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opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 3–4. 3. Phyllodistomum hoggettae n in Two new species of Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899) from Great Barrier Reef fishes

FIGURES 3–4. 3. Phyllodistomum hoggettae n. sp. from Plectropomus leopardus, terminal genitalia (Paratype QM G234194). 4. Phyllodistomum vaili n. sp. from Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, terminal genitalia (Paratype QM G234221). ACSV—anterior chamber seminal vesicle; GP—genital pore; PCSV—posterior chamber seminal vesicle; PP—pars prostatica; U—uterus. Scale bars: 1,2 100 µm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2014View details →

FIGURES 1–2. 1. Phyllodistomum hoggettae n in Two new species of Phyllodistomum Braun, 1899 (Trematoda: Gorgoderidae Looss, 1899) from Great Barrier Reef fishes

FIGURES 1–2. 1. Phyllodistomum hoggettae n. sp. from Plectropomus leopardus, ventral (Holotype QM G234189). 2. Phyllodistomum vaili n. sp. from Mulloidichthys vanicolensis, ventral (Holotype QM G234219). Scale bars: 1, 1 mm; 2, 500 µm.

opennotspecifiedDec 2016View details →

FIGURE 2 in Checklist and analysis of completeness of the reef fish fauna of the Revillagigedo Archipelago, Mexico

FIGURE 2. Observed species richness of fish families at the Revillagigedo Archipelago, and expected value (average and standard deviation), according to four non parametric methods applied on data from Table 1.

