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Fig. 4 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 4. Schemes showing anatomical characters of Baieroxylon cicatricum. A. Tracheid radial pitting patterns (A1, A2). B. Cross field pitting. C. Radial system. D. Detail of scar.

Fig. 5 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 5. Podocarpacean wood, Protophyllocladoxylon hilarioense sp. nov. from Upper Triassic, Hilario Creek, San Juan province, Argentina. Transverse sections (A1–A3); radial longitudinal sections of earlywood (A4–A10, B); tangential longitudinal sections (A11, A12). A. CTES-PB 14409, the general aspect of the wood (A1), secondary xylem with growth rings (A2), tracheids of late wood (arrow, A3); uniseriate pits and flattened pits (A4, A5), biseriate and alternate pits (A6), uniseriate flattened pits (black arrow) and biseriate opposite pits (white arrow) (A7), opposite pits (black arrow) and subopposite pits (white arrows) (A8), cross-fields with oblique to horizontal phyllocladoid oopores (A9, A10), uniseriate rays (A11, A12). B. CTES-PB 14406, uniseriate pits and flattened pits (B1), mixed pits with a tendency to abietinoid (B2), uniseriate separate pits (B3).

Fig. 1 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 1. Location of petrified woods. A. Location of the study area at San Juan province, Argentina. B. Hilario (northern), Barreal (southern) and Rincón Blanco depocenters of Cuyana Basin. The satellite image taken from Google Earth Pro. C. Location map of the Hilario Creek, in the Hilario (northern) depocenter. Modified from Ruiz and Bodnar (2019).

Fig. 3 in New records of Late Triassic wood from Argentina and their biostratigraphic, paleoclimatic, and paleoecological implications

Fig. 3. Ginkgoalean wood. Baieroxylon cicatricum Prasad and Lele, 1984 (CTES-PB 14411) from Hilario Creek, San Juan province, Argentina, Upper Triassic. Longitudinal radial section of tracheids with biseriate pits (A1), Pits in the cross-fields (A2, arrows).

Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables

Fig. 4. Logarithmic scale representation of the body mass ranges of adult forms of amniotes Chañares and Ischigualasto formations, Triassic of Argentina. Body masses for Cynognathia obtained in this work (black silhouettes) compared with other amniotes known from these formations (white silhouettes). Cynodonts Chiniquodon sanjuanensis Martínez and Forster, 1996, and Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970; the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus brevirostris Cox, 1968; and archosauriforms Lagerpeton chanarensis Romer, 1971a, Chanaresuchus sp. (includes C. bonapartei Romer, 1971b, and C. ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez and Alcober, 2012), paracrocodylomorphs and the dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963. The horizontal length of the rectangles represents the body mass range for the genus. The silhouettes are not to scale.

Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables

Fig. 2. Measurements used in this work based on Toledo et al. (2014), as illustrated using the 3D model of the left humerus and femur of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. A. Humerus in anterior (A1) and distal (A2) views. B. Femur in anterior (B1) and distal (B2) views. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables

Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a stratigraphic scale showing the known observed temporal ranges of taxa. Taxa studied in this contribution are in bold. Modified from Hendrickx et al. (2020). Thick dashed lines indicate separation between periods; thin dotted lines indicate separation between ages.

Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables

Fig. 5. Stacked area chart of animal size (after values of the skull length for Therapsida and skull or limb bone lengths, when skull is not preserved, for Archosauromorpha) from the Argentinean Triassic units: Cerro de La Cabras, Río Seco de la Quebrada, Chañares, and Ischigualasto formations. A. Therapsida (Cynodontia plus Dicynodontia). B. Amniota (Therapsida plus Archosauromorpha). Small, maximum skull length below 150 mm; medium, skull length 150–250 mm; large, maximum skull length greater than 250 mm. Fm., Formation.

Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables

Fig. 3. Cynognathians studied in this work (all in anterior views). A. Left humerus of Exaeretodon argentinus Cabrera, 1943 (PVL 2554) from the Ischigualasto Formation (upper Carnian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, San Juan, Argentina. B. Right humerus (mirrored) of Cynognathus crateronotus Seeley, 1895 (PVL 3859) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. C. Left humerus of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. D. Left humerus of Massetognathus pascuali Romer, 1967 (PVL 5444) from the Chañares Formation (lower Carnian), Campo de Talampaya, La Rioja province, Argentina. E. Right humerus (mirrored) from Pascualgnathus polanskii Bonaparte, 1966 (MLP 65-VI-18-1) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 2. Upper dentition (anterior to the left) of hegetotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A, B. "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)". A. MCNAM-PV 5076, left P1–M3 in occlusal view. B. MCNAM-PV 5086, right maxillary fragment with P4–M1 (reversed), in occlusal (B1) and labial (B2) views. C. "Prohegetotherium cf. P. schiaffinoi", MCNAM-PV 4982, right maxillary fragment with M1–M3 (reversed) in occlusal (C1) and labial (C2) views. D, E. Hegetotheriinae indet. D. MCNAM-PV 4185, left M1 or M2 in occlusal view. E. MCNAM-PV 4612, left P4 or M1 in occlusal view. F, G. Prosotherium garzoni Ameghino, 1897. F. MCNAM-PV 4991, right maxillary fragment with M1–M2 (reversed) in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 5016, right maxillary fragment with P2–M1 (reversed) in occlusal view.

Fig. 5 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 5. Dental remains (anterior to the left, except for D) of interatheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A–K. Argyrohyrax proavus Ameghino 1897. A. MCNAM-PV 4962, right maxillary fragment with DP1–DP4–M1, occlusal view reversed). B. MCNAM-PV 4961, maxillary fragments with left C–M2 in occlusal view (B1), see erupting C in SOM 1: fig. S5A, B and right P2–M2 in occlusal view (B2). C. MCNAM-PV 4986, left maxillary fragment with M1–M2 in occlusal view. D. MCNAM-PV 4245, mandibular symphysis with broken teeth in rostral view. E. MCNAM-PV 4646, right mandibular fragment with broken dp1–p2–p3 in occlusal view. F. MCNAM-PV 5082, right mandibular fragment with p2–m1 in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 4963, right mandibular fragment with dp3–p4–m2 and separated m3 in occlusal G1, G2) and lingual (G3, G4) views. H. MCNAM-PV 4308, right lower molar (unerupted m3?) in occlusal view. I. MCNAM-PV 4622, left m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. J. MCNAM-PV 4623, right m3 in occlusal view. K. MCNAM-PV 5081, left m1 or m2 (reversed) in occlusal view. L. Interatheriidae indet. MCNAM-PV 4724, right upper molar in occlusal (reversed) (L1) and opposite (L2) views.

Fig. 1 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 1. Hegetotheriid notoungulate "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)" from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. MCNAM-PV 5076, skull in ventral (A1, A2), dorsal (A3, A4), left lateral (A5, A6), and occipital (A7, A8) views. White and gray areas indicate well-preserved bone or teeth and broken bone or teeth respectively; black areas indicates foramina, sulci and other natural depresions while striped areas indicate matrix. Photographs (A1, A3, A5, A7) and explanatory drawings (A2, A4, A6, A8).

Fig. 4 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 4. Dental remains (anterior to the left) of the archaeohyracid notoungulate Archaeohyrax suniensis Billet, Patterson, and de Muizon, 2009, from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A. MCNAM-PV 4357, rostrum and palate with right P2–M3 and left P2– M2 in dorsal (A1), palatal (A2), and right lateral (reversed) (A3) views. B. MCNAM-PV 4379, palate with left DC and both series DP2–DP4–M1–M2 in occlusal view. C. MCNAM-PV 3983, right DP3 (C1) and DP4 (C2) (reversed) of the same individual in occlusal view. D. MCNAM-PV 4204, left DP4 in occlusal (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. MCNAM-PV 4605, left mandibular fragment with remnants of c–p1 and p2–p4 in labial (E1) and occlusal E2) views. F. MCNAM-PV 4719, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal view. G. MCNAM-PV 4721, right mandibular fragment with m1– m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. H. MCNAM-PV 4199, left mandibular fragment with alveoli of anterior teeth and fragments of p2–p3 in occlusal view H1), and associated left m3 in occlusal-labial view (H2). I. MCNAM-PV 4231, left mandibular fragment with p3–p4 in occlusal view. J. MCNAM-PV 4608, left mandibular fragment with m1–m2 in occlusal view. K. MCNAM-PV 4794, associated right premolars (reversed), possible p2 (K1), p3 (K2), and m3 (K3).

