSUOC 256. l. NSUOC 312. Scale bars: left (g, h, k) 3 mm, right (a–f, i, j, l) 2 mm.
FIGURE 4. Cross section showing the junction between proximal end and a mesentery. Images a and b in New sea anemone (Anthozoa: Actiniaria) from Patagonia: Andvakia manoloi sp. nov.
FIGURE 4. Cross section showing the junction between proximal end and a mesentery. Images a and b, and c and d correspond to the same specimens respectively. M, mesentery.
Proximity to Photosystem II is necessary for activation of Plastid Terminal Oxidase (PTOX) for photoprotection
<p>TEM and Confocal micrographs images of Arabidopsis thaliana (wt or mutants) and Eutrema salsugineum (wt) plants exposed to control or high light treatments. </p>
Proximate and fiber composition of Commelina species
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A new distal fibular fragment of Homo floresiensis and the first quantitative comparative analysis of proximal and distal fibular morphology in this species
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Data from: Proximity to parasites reduces host fitness independent of infection in a Drosophila-Macrocheles system
<p>We assayed the longevity and reproductive output of Drosophila nigrospiracula exposed or not exposed to ectoparasitic Macrocheles subbadius accross a mesh barrier. As such we measured the non-consumptive effects (extending the ecology of fear to host-parasite systems) of an ectoparasite on host fecundity and survival. We found that exposure to mites, without infection, caused flies to live shorter lives and produce fewer offspring.</p>
Proximate and evolutionary sources of variation in offspring energy expenditure in songbirds
<p><strong>Aim:</strong> Understanding variation in offspring energy expenditure is important because energy is critical for growth and development. Weather may exert proximate effects on offspring energy expenditure, but in altricial species these might be masked by parental care and huddling with siblings. Such effects are particularly important to understand given changing global weather patterns, yet studies of wild offspring in the presence of parental care are lacking. Offspring energy expenditure may also vary among species due to evolved responses to environmental selection pressures, requiring studies at both proximate and ultimate levels.</p> <p><strong>Location:</strong> USA, South Africa, Malaysia.</p> <p><strong>Time period:</strong> 2016-2019.</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied: </strong>Songbirds.</p> <p><strong>Methods: </strong>We used the doubly-labeled water technique to estimate nestling daily energy expenditure of 54 songbird species across three continents. We used Bayesian phylogenetic mixed models to test proximate and evolutionary causes of variation in offspring energy expenditure while accounting for phylogeny and phylogenetic uncertainty.</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>Offspring energy expenditure increased with more rainfall and colder air temperatures, but decreased among offspring in broods with more siblings. Across species, nestling and adult mortality, but not growth rate, were positively associated with offspring energy use.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions: </strong>Weather had clear proximate effects on offspring energy expenditure and parents were either unable or unwilling to fully offset these effects. However, the decrease in offspring energy use when huddling with more siblings demonstrated a modulating effect of life history traits. For example, high nest predation rates favor reduced parental care and can force offspring to spend more energy coping with environmental conditions. Furthermore, reduced energy expenditure is thought to facilitate increased longevity, which is increasingly realized with lower extrinsic mortality rates, providing an explanation for the positive association between adult mortality and offspring energy expenditure. Ultimately, both proximate and evolutionary influences need to be considered to better understand causes of offspring energetics.</p>
Distribution. SE China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hainan), N Vietnam, and NE Laos; it may extend into Myanmar, based on proximity of Chinese specimens to Myanmar border. in Vespertilionidae
Distribution. SE China (Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, and Hainan), N Vietnam, and NE Laos; it may extend into Myanmar, based on proximity of Chinese specimens to Myanmar border.
FIGURE 1. Harpochilus corrugatus. A. Proximal leaf. B. Leaf from below the inflorescence. C. Leaf from inflorescence. D in Harpochilus corrugatus (Acanthaceae), a new and endangered chiropterophylous species from the highlands of central-southern Bahia, Brazil
FIGURE 1. Harpochilus corrugatus. A. Proximal leaf. B. Leaf from below the inflorescence. C. Leaf from inflorescence. D. Corolla of fully open flower. E. Inflorescence with two flowers, corolla fallen. F. Flower-bud. G. Flower-bud just before anthesis. H. Calyx with two lobes removed, showing nectar disk, ovary and style. Drawn by DCZ based on Zappi et al. 5117 (UB).
k-Proximity
<p>These are the k-Proximity datasets introduced in "Shortest Path Networks for Graph Property Prediction". </p>
The terrestrial flatworm Microplana scharffi (Geoplanidae, Microplaninae): mitochondrial genome, phylogenetic proximity to the Bipaliinae and genes related to regeneration
<p>Data corresponding to the article 'The terrestrial flatworm <em>Microplana scharffi</em> (Geoplanidae, Microplaninae): mitochondrial genome, phylogenetic proximity to the Bipaliinae and genes related to regeneration' . Data correspond to fasta files, genbank files and a pdf figure of the alignment of type I and type II 18S gene.</p>
Figure 1 in Comparison of proteomic profiles of the phaeophyte Saccharina japonica thalli proximal to and beneath the front of epiphytic hydrozoan colonies against healthy tissue
Figure 1: Saccharina japonica thallus sections defined as thallus tissue proximal to hydrozoan colonies and tissue at the colony front. The proximal tissues were collected from the 1-cm zone outside the boundary of the colony. The colony-front tissues were obtained from the 1-cm zone under the newly formed front of the colony after removing the hydrozoans. Inset photo shows hydrozoans on the brown alga S. japonica.
