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Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation

Fig. 3. Biplot of the uniform components in each direction (UniX and UniY) of morphometrical differences in 80 specimens of Cichla temensis in 4 color variation patterns (CPV) as measured by 9 Thin Plate Spline (TPS) distortion variables (V1-V9). Colored numbers indicate the CPV grade of individuals. The total spread of scores among individuals of each CPV are indicated by an envelope (solid line polygon) calculated as the minimum convex hull for that group. Position in the plot relative to other individuals indicates the degree of similarity in morph. Vectors point in the direction of gradient change for that TPS variable and the magnitude indicates the strength of the gradient. Angles between vectors indicate the TPS interset correlations.

Fig. 8 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 8. Geometric Morphometric Analysis applied to O. hatcheri individuals. Left: plot of DF3 vs. DF2 showing means and 95% confidence intervals by sampling sites (locality labels as in Fig. 1) NIHL (white triangle), CDP (black circle), 7: PELE (gray square), PDA (black triangle), MITO (black diamond), CARI (white square), EPU (black and white diamond), RIV (gray circle), ROS (white diamond), AME (black square), CHU (gray diamond), MUS (gray triangle), LBA (white circle), and PUY (white triangle). Right: deformation grids correspond to a relative warps analysis involving only CDP, PDA, and NIHL and PUY. Arrowheads indicate displacement of landmarks relative to consensus. Shaded area remarks relative position of landmarks 5 (anterior insertion of the first dorsal fin) and 12 (distal tip of the pelvic fin onto fish body).

Fig. 6 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 6. Probability for taxonomically identified Odontesthes hatcheri individuals of being O. hatcheri (left) and probability of taxonomically identified O. bonariensis individuals of being O. bonariensis (right). Number of fish, median, quartiles, and data outside 10 and 90th percentile are indicated. Water bodies are named as in Fig. 1.

Fig. 5 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 5. Morphometric differences between species. DF1 and residual DF2 (of the regression of DF2 versus Standard length) vs. Standard length (SL). Odontesthes bonariensis (white circle), O. hatcheri (black circle), and presumptive hybrids (gray circle).

Fig. 4 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 4. Geometric Morphometric Analysis applied to Odontesthes individuals. RW2 versus RW1 and deformation grids (tied to group means) for Odontesthes bonariensis (white circle), O. hatcheri (black circle) and presumptive hybrids (gray circle). Arrowheads indicate displacement of landmarks relative to consensus. Shaded area shows relative position of landmarks 5 (anterior insertion of the first dorsal fin) and 12 (distal tip of the pelvic fin onto fish body).

Fig. 1 in Populations of Odontesthes (Teleostei: Atheriniformes) in the Andean region of Southern South America: body shape and hybrid individuals

Fig. 1. Distribution of O. hatcheri (light gray) and O. bonariensis (dark gray) described by Dyer (2006) and sampling localities: ULLM, Ullum Reservoir; CARZ, Carrizal Reservoir; NIHL, Nihuil Reservoir; D, Lake San Lorenzo; URRE, Lake Urre Lauquen; CDP, Casa de Piedra Reservoir; PELE, Lake Pellegrini; PDA, Piedra del Aguila Reservoir; MITO, Lake Morenito; CARI, Lake Carilafquen; EPU, Lake Epuyén; RIV, Lake Rivadavia; ROS, Lake Rosario; AME, Florentino Ameghino Reservoir; CHU, Chubut River at Los Altares; MUS, Lake Musters; LBA, Lake Buenos Aires; PUY, Lake Pueyrredón. White triangles show the location of the three hatcheries (Estación Hidrobiológica de Chascomús 35º36'S, 58º01'W, Estación de Piscicultura de Embalse 32º13'S, 64º29'W, and Estación de Piscicultura Río Limay 38º59'S, 68º14'W), sources of stocking practices.

Figure 6 in A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of the shape variability of the haptoral attachment structures of Ligophorus species (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea)

Figure 6. Combination of the outlines of all dorsal anchors of each analyzed Ligophorus species (other haptoral structures outlines see http://marineparasites.org/morphometry/

Figure 5 in A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of the shape variability of the haptoral attachment structures of Ligophorus species (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea)

Figure 5. Cluster (A, C) and PC analysis (B, D) of the combinations of four harmonics for each dorsal and ventral anchors, and ventral bar obtained for each Ligophorus specimens. Upper graphs (A, B) are based on the size-invariant EFDs; lower graphs (C, D) – on the size-considered EFDs.

Figure 4 in A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of the shape variability of the haptoral attachment structures of Ligophorus species (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea)

Figure 4. PCA of the size-invariant (A, C, E) and size-considered (B, D, F) harmonics of the dorsal (А, B) and ventral (C, D) anchors, and the ventral bars (E, F) of Ligophorus species. All graphs are based on fifty harmonics. Keys: dots – dorsal anchors; triangles – ventral anchors; rhombus – ventral bars.

Figure 2. A in A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of the shape variability of the haptoral attachment structures of Ligophorus species (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea)

Figure 2. A After the automatic normalization, the outlines of anchors still have different orientation of the blades, different positions of the digitization starting point and directions of digitization; this affects the signs of the first harmonic components, which are shown in pink rectangle, and the signs of identical components differ. B, C After manual correction of the orientation of anchors (B) and bars (C), the outlines and signs of first harmonic components are identical.

Figure 3 in A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of the shape variability of the haptoral attachment structures of Ligophorus species (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea)

Figure 3. PCA of the size-invariant (A, B) and the size-considered (C, D) harmonics of all dorsal and ventral anchors of analyzed Ligophorus species. Left graphs (A, C) are based on fifty harmonics; right graphs (B, D) – on four ones. Keys: dots – dorsal anchors; triangles – ventral anchors.

