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1,115 results for “WoRMS”
Data from: Natural resistance to worms exacerbates bovine tuberculosis severity independently of worm coinfection
<p class="CxSpFirst">Pathogen interactions arising during coinfection can exacerbate disease severity, for example, when the immune response mounted against one pathogen negatively affects defense of another. It is also possible that host immune responses to a pathogen, shaped by historical evolutionary interactions between host and pathogen, may modify host immune defenses in ways that have repercussions for other pathogens. In this case, negative interactions between two pathogens could emerge even in the absence of concurrent infection. Parasitic worms and tuberculosis (TB) are involved in one of the most geographically extensive of pathogen interactions, and during coinfection, worms can exacerbate TB disease outcomes. Here, we show that in a wild mammal, natural resistance to worms affects bovine tuberculosis (BTB) severity independently of active worm infection. We found that worm-resistant individuals were more likely to die of BTB than were non-resistant individuals, and their disease progressed more quickly. Anthelmintic treatment moderated, but did not eliminate, the resistance effect, and the effects of resistance and treatment were opposite and additive with untreated, resistant individuals experiencing the highest mortality. Furthermore, resistance and anthelmintic treatment had non-overlapping effects on BTB pathology. The effects of resistance manifested in the lungs (the primary site of BTB infection), while the effects of treatment manifested almost entirely in the lymph nodes (the site of disseminated disease), suggesting that resistance and active worm infection affect BTB progression via distinct mechanisms. Our findings reveal that interactions between pathogens can occur as a consequence of processes arising on very different timescales.</p>
Data from: Exploring the impact of habitat size on phylogeographic patterning in the Overberg velvet worm Peripatopsis overbergiensis (Onychophora: Peripatopsidae)
Evolutionary relationships in the velvet worm species, Peripatopsis overbergiensis, were examined in 3 forest areas in the Overberg region of South Africa to explore the impact of historical habitat fragmentation on the population genetic structure of the species. We collected 84 P. overbergiensis specimens from Grootvadersbosch, Koppie Alleen, and Marloth Nature Reserves and sequenced all these specimens for the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) locus, whereas a subset of 13 specimens were also sequenced for the 18S rRNA locus. Phylogenetic analyses of the 20 unique COI haplotypes revealed 4 genetically distinct clades, a result that is corroborated by the haplotype network. A hierarchical analysis of genetic variation was performed on the COI haplotype data within the 2 large forested areas, Grootvadersbosch and Marloth Nature Reserves, and across all 3 of the sample localities. These results revealed low haplotypic and nucleotide diversity within the largest Grootvadersbosch Nature Reserve forest and high haplotypic and nucleotide diversity within the fragmented Marloth Nature Reserve forest, whereas Koppie Alleen had the lowest haplotypic and nucleotide diversity. Across all 3 main localities statistically significant F ST values were found, together with the absence of shared haplotypes indicating the absence of maternal gene flow. Divergence time estimations based on the 20 COI haplotypes calculated in BEAST suggest a Pleistocene/Holocene divergence between the 4 clades as a result of habitat fragmentation and the aridification of the region. Our results indicate that conservation efforts should also prioritize linked, smaller fragmented habitats together with continuous habitats to maximize the genetic diversity of saproxylic fauna.
Environmental stress maintains trioecy in nematode worms
Sex is determined by chromosomes in mammals but it can be influenced by the environment in many worms, crustaceans and vertebrates. Despite this, there is little understanding of the relationship between ecology and the evolution of sexual systems. The nematode Auanema freiburgensis has a unique sex determination system in which individuals carrying one X chromosome develop into males while XX individuals develop into females in stress-free environments and self-fertile hermaphrodites in stressful environments. Theory predicts that trioecious populations with coexisting males, females and hermaphrodites should be unstable intermediates in evolutionary transitions between mating systems. In this article we study a mathematical model of reproductive evolution based on the unique life history and sex determination of A. freiburgensis. We develop the model in two scenarios, one where the relative production of hermaphrodites and females is entirely dependent on the environment and one based on empirical measurements of a population that displays incomplete, 'leaky' environmental dependence. In the first scenario environmental conditions can push the population along an evolutionary continuum and result in the stable maintenance of multiple reproductive systems. The second 'leaky' scenario results in the maintenance of three sexes for all environmental conditions. Theoretical investigations of reproductive system transitions have focused on the evolutionary costs and benefits of sex. Here, we show that the flexible sex determination system of A. freiburgensis may contribute to population-level resilience in the microscopic nematode's patchy, ephemeral natural habitat. Our results demonstrate that life history, ecology and environment may play defining roles in the evolution of sexual systems.
