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2,006 results for “andes”
Landslide age, elevation and residual vegetation determine tropical montane forest canopy recovery and biomass accumulation after landslide disturbances in the Peruvian Andes
<p>Landslides are common natural disturbances in tropical montane forests. While the geomorphic drivers of landslides in the Andes have been studied, factors controlling post-landslide forest recovery across the steep climatic and topographic gradients characteristic of tropical mountains are poorly understood.</p> <p>Here we use a LiDAR-derived canopy height map coupled with a 25-year landslide time series map to examine how landslide, topographic, and biophysical factors, along with residual vegetation, affect canopy height and heterogeneity in regenerating landslides. We also calculate aboveground biomass accumulation rates and estimate the time for landslides to recover to mature forest biomass levels.</p> <p>We find that age and elevation are the biggest determinants of forest recovery, and that the jump-start in regeneration that residual vegetation provides lasts for at least 18 years. Our estimates of time to biomass recovery (31.6-37.1 years) are surprisingly rapid, and as a result we recommend that future research pair LiDAR with hyperspectral imagery to estimate forest aboveground biomass in frequently disturbed landscapes.</p> <p>Synthesis: Using a high-resolution LiDAR dataset and a time-series inventory of 608 landslides distributed across a wide elevational gradient in Andean montane forest, we show that age and elevation are the most influential predictors of forest canopy height and canopy variability. Other features of landslides, in particular the presence of residual vegetation, shape post-landslide regeneration trajectories. LiDAR allows for a detailed analysis of forest structural recovery across large landscapes and numbers of disturbances, and provides a reasonable upper bound on aboveground biomass accumulation rates. However, because this method does not capture the effect of compositional change through succession on aboveground biomass, wherein high-wood density species gradually replace light-wooded pioneer species, it overestimates aboveground biomass. Given previously estimated stem turnover rates along this elevational gradient, we posit that aboveground biomass recovery takes at least three times as long as our recovery time estimates based on LiDAR-derived structure alone.</p>
Figura 4 in Nueva especie de Lycomedes Brème, 1844 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) de los Andes colombianos y clave para identificación de las especies
Figura 4. Mapa de ubicación de los sitio de colecta de Lycomedes salazari.
Figura 1. Lycomedes salazari nueva especie. A in Nueva especie de Lycomedes Brème, 1844 (Coleoptera: Melolonthidae: Dynastinae) de los Andes colombianos y clave para identificación de las especies
Figura 1. Lycomedes salazari nueva especie. A. Macho; B. Hembra.
Temporal stability in species richness but reordering in species abundances within avian assemblages of a Tropical Andes conservation hot spot
<p>As the pace of environmental change increases, there is an urgent need for quantitative data revealing the temporal dynamics of local communities in tropical areas. Here we quantify the stability of avian assemblages in the highly threatened, but poorly studied, Andean biodiversity hot spot. We evaluated the temporal variation in species richness and community composition of local bird assemblages in three habitat types (native forest, introduced forest, native shrub) using a unique, relatively long-term data series from Cajas National Park and Mazán Reserve in the Southern Andes of Ecuador. We sampled birds with mist nets using a standardized protocol over 11 years, from 2006 to 2016. Species richness remained stable over time across habitats, but community composition changed in the native forest. In particular, we observed taxonomic reordering in the native forest, in which the evenness in the distribution of abundances of taxa decreased over time. This finding is consistent with other studies where species richness remained constant over time while community composition changed. Our study highlights the value of long-term studies in the tropical Andes as we show that species composition of birds in a montane forest is changing, consistent with global trends in biodiversity change.</p>
A 3-D kinematic ThermoMechanical model of the Central Andes Subduction Zone at 18°-26°S.