Figure 4 in Comparison of proteomic profiles of the phaeophyte Saccharina japonica thalli proximal to and beneath the front of epiphytic hydrozoan colonies against healthy tissue
Figure 4: Sections of two-dimensional gels showing the proteins (arrows) that decreased during hydrozoan colonization. The separated proteins were visualized by silver staining. (A) Distal healthy thallus tissue. (B) Thallus tissue proximal to hydrozoan colonies. (C) Thallus tissue at the colony front.
Figure 3 in Comparison of proteomic profiles of the phaeophyte Saccharina japonica thalli proximal to and beneath the front of epiphytic hydrozoan colonies against healthy tissue
Figure 3: Sections of two-dimensional gels showing the proteins (arrows) that increased most in the thallus tissue proximal to hydrozoan colonies or in the thallus at the colony front, but were not detected in the distal healthy thallus tissue. The separated proteins were visualized by silver staining. (A) Distal healthy thallus tissue. (B) Thallus tissue proximal to hydrozoan colonies. (C) Thallus tissue at the colony front.
Figure 2 in Comparison of proteomic profiles of the phaeophyte Saccharina japonica thalli proximal to and beneath the front of epiphytic hydrozoan colonies against healthy tissue
Figure 2: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis profiles of lateharvested Saccharina japonica. (A) Distal healthy thallus tissue. (B) Thallus tissue proximal to hydrozoan colonies. (C) Thallus tissue at the colony front. The separated proteins were visualized by silver staining. Numbers attached to the arrows refer to the spot numbers listed in Table 1.
High rate of gene family evolution in close proximity to the origin of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in Inocybaceae
<p>Annotations, aligned rthologoious gene sets and CAFE outputs used in the article "High rate of gene family evolution in close proximity to the origin of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis in Inocybaceae."</p>
The cat as a naturally occurring model of renal interstitial fibrosis: Characterisation of primary feline proximal tubular epithelial cells and comparative pro-fibrotic effects of TGF-β1
<p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in both geriatric cats and aging humans, and is pathologically characterised by chronic tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis in both species. Cats with CKD may represent a spontaneously occurring, non-rodent animal model of human disease, however little is known of feline renal cell biology. In other species, TGF-β1 signalling in the proximal tubular epithelium is thought to play a key role in the initiation and progression of renal fibrosis. In this study, we first aimed to isolate and characterise feline proximal tubular epithelial cells (FPTEC), comparing them to human primary renal epithelial cells (HREC) and the human proximal tubular cell line HK-2. Secondly, we aimed to examine and compare the effect of human recombinant TGF-β1 on cell proliferation, pro-apoptotic signalling and genes associated with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in feline and human renal epithelial cells.</p> <p>FPTEC were successfully isolated from cadaverous feline renal tissue, and demonstrated a marker protein expression profile identical to that of HREC and HK-2. Exposure to TGF-β1 (0-10 ng/ml) induced a concentration-dependent loss of epithelial morphology and alterations in gene expression consistent with the occurrence of partial EMT in all cell types. This was associated with transcription of downstream pro-fibrotic mediators, growth arrest in FPTEC and HREC (but not HK-2), and increased apoptotic signalling at high concentrations of TGF- β1. These effects were inhibited by the ALK5 (TGF-β1RI) antagonist SB431542 (5 µM), suggesting they are mediated via the ALK5/TGF-β1RII receptor complex. Taken together, these results suggest that TGF-β1 may be involved in epithelial cell dedifferentiation, growth arrest and apoptosis in feline CKD as in human disease, and that cats may be a useful, naturally occurring model of human CKD.</p>
Text-fig. 14. SMNK Ma1 Gips 12, proximal left radio-ulna of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) medial, B) stereo cranial, C) lateral views (scale 5 cm). in Hippopotamodon erymanthius (Suidae, Mammalia) from Mahmutgazi, Denizli-Çal basin, Turkey
Text-fig. 14. SMNK Ma1 Gips 12, proximal left radio-ulna of Hippopotamodon erymanthius from Mahmutgazi, Turkey. A) medial, B) stereo cranial, C) lateral views (scale 5 cm).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.