opencc-by-sa-4.0Sep 2024View details →

Atlantic reef fishes: distributions and life-history traits

(All information expressed below is also available in the "read me" text file.)   Atlantic reef fishes: distributions and life-history traits  Upload date: September 3rd, 2024            DOI for all versions: 10.5281/zenodo.13655553   Isadora Cord¹*, Sergio R. Floeter¹*,**, Gabriel S. Araujo², Juan P. Quimbayo³, D. Ross Robertson⁴, Benjamin C. Victor⁵, Peter Wirtz⁶, Hudson T. Pinheiro², Rui Freitas⁷, Luiz A. Rocha⁸  * joint first authors; ** corresponding author <sergiofloeter@gmail.com>   ¹Marine Macroecology and Biogeography Lab, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Brazil ²Center for Marine Biology, University of São Paulo, São Sebastião, SP, Brazil ³University of Florida, USA ⁴Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama ⁵Ocean Science Foundation, USA ⁶Centro de Ciências do Mar, Universidade do Algarve, Portugal ⁷Universidade Técnica do Atlântico, Cabo Verde ⁸California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA   Introduction to the First Edition This database includes information on the distribution and life-history traits for 1,628 reef fish species, distributed across 26 sub-provinces of the tropical, sub-tropical, and warm temperate Atlantic Ocean. We followed the definition provided by Floeter et al. (2008) for “reef fish,” including any shallow (<100 m) tropical/subtropical benthic or benthopelagic fishes that consistently associate with hard substrates of coral, algal, or rocky reefs, or occupy adjacent sand substrate. All distributions were verified by the authors, double-checked with online databases, and available literature (peer-reviewed regional checklists and scientific papers; see main refs). Life-history traits were compiled for most species by using a combination of personal data, online databases (e.g. Froese & Pauly, 2023; Robertson & Van Tassell, 2023), and published sources (e.g. Luiz et al. 2015; Pinheiro et al. 2018; Quimbayo et al. 2021). This database is associated with the manuscript Cord et al. (in prep.) “Biogeography and evolution of reef fishes on tropical Mid-Atlantic Ridge islands,” and represents an update that has been in development for 16 years, based on Floeter et al. (2008) “Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution”.   Data Description: The .xlsx database contains two pages, “traits&distributions” and “acronyms”. The “acronyms” page contains the same table that is available below, as well as a map illustrating the studied areas. The “traits&distributions” page is divided into the following columns:    "A" through "D": Species’ identification species = the complete species names, in the following pattern: “Genus_specific epithet”, e.g. “Acanthurus_bahianus” family, genus = self explanatory spp = specific epithet    "E" through "AD": Distributions   <div> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> Region </td> <td> Sub-provinces </td> <td> Geographical definition </td> <td> Acronym </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Western Atlantic  </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Greater Caribbean </td> <td> Carolinian </td> <td> North Carolina State to Mérida (México) </td> <td> CA </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Bermuda </td> <td> Bermuda Is. </td> <td> BE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Central Caribbean </td> <td> Central America and offshore islands (except mentioned elsewhere), Florida Keys </td> <td> CC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Southern Caribbean </td> <td> Panamá to Trinidad and Tobago </td> <td> SC </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Southwestern Atlantic </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Brazilian Province </td> <td> North Brazil </td> <td> Great Amazon Reef </td> <td> NB </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Northeastern Brazil </td> <td> Rio Grande do Norte to Southern Bahia State </td> <td> NE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Southeastern Brazil </td> <td> Espírito Santo to Paraná States </td> <td> SE </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> South Brazil </td> <td> Santa Catarina State </td> <td> SB </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Brazilian oceanic islands </td> <td> Rocas Atoll </td> <td> </td> <td> AR </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Fernando de Noronha </td> <td> </td> <td> FN </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Trindade Is. </td> <td> </td> <td> TR </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Warm-temperate Argentinian Province </td> <td> Argentinian  </td> <td> Rio Grande do Sul State, from Uruguay to Patagonia </td> <td> PT </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Mid-Atlantic Ridge </td> <td> St Paul’s Rocks </td> <td> </td> <td> SP </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Ascension </td> <td> </td> <td> AS </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> St Helena </td> <td> </td> <td> SH </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Eastern Atlantic </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Northeastern Atlantic </td> <td> Mediterranean </td> <td> Levant to Gibraltar  </td> <td> MD </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Lusitana </td> <td> Azores </td> <td> </td> <td> AZ </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Madeira </td> <td> </td> <td> MA </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Canaries </td> <td> </td> <td> CN </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Tropical Eastern Atlantic </td> <td> Northwest Africa </td> <td> Gibraltar to Cape Verde (Senegal) </td> <td> NT </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Cape Verde Is. </td> <td> </td> <td> CV </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> São Tomé & Príncipe </td> <td> Includes Annobon </td> <td> ST </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Tropical West Africa </td> <td> Cape Verde to Moçamedes (Angola) </td> <td> EA </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Southwest Africa </td> <td> Benguela </td> <td> Moçamedes to Cape of Good Hope </td> <td> BN </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> Agulhas </td> <td> Cape of Good Hope to Kei River </td> <td> CP </td> </tr> <tr> <td> Southwestern Indian Ocean </td> <td> South Africa’s Indian Ocean </td> <td> From Kei River to Kosi Bay </td> <td> IO </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div>      "AE" through "AK": Life-history traits “depth_max” = Maximum recorded depth, in meters. “bodysize_max” = Maximum recorded adult body size, in centimeters. “rafter” = Presence (1) or absence (0) of rafting behavior (mostly for the entire genus). “multihabitat” = Usage of other habitats in addition to structural reefs (soft bottoms, seagrass/macroalgae beds, mangroves, and estuaries). “diet” = Diet habits (gc: generalised carnivores; hd: herbivores/detritivores; is: sessile invertivores; mi: mobile invertivores; om: omnivores; pk: planktivores). “groupsize” = Sociability (sol: solitary; pair: pairs of two individuals; smallg: groups of 3 to 10 individuals; medg: groups of 10 to 20 individuals; largeg: groups of over 20 individuals). “spawning” = Spawning modes (att: attached; dem: demersal; live: livebearers; oral: oral; pel: pelagic).   Data Sources and Verification: We gathered presence or absence data for 73 families of reef-associated fishes, encompassing 1,637 species in 26 distinct biogeographical units within the Atlantic Basin (see table above). All distributions were strictly verified by the authors, double-checked with online databases and available literature (e.g. Brown et al. 2019; Freitas et al. 2019; Floeter et al. 2023; Pinheiro et al. 2020; Robertson & Van Tassell, 2023; Wirtz et al. 2017). Life-history traits were compiled using personal data, online databases (e.g. Froese & Pauly, 2023; Robertson & Van Tassell, 2023), and published sources (e.g. Luiz et al. 2015; Pinheiro et al. 2018; Quimbayo et al. 2021). All species’ nomenclature was based on Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (Fricke et al. 2024).    Main References: Brown, J., Beard, A., Clingham, E., Fricke, R., Henry, L., & Wirtz, P. (2019). The fishes of St Helena Island, central Atlantic Ocean—new records and an annotated checklist. Zootaxa, 4543(2), 151-194. Freitas, R., Romeiras, M., Silva, L., Cordeiro, R., Madeira, P., González, J.A., Wirtz, P., Falcón, J.M., Brito, A., Floeter, S.R., Afonso, P., Porteiro, F., Viera-Rodríguez, M.A., Neto, A.I., Haroun, R., Farminhão, J.N.M., Rebelo, A.C., Baptista, L., Melo, C.S., Martínez, A., Núñez, J., Berning, B., Johnson, M.E. & Ávila, S.P. (2019). Restructuring of the 'Macaronesia' biogeographic unit: A marine multi-taxon biogeographical approach. Scientific Reports, 9: 15792. Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & Fong, J. D. (2024 ). ESCHMEYER'S CATALOG OF FISHES: GENERA/SPECIES BY FAMILY/SUBFAMILY.(http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/ SpeciesByFamily.asp). Electronic version accessed 03 September 2024. Floeter, S.R., Krajewski, J.P., Fiuza, T.M.J., Rocha, L.A. & Carvalho-Filho, A. (2023). Brazilian Reef Fishes. Editora CRV, Curitiba, pp. 320.ISBN 978-65-251-4245-6. DOI: 10.24824/978652514245.6 Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J., Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Bowen, B. W. & Bernardi, G. (2008). Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 22-47. Froese R, Pauly D (Eds) (2023) FishBase. [Version 06/2023] http://www.fishbase.org  Luiz, O. J., Madin, J. S., Robertson, D. R., Rocha, L. A., Wirtz, P., & Floeter, S. R. (2012). Ecological traits influencing range expansion across large oceanic dispersal barriers: insights from tropical Atlantic reef fishes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 279(1730), 1033-1040. Munroe, T. A. (1990). Eastern Atlantic tonguefishes (Symphurus: Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes), with descriptions of two new species. Bulletin of Marine Science, 47(2), 464-515. Munroe, T. A. (1991). Western Atlantic Tonguefishes of the Symphurus-Plagusia Complex (Cynoglossidae, Pleuronectiformes), with Descriptions of 2 New Species. Fishery Bulletin. Pinheiro, H. T., Rocha, L. A., Macieira, R. M., Carvalho‐Filho, A., Anderson, A. B., Bender, M. G., ... & Floeter, S. R. (2018). South‐western Atlantic reef fishes: Zoogeographical patterns and ecological drivers reveal a secondary biodiversity centre in the Atlantic Ocean. Diversity and Distributions, 24(7), 951-965. Pinheiro, H. T., Macena, B. C., Francini‐Filho, R. B., Ferreira, C. E., Albuquerque, F. V., Bezerra, N. P., ... & Rocha, L. A. (2020). Fish biodiversity of Saint Peter and Saint Paulʼs Archipelago, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Brazil: new records and a species database. Journal of Fish Biology, 97(4), 1143-1153. Quimbayo, J.P., Silva, F.C., Mendes, T.C., Ferrari, D.S., Danielski, S.L., Bender, M.G., Parravicini, V., Kulbicki, M. & Floeter, S.R. (2021). Life-history traits, geographical range and conservation aspects of reef fishes from the Atlantic and Eastern Pacific. Ecology (Data Papers), https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3298. Robertson, D. R., & Tornabene, L. (2023). Reef-associated Bony Fishes of the Greater Caribbean: A Checklist (VERSION 5). https://zenodo.org/records/10225031 Robertson, D. R., & Van Tassell, J. (2023). Shorefishes of the Greater Caribbean: online information system. Version 3.0 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Panamá. Wirtz, P., Bingeman, J., Bingeman, J., Fricke, R., Hook, T. J., & Young, J. (2017). The fishes of Ascension Island, central Atlantic Ocean–new records and an annotated checklist. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 97(4), 783-798.   Additional details: Related works Cord et al. (in prep.) and Floeter et al. (2008)  Cord, I., Araujo, G. S., Silva, F. C., Kurtz, Y. R., Rocha, C. R., Pinheiro, H. T., Rocha, L. A. & Floeter, S. R. (in prep.). Biogeography and evolution of reef fishes on tropical Mid-Atlantic Ridge islands. Floeter, S. R., Rocha, L. A., Robertson, D. R., Joyeux, J. C., Smith-Vaniz, W. F., Wirtz, P., Edwards, A. J., Barreiros, J. P., Ferreira, C. E. L., Gasparini, J. L., Brito, A., Falcón, J. M., Bowen, B. W. & Bernardi, G. (2008). Atlantic reef fish biogeography and evolution. Journal of Biogeography, 35: 22–47.