Fig. 3 in New craniodental material of the typotherian notoungulates from the upper Oligocene of Mendoza, central-western Argentina and their taxonomical importance

Fig. 3. Lower dentition (anterior to the left) of hegetotheriid notoungulates from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; upper Oligocene, Deseadan SALMA. A–F. "Prohegetotherium schiaffinoi (Kraglievich, 1932)". A. MCNAM-PV 5076, mandible with left and right p1–m3 in occlusal (A1), ventral (A3), and left labial (A4) views, occlusal detail of left p1–m3 (A2). B. MCNAM-PV 5086, right mandibular fragment with p3–m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. C. MCNAM-PV 5018, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal (C1) and lingual (reversed) (C2) views. D. MCNAM-PV 5019, left mandibular fragment with p4–m3 in occlusal view. E. MCNAM-PV 5083, left mandibular fragment with p3–m3 in occlusal view. F. MCNAM-PV 5022, left mandibular fragment with p4–m2 in occlusal view. G. Hegetotheriopsis sulcatus Kramarz and Paz, 2013, MCNAM-PV 3852, left premolar (p4?) in occlusal view. H, I. Prosotherium garzoni Ameghino, 1897. H. MCNAM-PV 5017, right mandibular fragment with p4–m3 (reversed) in occlusal view. I. MCNAM-PV 4992, right mandibular fragment with p4–m1 (reversed) in occlusal view.

Fig. 1 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 1. Map showing location od the study area (A) and the three fossiliferous localities (asterisked) of the Springhill Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina (B). C. Stratigraphic section of the Springhill Formation in the Estancia El Álamo locality.

Fig. 5 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 5. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. A, B. Trunk showing diameter and incomplete length. Note branches (arrows). C. Deep intrusion of the trunk into the deposits. D. Detail of the decorticated trunk.

Fig. 9 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 9. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Details of radial sections under SEM. A. Tracheid with slightly flattened pits (arrow). B. Tracheid showing contiguous pits with circular inner aperture. C–E. Araucarioid crossfield pits. C. General aspect. D. Contiguous alternate bordered pits placed in four vertical rows. Note circular pits in outline and circular inner aperture. E. Detail of inner apertures infilled with Si cement in elliptical form (arrow). Scale bars: A, B, E, 25 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 5 µm.

Fig. 4 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 4. XRD and SEM/EDS mineralogical and chemical analysis of Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. A. XRD pattern of the bulk sample showing quartz composition of the trunk. B. XRD pattern of the clay fraction showing no presence of clay minerals in the trunk. C, D. SEM of crossfield pits and tracheids in radial section. Note that quadrangular and rectangular areas correspond to the spot analysis shown in E–I. E–I. EDS patterns of xylem elements. E. Parenchyma ray cell wall. F. Inner aperture in crossfield pits. G, H. Tracheids cell walls. I. Tracheid pit cavity. All the EDS patterns are showing Si and O components.

Fig. 8 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 8. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Radial sections observed under SEM. A. General aspect showing ray cells (arrow), crossfields pits (circle), axial tracheids (arrowhead). B. Detail of tracheids with uniseriate, and contiguous pits, arrow shows transition from biseriate to uniseriate pit rows. C. Detail of tracheids with biseriate, contiguous, and alternate to subopposite pits. Scale bars: A, B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 3. Trunk location in the tectostratigraphic framework of the initial infilling of the AustralMagallanes Basin, from the rift stage to the beginning of the foreland stage (modified from Poiré et al. 2017). Not to scale.