Data from: Valproic acid is protective in cellular and worm models of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Objective: To explore valproic acid (VPA) as a potentially beneficial drug in cellular and worm models of oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD). Methods: Using a combination of live cell imaging and biochemical measures, we evaluated the potential protective effect of VPA in a stable C2C12 muscle cell model of OPMD, in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients with OPMD and in a transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans OPMD model expressing human mutant PABPN1. Results: We demonstrated that VPA protects against the toxicity of mutant PABPN1. Of note, we found that VPA confers its long-term protective effects on C2C12 cell survival, proliferation, and differentiation by increasing the acetylated level of histones. Furthermore, VPA enhances the level of histone acetylation in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from patients with OPMD. Moreover, treatment of nematodes with moderate concentrations of VPA significantly improved the motility of the PABPN-13 Alanines worms. Conclusions: Our results suggest that VPA helps to counteract OPMD-related phenotypes in the cellular and C elegans disease models.
Data from: Population genetic analysis of Chadian Guinea worms reveals that human and non-human hosts share common parasite populations
Following almost 10 years of no reported cases, Guinea worm disease (GWD or dracunculiasis) reemerged in Chad in 2010 with peculiar epidemiological patterns and unprecedented prevalence of infection among non-human hosts, particularly domestic dogs. Since 2014, animal infections with Guinea worms have also been observed in the other three countries with endemic transmission (Ethiopia, Mali, and South Sudan), causing concern and generating interest in the parasites' true taxonomic identity and population genetics. We present the first extensive population genetic data for Guinea worm, investigating mitochondrial and microsatellite variation in adult female worms from both human and non-human hosts in the four endemic countries to elucidate the origins of Chad's current outbreak and possible host-specific differences between parasites. Genetic diversity of Chadian Guinea worms was considerably higher than that of the other three countries, even after controlling for sample size through rarefaction, and demographic analyses are consistent with a large, stable parasite population. Genealogical analyses eliminate the other three countries as possible sources of parasite reintroduction into Chad, and sequence divergence and distribution of genetic variation provide no evidence that parasites in human and non-human hosts are separate species or maintain isolated transmission cycles. Both among and within countries, geographic origin appears to have more influence on parasite population structure than host species. Guinea worm infection in non-human hosts has been occasionally reported throughout the history of the disease, particularly when elimination programs appear to be reaching their end goals. However, no previous reports have evaluated molecular support of the parasite species identity. Our data confirm that Guinea worms collected from non-human hosts in the remaining endemic countries of Africa are Dracunculus medinensis and that the same population of worms infects both humans and dogs in Chad. Our genetic data and the epidemiological evidence suggest that transmission in the Chadian context is currently being maintained by canine hosts.
Figure 7 in A bloom of the green worm Phyllodoce tuberculosa Kudenov, 1975 in a beach of the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocidae)
Figure 7. Preserved specimens of Phyllodoce tuberculosa. (a) Anterior end, oblique dorsal view; (b) prostomium and nuchal papillae; (c) tubercles in mid-body segments (indicated by arrows); (d) parapodium from anterior segment; (e) parapodium from mid-body segment; (f) parapodium from a posterior segment. (a) Live specimen; (b–f) fixed specimen; (b) stained with Shirlastain-A; (c–e) unstained. Scale bars: a = 1 mm; b–c = 0.5 mm; d–f = 0.4 mm.
Figure 3 in A bloom of the green worm Phyllodoce tuberculosa Kudenov, 1975 in a beach of the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocidae)
Figure 3. Micrographs of live, relaxed specimens of Phyllodoce tuberculosa in dorsal view. (a) Worm with pharynx not everted; (b) worm with partially exposed pharynx; (c) mid-body segments. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 6 in A bloom of the green worm Phyllodoce tuberculosa Kudenov, 1975 in a beach of the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocidae)
Figure 6. Preserved specimens of Phyllodoce tuberculosa stained with Shirlastain-A. (a) Anterior end, pharynx fully exposed, dorsal view; (b) same, ventral view; (c) transversal section of basal half of proboscis; (d) pharynx tip, frontal view, showing distal papillae. Scale bars: a, b, d = 1 mm; c = 0.5 mm.
Figure 2 in A bloom of the green worm Phyllodoce tuberculosa Kudenov, 1975 in a beach of the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocidae)
Figure 2. Specimens of Phyllodoce tuberculosa during low tide in Playa Norte, Mazatlán, Southern Gulf of California. (a) Panoramic view and use of quadrant; (b) mucus trails; (c) green single worm, detail of (b). Scale bars: a = 5 cm; b = 10 cm; c = 3 cm.
Figure 4 in A bloom of the green worm Phyllodoce tuberculosa Kudenov, 1975 in a beach of the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocidae)
Figure 4. Micrographs of live, relaxed specimens of Phyllodoce tuberculosa. (a) Prostomium and anterior segments, ventral view; (b) mid-body segments, ventral view; (c) male, parapodia from mid-body segments, lateral view; (d) spermatozoa. Scale bars: a–c = 0.8 mm; d = not scaled, magnification 1000X.