FIGURE 9 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 9. Selected examples of symbiotic associations between reef fishes recorded at the Laje de Santos Marine State Park. The barber goby Elacatinus figaro cleans the head of the jubauna reeffish Chromis jubauna hovering close to the goby's cleaning station (a); the same cleaner species inspects the back of the nocturnal squirrelfish Holocentrus adscensionis that approached its cleaning station (b); juvenile spotfin hogfish Bodianus pulchellus cleans the mouth of the spotted moray Gymnothorax moringa (c); adult of the same hogfish species cleans the head of the jubauna reeffish (d); the wrasse Halichoeres sp. n. follows a group of the white trevally Pseudocaranx dentex, which stir sediment clouds while feeding on the sandy bottom (e); the dusky grouper Mycteroperca marginata closely follows the goldspotted snake eel Myrichthys ocellatus that nudges its head in rocky crevices (f); the spotfin hogfish follows the flying gurnard Dactylopterus volitans moving close to the bottom (g); two diskfish Remora remora attached near the mouth of the Atlantic manta Manta birostris (h).Photos: M. Andrade (h); A. Carvalho Filho (e-f); J. P. Krajewski (a); O.J. Luiz Jr. (c-d, g); A. de Luca Jr. (b).

FIGURE 8 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 8. Cluster analysis of habitat types at the Laje de Santos Marine State Park based on the similarity of species composition. The relative distribution of trophic categories in each habitat is shown in the graphs. CAR = Carnivore; MIF = Mobile Invertebrate Feeder; OMN = Omnivore; PIS = Piscivore; PLK = Planktivore; ROVH = Roving Herbivore; SIF = Sessile Invertebrate Feeder; TERH = Territorial Herbivore.

FIGURE 10 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 10. Targeted and endangered top-predators recorded at the Laje de Santos Marine State Park. The dusky groupers Mycteroperca marginata are very common in the area, but attain unusual large size and are largely unafraid of divers, contrarily to what happens at other unprotected sites (a); the goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara (b) and the cubera snapper Lutjanus cyanopterus (c). Several individuals of these two latter species have been seen at in the Laje de Santos in the last two years, after a period of more than ten years over which they remained unrecorded at the site. Photos: A. Carvalho-Filho (c); L. Cheidde (b); A. Valente (a).

FIGURE 3 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 3. Some abundant fish species at the Laje de Santos Marine State Park. The tomtate grunt Haemulon aurolineatum (a); adult and juvenile sergeant major Abudefduf saxatilis (b); the brown chromis Chromis multilineata (c); juvenile dusky damselfish Stegastes fuscus (d); intermediate individual of the jubauna reeffish Chromis jubauna (e); the silver porgy Diplodus argenteus (f); juvenile porkfish Anisotremus virginicus (g); the ringneck blenny Parablennius pilicornis (h). Photos: O.J. Luiz Jr, except (e) by L.F. Cassino.

FIGURE 6 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 6. Selected fish species that dwell in the deep reef (30-45 m) community at the Laje de Santos State Marine Park. The deep-reef wrasse Halichoeres sp.n. (a); the reeffish Chromis cf. enchrysura (b); the red porgy Pagrus pagrus (c); the Brazilian sandperch Pinguipes brasilianus (d); the sea basses Acanthistius brasilianus (e), A. patachonicus (f) and Dules auriga (g); the snowy grouper Hyporthodus niveatus (h). The former species (a) is probably a Brazilian endemic, closely related to the Northwestern Atlantic species H. bathyphilus. The distinctive status from its sister species is supported by molecular mtDNA analysis (L.A. Rocha pers. comm.).The last six species (c-h) ranges southward to temperate Patagonian rocky reefs. Photos: A. Carvalho-Filho (e-g); O.J. Luiz Jr. (a-d, h).

FIGURE 4 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 4. Relative proportions of geographic distribution types of the species observed at the Laje de Santos Marine State Park. Br = Brazilian Province; CE = Central Atlantic; CT = Circumtropical. EA = Eastern Atlantic; SCa = Southern Caribbean; SE = Southeastern Brazil; TA = Trans-Atlantic; WA = Western Atlantic.