<p>These files contain physical parameters obtained with the preferred thermomechanical model presented in the paper:</p> <p><strong>J. Araya Vargas, J. Sanhueza & G. Yáñez (2021). The role of temperature in the along-margin distribution of volcanism and seismicity in subduction zones: insights from 3-D thermomechanical modelling of the Central Andean margin. Tectonics, 40(11), e2021TC006879. 10.1029/2021TC006879</strong></p> <p>The README file contains a description of the files, coordinate reference system, and a summary of the modeling setup. The detailed description of the employed thermomechanical modeling methodology is provided in the main text and Supporting Information of Araya Vargas, Sanhueza & Yáñez (2021).</p> <p>FILES:</p> <p>SZAndes18s26sTMmodel_temp.csv: whole model temperature<br> SZAndes18s26sTMmodel_dP.csv: mantle flow dynamic pressure.<br> SZAndes18s26sTMmodel_vx.csv: mantle flow velocity, X-axis component.<br> SZAndes18s26sTMmodel_vy.csv: mantle flow velocity, Y-axis component.<br> SZAndes18s26sTMmodel_vz.csv: mantle flow velocity, Z-axis component.</p> <p>DATABASES FIELDS:<br> pMPa = mantle flow dynamic pressure [MPa].<br> tempC = whole model temperature [°C].<br> VXmmyr = mantle flow velocity, X-axis component [mm/yr].<br> VYmmyr = mantle flow velocity, Y-axis component [mm/yr].<br> VZmmyr = mantle flow velocity, Z-axis component [mm/yr].<br> Xkm = X-axis position [km]. World Mercator coordinate system [EPSG code: 54004].<br> Ykm = Y-axis position [km]. World Mercator coordinate system [EPSG code: 54004].<br> Zkm = Z-axis position [km]. Z-coordinate is reported as height from the mean sea level.</p>
Data from: Mixed Signals from the Stable Isotope Composition of Precipitation and Plant Waxes in the Northern Tropical Andes
<p>These files are the supplementary information for Pérez‐Angel, L. C., Sepúlveda, J., Montes, C., Smith, J. J., Molnar, P., González-Arango, C., Snell, K., Dildar, N., Mixed Signals from the Stable Isotope Composition of Precipitation and Plant Waxes in the Northern Tropical Andes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (In Revision). </p> <p> </p> <p>This work was funded by the National Science Foundation NSF | GEO | Division of Earth Sciences (EAR): 1929199</p>
Fine-scale temporal dynamics of flower visitors sheds light on the pollination strategy of a dioecious palm in the Ecuadorian Andes
<p>Background: Dioecious plants generally display sexual dimorphism in male and female floral traits, potentially attracting slightly different pollinator communities. The sharing of common floral visitors between male and female flowers and their timing of visits to both sexes is of critical importance to ensure plant's reproductive success. Palm inflorescences are visited by abundant and diverse insect communities, yet the temporal patterns of insect visits on both sexes remain poorly known.</p> <p>Results: We report 59 morphospecies in the arthropod community, dominated by three beetle families: Staphylinidae, Nitidulidae and Curculionidae. Male inflorescences were more abundantly visited than female, but visitors of the later were taxonomically more diverse. Among the 16 pollinator candidates identified, 9 visited both inflorescence sexes synchronously at dusk /night whereas the others did so asynchronously during the day.</p> <p>Conclusion: Our study provides new insights into the pollination mechanism of P. aequatorialis. We found evidence of differential pollinator attraction between floral sexes, which may be explained by the sexual dimorphism of both flowers. Synchronicity in dusk/night visits of both inflorescence sexes suggests a sexual synchronization of the signal used to attract pollinators.</p>
Effects of the environmental conditions and seasonality on a population survey of the Andean Condor Vultur gryphus in the tropical Andes
<p>Script, datasets, and other supplementary material in Márquez-Alvis et al. 2023 PeerJ.<br> <br> <strong>Background:</strong> Among the New World vultures, the Andean Condor is considered one of the most culturally and ecologically important species. However, their populations are declining over their entire distributional range. In response, conservation strategies have been implemented in many countries to reverse the increasing extinction risk of this species. The initiatives rely on extensive population surveys to gather basic information necessary to implement policies and to intervene efficiently. Still, there is a need to standardize the surveys based on seasonality and suitable environmental conditions throughout the species distribution. Here, we provide the first assessment of how daily temperature, rainfall, and seasonality influence surveys of Andean Condors on a communal roost in the central Peruvian Andes.