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Figs. 1–2. Colydiinae anatomy. 1 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 1–2. Colydiinae anatomy. 1) Antennal types. Club 1-segmented: a) Endeitoma sp., b) Synchita sp., c) Acolobicus sp. Club 2-segmented: d) Colobicus sp., e) Lobogestoria sp. Club 3-segmented: f) Lasconotus sp., g) Colydium sp., h) Rhagodera sp. Club gradual: i) Endestes sp.; 2) Tarsi, prothoracic leg. a) Nematidium sp., b) Lobogestoria sp., c) Pseudaulonium sp., d) Acropis sp., e) Monoedus sp.

Figs. 7–15 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 7–15. Dorsal habitus of New World colydiine genera, tribes Acropini, Colydiini, Gempylodini, and Nematidiini. 7) Acropis maracapatana; 8) Ethelema costaricensis; 9) Plagiope tuberculata; 10) Anarmostes ater; 11) Aulonium longum; 12) Colydium lineola; 13) Pseudaulonium sp., Venezuela; 14) Endestes incilis; 15) Nematidium filiforme.

Figs. 25–33 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 25–33. Dorsal habitus of New World colydiine genera, tribe Synchitini. 25) Endeitoma dentata; 26) Eucicones marginalis; 27) Eudesma undulata; 28) Globotrichus harti; 29) Helonoton ashei; 30) Holopleuridia sp., Panama; 31) Lasconotus complex; 32) Lobogestoria gibbicollis; 33) Lyreus alleni.

Figs. 52–53 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 52–53. Dorsal habitus of New World colydiine genera, tribe Synchitini and incertae sedis. 52) Synchita fuliginosa; 53) Phreatus rigidus.

Figs. 43 –51 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 43 –51. Dorsal habitus of New World colydiine genera, tribe Synchitini. 43) Pharax laticollis; 44) Phloeodalis raucus; 45) Phloeonemus integer; 46) Pristoderus regularis; 47) Pseudocorticus blairi; 48) Rapthius peruvianus; 49) Reylus chilensis; 50) Slipinskius chilensis; 51) Stenomonoedus garleppi.

Figs. 16 –24 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 16 –24. Dorsal habitus of New World colydiine genera, tribes Rhagoderini and Synchitini. 16) Rhagodera texana; 17) Acolobicus erichsoni; 18) Antilissus aper; 19) Asynchita granosa; 20) Bitoma crenata; 21) Colobicus parilis; 22) Colydodes gibbiceps; 23) Coxelus serratus; 24) Denophoelus nosodermoides.

Figs. 5–6. Colydiinae anatomy. 5 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 5–6. Colydiinae anatomy. 5) Heads, ventral view, illustrating the antennal groove. a) Antennal groove absent, b) Antennal groove short, not reaching midpoint of eye, c) Antennal groove long, reaching past midpoint of eye; 6) Generalized elytron, illustrating the alternating intervals and interstriae.

Figs. 3–4. Colydiinae anatomy. 3 in Colydiine Genera (Coleoptera: Zopheridae: Colydiinae) of the New World: A Key and Nomenclatural Acts 30 Years in the Making

Figs. 3–4. Colydiinae anatomy. 3) Prothoraces, ventral view, illustrating procoxal cavity closure (external). a) Broadly open (Holopleuridia sp.), b) Narrowly open (Monoedus sp.), c) Moderately closed (Lasconotus sp.), d) Narrowly closed (Lobogestoria sp.), e) Broadly closed (Nematidium sp.); 4) Abdomina, ventral view. a) Intercoxal process acute, ventrites free, sutures flat, ventrite V with subapical groove, b) Intercoxal process broadly rounded, ventrites I–III connate, c) Intercoxal process truncate, ventrites free, sutures deeply impressed.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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A habenula-insular circuit encodes the willingness to act

The decision that it is worth doing something rather than nothing is a core yet understudied feature of voluntary behaviour. Here we study "willingness to act", the probability of making a response given the context. Human volunteers encountered opportunities to make effortful actions in order to receive rewards, while watching a movie inside a 7T MRI scanner. Reward and other context features determined willingness- to-act. Activity in the habenula tracked trial-by-trial variation in participants' willingness-to-act. The anterior insula encoded individual environment features that determined this willingness. We identify a multi-layered network in which contextual information is encoded in the anterior insula, converges on the habenula, and is then transmitted to the supplementary motor area, where the decision is made to either act or refrain from acting via the nigrostriatal pathway.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

