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Fig. 4. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 in An integrative redescription of Echiniscus quadrispinosus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscidae) from the terra typica in Taunus Mountain Range (Europe; Germany)

Fig. 4. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902, ♀. A*. Leg I outer cuticle with clearly visible stripes of tiny and regular granulation: a thin frontal stripe on the upper part of the leg (empty arrow), a wide stripe in the central part of the leg covering frontal and lateral side of the leg (empty arrowhead) and the most distal, thin stripe above claws on the ventral side of the leg (filled indented arrowhead) (PCM). B. Spine on leg I (arrowhead) (PCM). C. Spine on leg I (arrowhead) and thin frontal stripe on the upper part of the leg (empty arrow) (SEM). D*. Claws IV with dentate collar and finger-like papilla (filled arrow) (PCM). E. Vlaws IV with dentate collar and finger-like papilla (filled arrow); empty arrow indicates thin frontal stripe on the upper part of the leg (SEM). F. Claws of the II leg (PCM). * = manually assembled deep-focus image. Scale bars in micrometres (μm).

Fig. 3. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 in An integrative redescription of Echiniscus quadrispinosus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscidae) from the terra typica in Taunus Mountain Range (Europe; Germany)

Fig. 3. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902, ♀. A. Two ventral plates below the head, arrowheads (PCM). B. Two ventral rounded plates on the lateral sides of the gonopore, arrows (PCM). C. Lateral view of the entire animal; arrowheads indicate plates below the head; arrows indicate plates on the lateral sided of the gonopore; asterisk indicates gonopore (SEM). D. Ventral sculpture visible in PCM. Scale bars in micrometres (μm).

Fig. 1. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 in An integrative redescription of Echiniscus quadrispinosus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscidae) from the terra typica in Taunus Mountain Range (Europe; Germany)

Fig. 1. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902, ♀, habitus. A*–B. Dorsal view of the entire animal with typical chaetotaxy A-B-C-Cd-D-Dd-E (PCM and SEM, respectively). C. Lateral view; arrowhead indicates additional plate divided from the lateral margin of the scapular plate (SEM).D. Head and scapular plates and head appendages visible in SEM; empty arrow indicates external cirri, filled arrow indicates internal cirri, indented arrowhead indicates cephalic papillae, empty arrowhead indicates appendage A and filled arrowhead indicates clava. E. Lateral view of head and scapular plates; arrowhead indicates additional plate divided from the lateral margin of scapular plate (PCM). * = manually assembled deepfocus image. Scale bars in micrometres (μm).

Fig. 5. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 in An integrative redescription of Echiniscus quadrispinosus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902 (Heterotardigrada, Echiniscidae) from the terra typica in Taunus Mountain Range (Europe; Germany)

Fig. 5. Echiniscus quadrispinosus Richters, 1902, ♂. A*. Dorsal view of the entire animal with appendages B absent on both sides (chaetotaxy: A-C-Cd-D-Dd-E). B*. Two ventral rounded plates on the lateral sides of the gonopore (arrows); asterisk indicates gonopore. C–D. Lateral view of male with appendage B present only on one side of the body (chaetotaxy: A-B-C-Cd-D-Dd-E); arrowhead indicates presence and lack of appendage B. * = manually assembled deep-focus image. All PCM. Scale bars in micrometres (μm).

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Data for: Range and niche expansion through multiple interspecific hybridization - a genotyping by sequencing analysis of Cherleria (Caryophyllaceae)

Background: Cherleria (Caryophyllaceae) is a circumboreal genus that also occurs in the high mountains of the northern hemisphere. In this study, we focus on a clade that diversified in the European High Mountains, which was identified using nuclear ribosomal (nrDNA) sequence data in a previous study. With the nrDNA data, all but one species was monophyletic, with little sequence variation within most species. Here, we use genotyping by sequencing (GBS) data to determine whether the nrDNA data showed the full picture of the evolution in the genomes of these species. Results: The overall relationships found with the GBS data were congruent with those from the nrDNA study. Most of the species were still monophyletic and many of the same subclades were recovered, including a clade of three narrow endemic species from Greece and a clade of largely calcifuge species. The GBS data provided additional resolution within the two species with the best sampling, C. langii and C. laricifolia, with structure that was congruent with geography. In addition, the GBS data showed significant hybridization between several species, including species whose ranges did not currently overlap. Conclusions: The hybridization led us to hypothesize that lineages came in contact on the Balkan Peninsula after they diverged, even when those lineages are no longer present on the Balkan Peninsula. Hybridization may also have helped lineages expand their niches to colonize new substrates and different areas. Not only do genome-wide data provide increased phylogenetic resolution of difficult nodes, they also give evidence for a more complex evolutionary history than what can be depicted by a simple, branching phylogeny.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Low winter temperatures and divergent freezing resistance set the cold range limit of widespread alpine graminoids