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> Using an autoregressive generalized linear model, we associated environmental variables with visual surveys of adult and young condors at three different times of the day and three times a week between June 2014 and March 2015.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> We found that both adults and young Andean Condors showed a threefold reduction in the use of the communal roost after the beginning of the rainy season. Colder and drier days (dry season) are preferable for surveying, as we expect the total number of condors using communal roosts to reduce under rainy (rainfall = -0.53 ± 0.16) and warmer days (temperature= - 0.04 ± 0.02) days. Therefore, the significant variation in the use of roosts across seasons and hours should be carefully accounted for in national surveys, at the risk of undermining the full potential of the communal roost surveys. Moreover, we also found a strong bias towards immatures (about 76%) in the adult:immature ratio and a remarkable absence of Andean Condors during the wet season. These results suggest that the species might be using other unknown communal roosts hierarchically. Such results provide key information for selecting priority areas for conservation and selecting the best time to survey this species in the tropical Andes. Finally, it may open a fruitful avenue for further research on the protection of the Andean Condor.</p>
Data from: Network structure of avian mixed-species flocks decays with elevation and latitude across the Andes
<p><span>B</span><span>irds in mixed-species flocks benefit from greater foraging efficiency and reduced predation but also face costs related to competition and activity matching. Because this cost-benefit trade-off is context-dependent (e.g., abiotic conditions, habitat quality), the structure of flocks is expected to vary along elevational, latitudinal, and disturbance gradients. Specifically, we predicted that the connectivity and cohesion of flocking networks would (1) decline towards tropical latitudes and lower elevations, where competition and activity matching costs are higher, and (2) increase with lower forest cover and greater human disturbance. We analysed the structure of 84 flock networks across the Andes and assessed the effect of elevation, latitude, forest cover and human disturbance on network characteristics. We found that Andean flocks are overall open-membership systems (unstructured), though the extent of network structure varied across gradients. Elevation was the main predictor of structure, with more connected and less modular flocks upslope. As expected, flocks in areas with higher forest cover were less cohesive, with better-defined flock subtypes. Flocks also varied across latitude and disturbance gradients as predicted, but effect sizes were small. Our findings indicate that the unstructured nature of Andean flocks might arise as a strategy to cope with harsh environmental conditions.</span></p>
Unmasking hidden genetic, vocal, and size variation in the Masked Flowerpiercer along the Andes supports two species separated by Northern Peruvian Low
<p>Genetic divergence among isolated populations is not always reflected in phenotypic differentiation. We investigated the genetic and phenotypic differentiation in <em>Diglossa cyanea</em> (Thraupidae; Masked Flowerpiercer), a widely distributed species in the tropical Andes. We found strong evidence for two main lineages separated by the Marañón River valley in the Northern Peruvian Low (NPL). These two lineages show a deep sequence divergence in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA; ~6.7% uncorrected <em>p</em>-distance, n = 122), spectral frequency and song structure (with exclusive final whistles in southern populations, n = 88), and wing length (the northern populations are smaller, n = 364). The two divergent <em>D. cyanea</em> mitochondrial lineages were not sister to each other, suggesting a possible paraphyly with respect to <em>D. caerulescens</em> (Bluish Flowerpiercer) that remains to be tested with nuclear genomic data. No genetic variation, size difference or song structure was observed within the extensive range of the southern group (from the NPL to central Bolivia) or within all sampled northern populations (from the NPL to Venezuela). These vocal differences appear to have consequences for song discrimination, and species recognition, according to a previously published playback experiment study. We propose that the southern taxon be elevated to species rank as <em>D. melanopis</em>, a monotypic species (with the proposed name Whistling Masked-Flowerpiercer). In turn, we provide a redefinition of <em>D. cyanea</em> (Warbling Masked-Flowerpiercer), which is now restricted to the northern half of the tropical Andes as a polytypic species with three subspecies (<em>tovarensis</em>, <em>obscura</em>, and <em>cyanea</em>). Based on our results, the subspecies <em>dispar </em>should be treated as a junior synonym of <em>cyanea</em>. Our study highlights the need to continue amassing complementary datasets from field observations, experiments, and collection-based assessments to better characterize the evolutionary history, biogeography, bioacoustics, and taxonomy of Neotropical montane birds.</p>