Figure 5 in A bloom of the green worm Phyllodoce tuberculosa Kudenov, 1975 in a beach of the Southern Gulf of California, Mexico (Annelida, Errantia, Phyllodocidae)
Figure 5. Micrographs of parapodia and dorsal cirri of Phyllodoce tuberculosa. (a) Female, parapodia of mid-body segments full of oocytes (indicated with arrows); (b) dorsal cirri of anterior segments; (c) dorsal cirri of mid-body segments; (d) dorsal cirri of posterior segments, and pygidial cirri. (a–c) Live, relaxed specimens; (d) fixed specimen stained with Shirlastain-A, dorsal view. Scale bars: a = 1.5 mm; b, d = 0.5 mm; c = 1 mm.
Blaschka Glass Model of a Sand Mason Worm
Micro CT scan of a Blaschka model of a sand mason worm (Lanice conchilega) from the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee. DUNUC 9324 - glass model of Polychaete worm in its characteristic tube - Terebella conchilega (sand mason worm, aka Lanice conchilega). Length=13cm. D'Arcy Thompson acquired a set of Blaschka's exquistely delicate glass models in 1888. In Growth and Form, D'Arcy refers repeatedly to the art of the glass-blower, perhaps thinking of these very models. Scanned with a Nikon XT H 225ST micro CT scanner. The resulting file is exported as an stl. and imported in to Zbrush. We'd love to hear from you if you download or print our models, especially if you use them in education and outreach. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Worms um 1200, Judenviertel
Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Blaschka Glass Model of a Sand Mason Worm
Micro CT scan of a Blaschka model of a sand mason worm (Lanice conchilega) from the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee. DUNUC 9323 - glass model of Polychaete worm in its characteristic tube - Terebella conchilega (sand mason worm, aka Lanice conchilega). Length=13cm. The sand mason is a species of burrowing marine polychaete worm. It builds a tube which projects from the seabed, consisting of cemented sand grains and shell fragments with a fringe at the top. D'Arcy Thompson acquired a set of Blaschka's exquistely delicate glass models in 1888. In Growth and Form, D'Arcy refers repeatedly to the art of the glass-blower, perhaps thinking of these very models. Scanned with a Nikon XT H 225ST micro CT scanner. The resulting file is exported as an stl. and imported in to Zbrush. We'd love to hear from you if you download or print our models, especially if you use them in education and outreach. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Blaschka Glass Model of a Syllid Worm
Micro CT scan of a Blaschka model of a Syllid Worm, Autolytus Cornutus (developmental stage 1) from the D'Arcy Thompson Zoology Museum at the University of Dundee. DUNUC 9326 - glass model of a polychaete syllid worm, thought to be Autolytus cornutus (= Proceraea cornuta) developmental stage 1. Length=8cm. D'Arcy Thompson acquired a set of Blaschka's exquistely delicate glass models in 1888. In Growth and Form, D'Arcy refers repeatedly to the art of the glass-blower, perhaps thinking of these very models. Scanned with a Nikon XT H 225ST micro CT scanner. The resulting file is exported as an stl. and imported in to Zbrush. We'd love to hear from you if you download or print our models, especially if you use them in education and outreach. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 6. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama
FIGURE 6. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., male from Bocas del Toro, Panama (USNM 1100667): a, second pereiopod, lateral view; b, third pereiopod, lateral view; c, fifth pereiopod, lateral view; d, same, propodus and dactylus, ventral view; e, appendix masculina and appendix interna of second pleopod. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 5. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama
FIGURE 5. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., male from Bocas del Toro, Panama (USNM 1100667): a, major cheliped, mesial view; b, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view; c, same, dactylus plunger, lateral view; d, minor cheliped, lateral view; e, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, mesial view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama
FIGURE 2. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., female paratype from Atol das Rocas, Brazil (MNRJ 17926) (a–e) and male holotype (MNRJ 17905) (f): a, female major cheliped, mesial view; b, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view; c, same, coxa to carpus, lateral view; d, female minor cheliped, mesial view; e, same, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view; f, male minor cheliped, distal merus, carpus and chela, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 10 in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama
FIGURE 10. Alpheus aequus Kim & Abeke, 1988, female from Coibita, Coiba Marine National Park, Panama (MNHN 16389): a, frontal margin, dorsal view; b, major cheliped, lateral view; c, same, chela, mesial view; d, minor chela, lateral view; e, second pereiopod, lateral view; f, third pereiopod, lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.
FIGURE 4. Alpheus christofferseni n in Three transisthmian snapping shrimps (Crustacea: Decapoda: Alpheidae: Alpheus) associated with innkeeper worms (Echiura: Thalassematidae) in Panama
FIGURE 4. Alpheus christofferseni n. sp., male from Bocas del Toro, Panama (USNM 1100667): a, frontal region, dorsal view; b, same, lateral view; c, third maxilliped; d, right uropod, dorsal view; e, telson, dorsal view. Scale bar: 1 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.