Aim: "Where and why does a species exist" is a fundamental question in ecology. However, the actual range limits of alpine plant species are largely unexplored and unexplained. We aim at identifying the low temperature range limits of the two most abundant alpine graminoid species on acidic soils that intermingle in mosaics of high-elevation habitats across the European Alps. Location: Alpine grasslands in the Swiss Alps. Taxon: Carex curvula (Cyperaceae) and Nardus stricta (Poaceae), named by the genus name hereafter. Results: Carex and Nardus clearly segregated across different microsites. Season length, growing degree hours and soil chemistry (pH, C/N-ratio, phosphorus) did not demarcate the two species' ranges, while their distribution was strongly affected by soil minimum temperature in winter. Carex occurred at sites with and without protecting snow cover and resisted low soil temperatures (-13 °C). Nardus was absent at microsites with snow cover duration less than 5 months and soil minimum temperatures below -5 °C. During the growing season, leaves of Carex had a higher freezing resistance with LT50 of -16.1 °C than those of Nardus with LT50 of -13.3 °C (LT50: lethal temperature for 50% of the tissue). Tetrazolium staining in shoots also revealed a higher freezing resistance in Carex compared to Nardus, and shoot apices tolerated lowest temperatures: Carex -30 °C, Nardus -24 °C. Though, a vital shoot apex alone did not ensure regrowth after winter. Regrowth after severe frost events requires intact vessels and roots, all less freezing tolerant than apical meristems and young leaves. Main conclusions: The cold range limits of these widespread alpine graminoid species are evidently set by thermal extremes in winter. Microtopography, thus snow distribution pattern, in concert with the species' freezing resistance explains the cold edge of the fundamental niche of these two species.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Local adaptation to seasonal cues at the fronts of two parallel, climate-induced butterfly range expansions

Climate change allows species to expand polewards, but non-changing environmental features may limit expansions. Daylength is unaffected by climate and drives life cycle timing in many animals and plants. Because daylength varies over latitudes, poleward-expanding populations must adapt to new daylength conditions. We studied local adaptation to daylength in the butterfly Lasiommata megera, which is expanding northwards along several routes in Europe. Using common garden laboratory experiments with controlled daylengths, we compared diapause induction between populations from the southern-Swedish core range and recently established marginal populations from two independent expansion fronts in Sweden. Caterpillars from the northern populations entered diapause in clearly longer daylengths than those from southern populations, with the exception of caterpillars from one geographically isolated population. The northern populations have repeatedly and rapidly adapted to their local daylengths, indicating that the common use of daylength as seasonal cue need not strongly limit climate-induced insect range expansions.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Spatiotemporal influences of climate and humans on muskox range dynamics over multiple millennia

Processes leading to range contractions and population declines of Arctic megafauna during the late Pleistocene and early-Holocene are uncertain, with intense debate on the roles of human hunting, climatic change, and their synergy. Obstacles to a resolution, have included an over reliance on correlative rather than process-explicit approaches for inferring drivers of distributional and demographic change. Using process-explicit macroecological models that integrate modern and fossil occurrence records, spatiotemporal reconstructions of past climatic change, speciesspecific population ecology and the growth and spread of anatomically modern humans, we disentangle the ecological mechanisms and threats that were integral in the decline and extinction of the muskox (Ovibos moschatus) in Eurasia, and in its expansion in North America. We show that accurately reconstructing inferences of past demographic changes for muskox over the last 21,000 years requires high dispersal abilities, large maximum densities, and a small Allee effect. Climatic change was the primary driver of muskox distribution shifts and demographic changes across its previously extensive (circumpolar) range, with populations responding negatively to rapid warming events. Regional analyses reveal that the range collapse and extinction of the muskox in Europe (~ 13 thousand years ago) was caused by humans operating in synergy with climatic warming. In Canada and Greenland, climatic change and human activities combined to drive recent population sizes. The impact of past climatic change on the range and extinction dynamics of muskox during the Pleistocene-Holocene transition signals a vulnerability of this species to future increased warming. By disentangling the ecological processes that shaped the distribution of the muskox through space and time, process-explicit models have important applications for the future conservation and management of this iconic species in a warming Arctic.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Dataset for a Feasibility Study for Accelerated Reference Point Determination Using Close Range Photogrammetry