Compositional shifts of alpine plant communities across the High Andes
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: Climate change is transforming mountain summit plant communities worldwide, but we know little about such changes in the High Andes. Understanding large-scale patterns of vegetation changes across the Andes, and the factors driving these changes, is fundamental to predicting the effects of global warming. We assessed trends in vegetation cover, species richness (SR) and community-level thermal niches (CTN) and tested whether they are explained by summits' climatic conditions and soil temperature trends.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: High Andes</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>: Between 2011/2012 and 2017/2019</p> <p><strong>Major taxa studied</strong>: Vascular plants</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using permanent vegetation plots placed on 45 mountain summits and soil temperature loggers situated along a ~6,800 km N-S gradient, we measured species and their percentage cover and estimated CTN in two surveys (intervals between 5-8 years). We then estimated the annual rate of changes for the three variables and used generalized linear models to assess their relationship with rates of change in the locally recorded soil temperatures, annual precipitation, and the minimum air temperatures of each summit.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Over time, there was an average loss of vegetation cover (mean = -0.26 %/yr), and a gain in SR across summits (mean = 0.38 species m<sup>2</sup>/yr), but most summits had significant increases in SR and vegetation cover. Changes in SR were positively related to minimum air temperature and soil temperature rate of change. Most plant communities experienced shifts in their composition by including greater abundances of species with broader thermal niches and higher optima. However, the measured changes in soil temperature did not explain the observed changes in CTN.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: High-Andean vegetation is changing in cover and SR and is shifting towards species with wider thermal niche breadths. The weak relationship with soil temperature trends could have resulted from the short study period that only marginally captures changes in vegetation through time.</p>
Tropical Andes Land Cover Dataset (TALANDCOVER)
<p>The Tropical Andes Land Cover Dataset (TALANDCOVER) was built for the department of Antioquia Colombia and consists of three folders for the three types of sampling.</p><ul><li>Random: 5000 images</li><li>Balanced of minimum 50% coverage per class: 1389 images</li><li>Balanced of minimum 70% coverage per class:731 images</li></ul><p>The coordinate system of each dataset is EPSG:3857 - WGS 84 / Pseudo-Mercator with spatial resolution of 4.77 meters and 128*128px.</p><p>Example of image and corresponding label name:</p><ul><li>image_PNICFI_D2019-05_T586-1068_C1_N100.tif</li><li>label_PNICFI_D2019-05_T586-1068_C1_N100.tif</li></ul><p>Pixel values for label are:</p><p>0 Bare-degraded lands<br>1 Grasslands<br>2 Heterogeneous agricultural areas<br>3 Dense forest<br>4 Water bodies<br>5 Built-up areas</p><p>There are multiple keywords intentionally inserted in each image name or label name that enable the split of the name in pieces of information about each image and label metadata.</p><p>Spliting the image or label name by the keywords, would get 6 items:</p><ol><li>The item (image/label) describe if the file correspond to a patch image or a patch label.</li><li>The second item (Keyword "_P") gives the name of the product NICFI (<a href="https://assets.planet.com/docs/NICFI_User_Guide_v4_EN.pdf">https://assets.planet.com/docs/NICFI_User_Guide_v4_EN.pdf</a>)</li><li>The third item (keyword "_D") gives a date for the composite</li><li>The fourth (keyword "_T") gives the tile number, as stated in the planet scope visual base map documentation: "The name of each basemap quad within the Basemaps API is designed to represent the x and y position of the quad within the two dimensional grid which makes up the basemap. It is generally {X}-{Y}, where X and Y are the x and y position of the quad in the grid". <a href="https://developers.planet.com/docs/data/visual-basemaps/">https://developers.planet.com/docs/data/visual-basemaps/</a></li><li>The fifth (keyword "_C") when available gives the cover class used by the slidding windows to extract the patch, resulting in at least a minimum of 50% or 70% of the pixels within the image correspond to that specific cover class, depending on the selected sample dataset.</li></ol><p>Take into account that random samples dont have this keyword since the patches where collected at random from a 2d grid without regard of the cover classes present</p><p> </p><p>Article : "Land Cover Classification in the Antioquia Region of the Tropical Andes Using NICFI Satellite Data Program Imagery and Semantic Segmentation Techniques". </p>