Figure 1. A in A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of the shape variability of the haptoral attachment structures of Ligophorus species (Platyhelminthes: Monogenea)

Figure 1. A Ligophorus szidati dorsal (top) and ventral (bottom) anchors were outlined by cubic Bezier polylines and stored in SVG files. B ElFourier computer program converted digitized outlines into 50 EFDs. Only first four harmonics are visible at the screenshot's bottom; the negative components of harmonics are colored in light gray. The restored outline perfectly satisfies the shape of anchor (red line around gray anchor). At the left side used anchors are shown; they differ by orientation of blades and direction of digitization; outlines oriented counterclockwise are filled.

Fig. 5 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 5. Hind wing shape variation (CV1: 50.41%; CV2: 15.49%). The colored circles in the image above represent the average discrete point center of populations; the number is the population ID. Thin-plate spline analysis results are shown by colored grid, which represents wing shape deformation. The numbers on the grid are landmarks of wings. Blue color denotes contraction between landmarks, and red color indicates expansion between landmarks. The North group and South group correspond to the boundary of Qinling Mountains as the boundary between northern and southern China.

Fig. 4 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 4. Forewing shape variation (CV1: 46.68%; CV2: 14.88%). The colored circles in the image above represent the average discrete point centers of populations; the number is the population ID. Thin-plate spline analysis results are shown by colored grid, which represents wing shape deformation. The numbers on the grid are landmarks of wings. Blue colored notes contraction between landmarks, and red color indicates expansion between landmarks. The North group and South group correspond to the boundary of Qinling Mountains as the boundary between northern and southern China.

Fig. 1 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 1. Distribution map of the P. rapae populations studied and the integrated physical regionalization (diverse environments) in the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions. Note: The numbers represent the IDs of the populations; the circles and groups represent the populations divided by the cluster analysis from Fig. 6.

Fig. 3 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 3. Boxplot of P. rapae centroid size (CS) with the mean, standard error, and standard deviation illustrating variations in wing size across geographical populations.

Fig. 6 in A geometric morphometric study of the wing shapes of Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from the Qinling Mountains and adjacent regions: An environmental and distance-based consideration

Fig. 6. UPGMA tree of P. rapae forewing and hind wing among different populations, based on Euclidian distances between mean wing shapes. The cluster numbers are population IDs (see Table 1).The groups are divided by Euclidian distances, i.e., the forewing divided by a linkage distance at 0.0027 and the hind wing by a linkage distance at 0.0038.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2024View details →

Shaping History: Advanced Machine Learning Techniques for the Analysis and Dating of Cuneiform Tablets over Three Millennia - Datasets

<p>Our research leverages advanced deep learning methods to classify cuneiform tablets by their historical periods, focusing on shape analysis rather than textual content. Utilizing a dataset of over 94,000 images from the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, we introduce a novel toolset powered by Variational Auto-Encoders (VAEs) to enhance model interpretability. By highlighting the predictive power of tablet silhouettes for historical period classification with a ResNet model reaching 61\% macro-F1 score,, our approach allows researchers to explore changes in tablet shapes across different eras. This methodology not only complements traditional archaeological methods but also enriches the field of document analysis and diplomatics, offering valuable tools for historians and epigraphists to understand ancient Mesopotamian cultures.</p> <p>The Datasets attached include:</p> <ul> <li>All CDLI IDs used and their URLs on CDLI</li> <li>All tablet silhouettes - Black and white representations</li> <li>A height-to-width ratio table, of the largest component extracted from the silhouettes.</li> <li>VAE encodings per tablet, extracted from the VAE model</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2021View details →

◂Fig. 1 Morphology of thecate and coccoid cells, with labelled thecal plates. a–c, i, m Light microscopy, d–h, k–l scanning electron microscopy. a Ventral view of strain GeoM788; b dorsal view of strain GeoM793; c apical view of strain GeoK044; d ventral view of strain GeoK037; e dorsal view of strain GeoM788; f apical view of strain GeoK024, with the dehiscence of epithecal opening indicated by a blue line; g antapical view of strain GeoK044; h leftlateral view of strain GeoM866; i motile cell of strain GeoK037; k–m coccoid cells showing variability in shape and size of strains k GeoM866, l GeoM793 and m GeoK024. Abbreviations: n′: apical plate, n′′: precingular plate, n′′′: postcingular plate, n′′′′: antapical plate, na: anterior intercalary plate, nC: cingular plate, Sa: anterior sulcal plate, Sd: right sulcal plate, Sp: posterior sulcal plate. Ss: left sulcal plate. Scale bar: 10 µm. UA: 15 kV in Morphological and molecular variability of Peridinium volzii Lemmerm. (Peridiniaceae, Dinophyceae) and its relevance for infraspecific taxonomy

◂Fig. 1 Morphology of thecate and coccoid cells, with labelled thecal plates. a–c, i, m Light microscopy, d–h, k–l scanning electron microscopy. a Ventral view of strain GeoM*788; b dorsal view of strain GeoM*793; c apical view of strain GeoK*044; d ventral view of strain GeoK*037; e dorsal view of strain GeoM*788; f apical view of strain GeoK*024, with the dehiscence of epithecal opening indicated by a blue line; g antapical view of strain GeoK*044; h leftlateral view of strain GeoM*866; i motile cell of strain GeoK*037; k–m coccoid cells showing variability in shape and size of strains k GeoM*866, l GeoM*793 and m GeoK*024. Abbreviations: n′: apical plate, n′′: precingular plate, n′′′: postcingular plate, n′′′′: antapical plate, na: anterior intercalary plate, nC: cingular plate, Sa: anterior sulcal plate, Sd: right sulcal plate, Sp: posterior sulcal plate. Ss: left sulcal plate. Scale bar: 10 µm. UA: 15 kV