The Global Geodetic Observing System (GGOS) aims for an accuracy of 1 mm in position concerning a global geodetic reference frame such as the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF). To derive a global frame, several space geodetic techniques are combined. The combination procedure requires the geometric relations between the invariant reference points of these techniques, the so-called local tie vectors. Each space geodetic technique defines its reference point individually, so the determination of the position of the reference point varies significantly between techniques. Within the international GeoMetre project, measurement systems and analysis strategies are developed to improve the quality of local tie vectors and, thus, the quality of the resulting global frame. The use of close range photogrammetry to determine the reference point of a telescope used for Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) at the GGOS core station Wettzell in September 2020 is considered as a milestone in this project. This contribution deals with a novel approach for an accelerated reference point determination using close range photogrammetry. In comparison to the conventional photogrammetric approach, published so far, this new approach leads to a significant reduction in recording time. However, in case of inappropriate measurement configuration the approach also bears the risk of biased results. Most importantly, the new approach has the potential to be automated, which is one of the primary calls of GGOS for reference point determinations.

LRGB: Long Range Graph Benchmark

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) that are based on the message passing (MP) paradigm exchange information between 1-hop neighbors to build node representations at each layer. In principle, such networks are not able to capture long-range interactions (LRI) that may be desired or necessary for learning a given task on graphs. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in development of Transformer-based methods for graphs that can consider full node connectivity beyond the original sparse structure, thus enabling the modeling of LRI. However, MP-GNNs that simply rely on 1-hop message passing often fare better in several existing graph benchmarks when combined with positional feature representations, among other innovations, hence limiting the perceived utility and ranking of Transformer-like architectures. Here, we present the Long Range Graph Benchmark (LRGB) with 5 graph learning datasets: PascalVOC-SP, COCO-SP, PCQM-Contact, Peptides-func and Peptides-struct that arguably require LRI reasoning to achieve strong performance in a given task. We benchmark both baseline GNNs and Graph Transformer networks to verify that the models which capture long-range dependencies perform significantly better on these tasks. Therefore, these datasets are suitable for benchmarking and exploration of MP-GNNs and Graph Transformer architectures that are intended to capture LRI. <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.08164">arXiv</a>, <a href="https://paperswithcode.com/paper/long-range-graph-benchmark">Papers with Code</a>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

What weather variables are important for wet and slab avalanches under a changing climate in low altitude mountain range in Czechia?

datasets and scripts for Avalanche paper figures and avalanche path characteristics: Avalanche_paths_souckova.xlsx

FIG. 5 in Novelties in Erythroxylum P.Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity

FIG. 5. — Distribution of Erythroxylum choungiense E.Bidault, Traclet & M.Pignal, sp. nov. (♦) and E. labatii E.Bidault & M.Pignal, sp. nov. (●) in the Comoros archipelago.

FIG. 4. — Erythroxylum labatii E.Bidault & M in Novelties in Erythroxylum P.Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity

FIG. 4. — Erythroxylum labatii E.Bidault & M.Pignal, sp. nov.: A, stem and immature fruits; B, inflorescence with flower buds and stem portion with cataphylls; C, long-styled flower; D, mature fruit; E, short-styled flower; A, D, photos by J.-N. Labat, B, E, photos by E. Bidault, C, photo by G. Viscardi.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

BigSolDB: solubility dataset of substances in organic solvents and water in a wide range of temperatures

<h1>BigSolDB 2.0. is available here: <a href="https://zenodo.org/records/15094979">https://zenodo.org/records/15094979</a></h1> <h1>If you use this dataset, please cite our paper: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05559-8">https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-025-05559-8</a></h1> BigSolDB contains 54273 solubility values, 830 unique molecules and 138 individual solvents in the temperature range from 243.15 to 403.15K at atmospheric pressure.  The 6 columns of this dataset are explained as follows: <ol> <li>SMILES — SMILES representation of a dissolved compound</li> <li>T,K — Temperature in Kelvin</li> <li>Solubility — Experimental solubility value (mole fraction)</li> <li>Solvent — Name of the solvent</li> <li>SMILES_Solvent — SMILES of the solvent</li> <li>Source — a data source for given values</li> </ol>

FIG. 1. — Erythroxylum choungiense E in Novelties in Erythroxylum P.Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity

FIG. 1. — Erythroxylum choungiense E.Bidault, Traclet & M.Pignal, sp. nov.: A, habit (dry); B, habit (fresh); C, detail of leaf venation; D, long-styled flower; E, shortstyled flower; F, short-style flower with corolla fallen; G, mature fruit; H, seed; A, C, D-F, Guiot 03 (MAO), B, G, H, no voucher. Drawings by Ludivine Longou. Scale bars: A, B, 2 cm; C, 3 mm; D, E, 1 mm; F, 2 mm; G, H, 1 mm.