FIGURE 5 in The reef fish assemblage of the Laje de Santos Marine State Park, Southwestern Atlantic: annotated checklist with comments on abundance, distribution, trophic structure, symbiotic associations, and conservation

FIGURE 5. Selected Brazilian endemic reef fish species that occur at the Laje de Santos Marine State Park. The barber goby Elacatinus figaro (a); the Brazilian yellowcheek wrasse Halichoeres dimidiatus, initial phase (b); the Brazilian wrasse Halichoeres brasiliensis, intermediate phase (c); the Noronha wrasse Thalassoma noronhanum, terminal male (d); the tuiupiranga parrotfish Sparisoma tuiupiranga, initial phase (e); Zelinda's parrotfish Scarus zelindae, initial phase (f); the reef parrotfish Sparisoma amplum, initial phase (g); the gray parrotfish Sparisoma axillare, terminal male (h). Photos: O.J. Luiz Jr, except (d) by I. Cavas.

opencc-zeroMar 2024View details →

dryad32/100

Coral reef benthic and fish monitoring data from Turneffe Atoll, Belize, 2010-2023

Coral reefs are crucial centres of biodiversity, sustaining diverse marine species and providing ecosystem services to coastal communities. Monitoring coral reefs allows us to assess how the reefs are changing over time, discerning the potential impact of environmental changes, human activities, and climate events on their health and biodiversity. Here, we present a collection of data obtained through methodologies from the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef Systems Synoptic Monitoring Program (MBRS SMP) and Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA) protocols, including data of benthic point-intercept and invertebrate surveys, coral community characterizations, and reef fish surveys. The dataset encompasses observations spanning the years 2010 to 2023 within Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve, Belize. By publishing this dataset, we aim to provide a resource for research endeavours related to coral reef dynamics and broader ecological trends. Use of this monitoring data supports the evolution of Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve as a Marine Protected Area, contributing to informed decision-making and management strategies for the conservation of this vital ecosystem.

Figure 17 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 17. †Titanonarke megapterygia sp. nov. from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.135576; B, detail of the head and hyoid apparatus. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; me, Meckel's cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; rf, rostral fontanelle; ro, rostral cartilage. Scale bars = 50 mm.

Figure 12 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 12. †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. Close-up of the distal end of pelvic fins of MCSNV IG.91128, which is supposed to be the unique male individual based on the presence of claspers. Abbreviations: cla, clasper; dfr, first dorsal-fin radials, pelvic radials. Scale bar = 50 mm.

Figure 9. A in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 9. A, synarcual and pectoral girdle of Narcine brasiliensis (AMNH 95343) in dorsal view; B, synarcual and pectoral girdle of †Titanonarke molini (MCSNV IG.VR.91359) in ventral view. The arrowheads indicate the posteriorly directed lateral stays of the synarcual. The arrows indicate the posteriorly directed scapular process of the scapulocoracoid. Abbreviations: cb, ceratocranchials; sca, scapulocoracoid; ss, suprascapula; syn, synarcual. Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 6. †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, the juvenile individual MCSNV IG.VR.91359; B, reconstruction. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; la, labial cartilages; me, Meckel's cartilage; mes, mesopterygium; met, metapterygium; nc, nasal capsule; pel, prepelvic process; pub, puboischiadic bar; pq, palatoquadrate; pro, propterygium; ps, pseudohyoid; rad, pectoral radials; ro, rostral cartilage; sca, scapulocoracoid; ss, suprascapula; syn, synarcual. Scale bars = 50 mm.

Figure 4 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 4. Juvenile individuals of †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.VR.91359; B, MCSNV IG.135581. Scale bars = 10 mm.

Figure 16. A, B, D in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 16. A, B, D, †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site; A, close-up of the abdominal region of MGP-PD 26275 showing the embryo; the anterior region of the body lies on the lower portion of the photo; B, reconstruction; D, detail of the vertebral column of the embryo indicated in B with a dotted rectangle. C, dissected specimen of Potamotrygon tigrina (IUWP 7361) showing the position of the left uterus, just next to the stomach. Abbreviations: int, intestine; liv, liver; lu, left uterus; na, neural arches; ru, right uterus; st, stomach; vc, vertebral centra. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; D = 1 mm.

Figure 15. A, B in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 15. A, B, †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site; A, detail of the abdominal region in MGP-PD 26275 showing the stomach content; B, reconstruction; note also the embryo lying next to the stomach. C, D, close-up of some of the larger foraminifera of the genus †Alveolina in the stomach of MGP-PD 26275. E, dissected specimen of Torpedo nobiliana in ventral view (ESB tn200707_159) showing the position of the stomach, used to identify the accumulation in MGP-PD 26275 as gut contents. Abbreviations: int, intestine; liv, liver; met, metapterygium; pub, puboischiadic bar; sca, scapulocoracoid; st, stomach, syn synarcual. Scale bars: A, B = 50 mm; C, D = 2 mm.

Figure 3 in Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes

Figure 3. †Titanonarke molini (Jaekel, 1894) from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.VR.67290; B, MCSNV IG.91128/9. Scale bars = 100 mm.