TSPO acts as an immune resistance gene involved in the T cell mediated immune control of glioblastoma

Glioblastoma (GB) IDH-wildtype is the most malignant primary brain tumor. It is particularly resistant to current immunotherapies. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) is upregulated in GB and correlates with malignancy and poor prognosis, but also with increased immune infiltration. Here, we studied the role of TSPO in the regulation of immune resistance of human GB cells. The role of TSPO in tumor immune resistance was experimentally determined in primary brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) and cell lines through genetic manipulation of TSPO expression and subsequent cocultures with antigen specific cytotoxic T cells and autologous tumor-infiltrating T cells. Death inducing intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways affected by TSPO were investigated. TSPO-regulated genes mediating apoptosis resistance in BTICs were identified through gene expression analysis and subsequent functional analyses. TSPO transcription in primary GB cells correlated with CD8+ T cell infiltration, cytotoxic activity of T cell infiltrate, expression of TNFR and IFNGR and with the activity of their downstream signalling pathways, as well as with the expression of TRAIL receptors. Coculture of BTICs with tumor reactive cytotoxic T cells or with T cell-derived factors induced TSPO up-regulation through T cell derived TNFα and IFNγ. Silencing of TSPO sensitized BTICs against T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. TSPO selectively protected BTICs against TRAIL-induced apoptosis by regulating apoptosis pathways. TSPO also regulated the expression of multiple genes associated with resistance against apoptosis. We conclude that TSPO expression in GB is induced through T cell-derived cytokines TNFα and IFNγ and that TSPO expression protects GB cells against cytotoxic T cell attack through TRAIL. Our data thereby provide an indication that therapeutic targeting of TSPO may be a suitable approach to sensitize GB to immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity by circumventing tumor intrinsic TRAIL resistance.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Source data for the manuscript "CCR7 acts as both a sensor and a sink for CCL19 to coordinate collective leukocyte migration"

The zip file includes source data used in the manuscript "CCR7 acts as both a sensor and a sink for CCL19 to coordinate collective leukocyte migration", as well as a representative Jupyter notebook to reproduce the main figures. Please see the <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481445v1">preprint on bioRxiv</a> and the DOI link there to access the final published version. Note the title change between the preprint and the published manuscript. A sample script for particle-based simulations of collective chemotaxis by self-generated gradients is also included (see Self-generated_chemotaxis_sample_script.ipynb) to generate exemplary cell trajectories. A detailed description of the simulation setup is provided in the supplementary information of the manuscipt.

Fig. 6 in A previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun acts as an agonist of the Na/K-ATPase signal transduction pathway

Fig. 6. Effect of callicarpanoside B on ERK activation in AAC-19 cells. AAC-19 cells were treated with or without 100, 1000 nM callicarpanoside B for 10 min, and the cell lysate was collected for Weston blot analysis showed in the upper panel. The statistics were combined from 3 separate experiments and are presented as mean ± SEM, showed in the lower panel. Student t-test, *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01.

Fig. 7 in A previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun acts as an agonist of the Na/K-ATPase signal transduction pathway

Fig. 7. The relative binding affinity of callicarpanoside B compared with ouabain. The 3H-ouabain binding assay was utilized to determine the relative binding affinity. After preincubation with non-radioactive ouabain or callicarpanoside B to NKA for 30 min in cultured LLC-PK1 cells, 100 nM 3H-ouabain were added and incubated another 30 min. Thus, the IC50 for binding nonradioactive ouabain or callicarpanoside B to NKA was determined by competition with 3H-ouabain. The data are combined from three experiments and are presented as mean ± SD. Non-radioactive ouabain, IC50 = 0.95 ± 0.35 μM; callicarpanoside B, IC50 = 10.55 ± 3.05 μM.