First rock glacier inventory of the Peruvian Andes: distribution, classification and climatic characterization
<p>The contours of the Rock glaciers (RGs) were manually digitized, identifying a total of 2271 (967 active, 507 inactive, 311 intact and 486 relict) covering 109.1±1.5 km2 and distributed in 15 of the 20 cordilleras of Peru. The Minimum Altitude Front (MAF) of RGs is 4339 m a.s.l., while most of them are between 4800 to 5000 m a.s.l. For the Southwest zone (Z-IV) where 94% of the RGs are located, the Binary Logistic Regression Model (BLRM) shows that MAAT and slope are the variables that have the greatest influence on the presence of 76.5% RGs evaluated. While in the North (Z-I), Central (Z-II) and Southeastern (Z-III) zones, the topoclimatic variables analyzed did not show statistical significance. This first inventory represents an important input for modeling the spatial distribution of permafrost in the Peruvian Tropical Andes.</p>
Data from: Elevational range sizes of woody plants increase with climate variability in the Tropical Andes
<p><strong>Aim</strong>:<strong> </strong>The climate variability hypothesis proposes that species subjected to wide variation in climatic conditions will evolve wider niches, resulting in larger distributions. We test this hypothesis in tropical plants across a broad elevational gradient; specifically, we use a species-level approach to evaluate whether elevational range sizes are explained by the levels of thermal variability experienced by species.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>:<strong> </strong>Central Andes</p> <p><strong>Time period</strong>:<strong> </strong>Present day</p> <p><strong>Taxon</strong>: Woody plants</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Combining data from 479 forest plots, we determined the elevational distributions of nearly 2300 species along an elevational gradient (~209 – 3800 m). For each species, we calculated the maximum annual variation in temperature experienced across its elevational distribution. We used phylogenetic generalized least square models to evaluate the effect of thermal variability on range size. Our models included additional covariates that might affect range size: body size, local abundance, mean temperature and total precipitation. We also considered interactions between thermal variability and mean temperature or precipitation. To account for geometric constraints, we repeated our analyses with a standardized measure of range size, calculated by comparing observed range sizes with values obtained from a null model. </p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Our results supported the main prediction of the climate variability hypothesis. Thermal variability had a strong positive effect on the range size, with species exposed to higher thermal variability having broader elevational distributions. Body size and local abundance also had positive, yet weak effects, on elevational range size. Furthermore, there was a strong positive interaction between thermal variability and mean annual temperature.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: Thermal variability had an overriding importance in driving elevational range sizes of woody plants in the Central Andes. Moreover, the relationship between thermal variability and range size might be even stronger in warmer regions, underlining the potential vulnerability of tropical montane floras to the effects of global warming.</p>
Andes Virus DNA Vaccine for the Prevention of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome Using the PharmaJet Stratis(R) Needle-Free Injection Delivery Device
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03682107. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Data from: The DNA history of a lonely oak: Quercus humboldtii phylogeography in the Colombian Andes
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Forest biomass in subtropical Andes: Plots data
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Data from: Molecular evidence of introgression between water frog species (Anura: Telmatobiidae) in the high Andes
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Chemical properties of foliar metabolomes represent a key axis of functional trait variation in forests of the tropical Andes
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Data from: Elevational range sizes of woody plants increase with climate variability in the Tropical Andes
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