FIG. 3. — Erythroxylum labatii E.Bidault & M in Novelties in Erythroxylum P.Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity

FIG. 3. — Erythroxylum labatii E.Bidault & M.Pignal, sp. nov.: A, detail of stem; B, long-styled flower; C, short-styled flower with corolla fallen; D, short-styled flower; E, immature fruit; F, mature fruit; G, habit, dry; H, detail of inflorescence with flower buds; I, detail of cataphyll, abaxial side; A, C, G-I, Labat et al. 3212 (P); B, D, Bidault et al. 63 (P); E, F, Labat et al. 3787 (P). Drawings by Anne-Hélène Paradis. Scale bars: A, B, 2 mm; C, 1 mm; D, 2 mm; E, F, 3 mm; G, 2 cm; H, 2 mm; I, 1 mm.

FIG. 2. — Erythroxylum choungiense E in Novelties in Erythroxylum P.Browne (Erythroxylaceae) from the Comoros Archipelago: two new, range-restricted and threatened species, and notes on the Mount Choungi biogeographical singularity

FIG. 2. — Erythroxylum choungiense E.Bidault, Traclet & M.Pignal, sp. nov.: A, habit; B, terminal leaves with red young leaves; C, long-styled flower; D, shortstyled flowers; E, upper surface of leaves and immature fruits; F, mature fruit and seed; G, lower surface of leaves showing cordate base; A, B, E-G, photos by S. Traclet, C, D, photos by V. Guiot.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Evidence of climate-driven selection on tree traits and trait plasticity across the climatic range of a riparian foundation species

Selection on quantitative traits by heterogeneous climatic conditions can lead to substantial trait variation across a species range. In the context of rapidly changing environments, however, it is equally important to understand selection on trait plasticity. To evaluate the role of selection in driving divergences in traits and their associated plasticities within a widespread species, we compared molecular and quantitative trait variation in Populus fremontii (Fremont cottonwood), a foundation riparian distributed throughout Arizona. Using SNP data and genotypes from 16 populations reciprocally planted in three common gardens, we first performed QST-FST analyses to detect selection on traits and trait plasticity. We then explored the environmental drivers of selection using trait-climate and plasticity-climate regressions. Three major findings emerged: 1) There was significant genetic variation in traits expressed in each of the common gardens and in the phenotypic plasticity of traits across gardens, both of which were heritable. 2) Based on QST-FST comparisons, there was evidence of selection in all traits measured; however, this result varied from no effect in one garden to highly significant in another, indicating that detection of past selection is environmentally dependent. We also found strong evidence of divergent selection on plasticity across environments for two traits. 3) Traits and/or their plasticity were often correlated with population source climate (R2 up to 0.77 and 0.66, respectively). These results suggest that steep climate gradients across the Southwest have played a major role in shaping the evolution of divergent phenotypic responses in populations and genotypes now experiencing climate change.

Near-range atmospheric dispersion dataset of an anomalous selenium-75 emission

Description This dataset contains the different measurement data that were obtained during and in the wake of the anomalous selenium-75 (Se-75) emission from the Belgian Reactor 2 (BR2) in 2019. These data were analysed by Frankemölle et al (2022), who showed that they paint a consistent picture of the Se-75 emission on both the time scale of the initial puff as well as on the time scale of the residual release. In the first tab of the Excel file, the different data included in the rest of the excel file are briefly discussed. Included data <ul> <li>On-site meteorological data</li> <li>In-stack measurements of Se-75 source term</li> <li>On-site measurements of ambient dose equivalent rates</li> <li>On-site deposition measurements</li> <li>On-site concentration measurements</li> </ul> Original publication Frankemölle, J.P.K.W., Camps, J., De Meutter, P., Antoine, P., Delcloo, A.W., Vermeersch, F. and Meyers, J. (2022) 'Near-range atmospheric dispersion of an anomalous selenium-75 emission', Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 255, pp. 107012. DOI:  <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107012">https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2022.107012</a>