Fig. 5 in A previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun acts as an agonist of the Na/K-ATPase signal transduction pathway

Fig. 5. Effect of callicarpanoside B on NKA-mediated kinase activation in LLC-PK1 cells. A, LLCPK1 cells were treated with 10, 100, and 250 nM callicarpanoside B for 10 min, and the cell lysate was collected for Weston blot analysis showed in the upper panel. The data are combined from 3 to 8 separate experiments and are presented as mean ± SEM, shown in the lower panel. B, LLCPK1 cells were treated with 100 nM callicarpanoside B for 2, 10, 30, and 120 min, and the cell lysate was collected for Weston blot analysis, showed in the upper panel. The data are combined from 3 to 8 separate experiments and are presented as mean ± SEM. C, LLCPK1 cells were treated with 10, 100, and 250 nM callicarpanoside B for 10 min, and the cell lysate was collected for Weston blot. Probed for p-Src and showed in the upper panel. The data are combined from indicated separate experiments and are presented as mean ± SEM, shown in the lower panel. D, LLCPK1 cells were treated with 10, 100 nM callicarpanoside B for 15 min, and the lysates were fractioned into Cytosolic (Cy) and particulate (Pa) fractions for Weston blot analysis and Pa/Cy ratios of PKCε, contents were compared. The upper panel represents Western blot. The data are combined and presented as mean ± SEM of 3 independent experiments, shown in the lower panel. Student t-test, *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01.

Fig. 4 in A previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun acts as an agonist of the Na/K-ATPase signal transduction pathway

Fig. 4. Effect of callicarpanoside B on NKA endocytosis. A, TCN-YFP-α1 cells were treated with callicarpanoside B for 6 h. Cells were fixed with Methanol. Coverslips were mounted and imaged under a fluorescence microscope described previously (Liang et al., 2006; Tian et al., 2006). B, cell surface NKA α1 was measured by biotinylation assay as described under "Experimental". Proteins were collected after treatment with different concentrations of callicarpanoside B, ouabain as a control. Cell lysates were separated by SDS-PAGE and analyzed by Western blot for NKA α1. D, quantitative dose-response endocytosed NKA α1 was calculated from four to eight independent experiments for each dose. The values are mean ± SEM. Two-way ANOVA, **, P <0.01; ***, P <0.001.

Fig. 3 in A previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun acts as an agonist of the Na/K-ATPase signal transduction pathway

Fig. 3. Concentration curve of callicarpanoside B (2) on NKA inhibition. The purified NKA was incubated with different concentrations of compounds for 15 min, then assayed for ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity as described under Materials and Methods. The data are combined from three to five separate experiments and are presented as mean ± SEM.

Fig. 8 in A previously undescribed phenylethanoid glycoside from Callicarpa kwangtungensis Chun acts as an agonist of the Na/K-ATPase signal transduction pathway

Fig. 8. Effect of callicarpanoside B on cell growth. LLCPK1 cells were subcultured in 12-well plates (50,000 cells/well) and serum-starved overnight. Before treatment, three wells of day 0 were trypsinized and counted. After callicarpanoside B treatment at the indicated dose, three wells of individual control (Con) and compound-treated cells were trypsinized and counted at 48 h.

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

Fig. 7 in SmbHLH3 acts as a transcription repressor for both phenolic acids and tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots

Fig. 7. (A) Identification of positive transgenic hairy roots lines by PCR (A, 35S + SmbHLH3; B, hpt II; C, rol b; D, rol c). Numbers above represent individual transgenic lines and M represent DL2000 DNA marker. (B) The phenotypes of hairy roots. Hairy roots were cultured in 6,7-V liquid medium for 30 days before being photographed. (C) Relative quantitative analysis of SmbHLH3 expression in transgenic lines and control of S. miltiorrhiza hairy roots. Bars are means ± SD from three independent biological replicates. One-way ANOVA (followed by a Turkey comparison) was tested for significant differences among the means (indicated by different letters at P <0.01).

opennotspecifiedJan 2020View details →

Fig. 5 in SmbHLH3 acts as a transcription repressor for both phenolic acids and tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy roots

Fig. 5. Subcellular localization of SmbHLH3 protein in onion epidermal cells. Fluorescence was observed using a confocal laser scanning microscope at 24 h after incubation. The pictures showed bright field (TD), green fluorescent field (GFP), DAPI and overlay of three fields (Merge). The numerical reading of red ruler is 100 μm. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)